博士入学北京大学哲学考试试题

北大哲学系考试题目及答案

北大哲学系考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题）1. 以下哪位哲学家认为“人是万物的尺度”？A. 苏格拉底B. 柏拉图C. 亚里士多德D. 普罗泰戈拉答案：D2. “存在即合理”这一观点是由哪位哲学家提出的？A. 康德B. 黑格尔C. 尼采D. 马克思答案：B3. “我思故我在”是谁的名言？A. 笛卡尔B. 斯宾诺莎C. 莱布尼茨D. 休谟答案：A4. 庄子的“逍遥游”体现了哪种哲学思想？A. 道家思想B. 儒家思想C. 法家思想D. 墨家思想答案：A5. 柏拉图的“理念论”认为真实的世界是？A. 物质世界B. 感官世界C. 理念世界D. 精神世界答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共5题）1. 下列哪些是康德的批判哲学中的核心概念？A. 先验B. 经验C. 现象D. 物自体答案：A, C, D2. 以下哪些是庄子哲学中的重要概念？A. 无为B. 自然C. 逍遥D. 仁义答案：A, B, C3. 亚里士多德的“四因说”包括哪些？A. 质料因B. 形式因C. 动力因D. 目的因答案：A, B, C, D4. 以下哪些是黑格尔辩证法的基本原则？A. 同一性B. 对立性C. 矛盾性D. 否定性答案：B, C, D5. 马克思的唯物史观中，哪些因素被认为是社会发展的动力？A. 经济基础B. 上层建筑C. 阶级斗争D. 意识形态答案：A, C三、简答题（每题10分，共2题）1. 简述庄子的“齐物论”。

答案：庄子的“齐物论”主张万物齐一，认为世间万物没有绝对的是非、大小、美丑之分，一切皆因人的主观偏见而产生差异。

庄子通过“齐物论”表达了对相对主义和怀疑主义的哲学思考，强调超越世俗的是非对立，达到心灵的自由与解脱。

2. 描述柏拉图的“洞穴寓言”。

答案：柏拉图的“洞穴寓言”讲述了一群囚徒从小就被锁在洞穴中，只能看到他们背后墙上的影子，而不能直接看到真实世界。

当其中一人被解放并看到外面的世界后，他回到洞穴中试图说服其他人，但遭到了嘲笑和不理解。

博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题

博士、研究生入学考试西哲试题一、简答下列各题（每题5分，共50分）1、爱利亚学校2、柏拉图“回忆说的主要内容3、德漠克利特的“影像”说4、亚里士多德关于“第一哲学”的定义5、“奥卡姆剃刀”6、休漠的不可知论观点7、笛卡儿的二元论8、卢梭关于人类不平等的论述9、康德的“自在之物”（“物自体”）10、费尔巴哈论“思维与存在的统一”二、回答下列各题（每题10分，共30分）1、洛克对“天赋观念论”的批判2、简评实用主义真理观3、海德格尔论“此在”三、试论述黑格尔对康德哲学的批判与继承（20分）一.简答题（解释下列概念与名词，每题5分，共50分）1.存在者（巴门尼德）2.数是万物的本源;3.知识与意见（柏拉图）；4.唯名论；5.有学问的无知（库萨的尼古拉）6.自因；7.《社会契约论》（卢梭）；8.观念的关系和事实（休谟）；9《人类理智新论》；10.“自我”“非我”二.分析题（全面的分析下列问题；每题25分，共100分）1.试论述亚里士多德实体学说的主要内容；2.试分析笛卡尔关于上帝存在的思路；3.试分析休谟因果学说和唯理论因果学说之间的区别；4.在康德哲学里，时间和空间具有哪些主要特征。

【名解1】水是万物的本原（南开00）；奴隶道德和主人道德（复旦96）；理念（人大98）；理念论（人大97、浙是、大98）；原子与虚空（人大97、吉大00、厦大99）；逻各斯（赫拉克利特）（吉大00、浙大99）；米利都学派（武大00）；人是万物的尺度；努斯（人大97、浙大99）；飞矢不动（南开00）；实体（亚里士多德）（吉大00）；人不能两次踏进同一条河流（人大00、北师大01、浙大98）；一切都是由必然性而产生（德谟克利特）；四因说（武大00、浙大98、人大01）；回忆说（人大99、北师大01）；潜能与现实（人大99）；助产术（人大00）；伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义（厦大01）；奥古斯丁（浙大98）；原子论（浙大98）；影像说（浙大98）；四根说（浙大98）；美德乃是一种和谐（毕达哥拉斯派）（浙大98）；普纽玛（浙大99）；《准则学》（浙大00）；存在（巴门尼德）（浙大00）；形式与质料（人大98）；教父哲学（人大01）；美德即知识（浙大00）；人本主义（武大00）【简答1】简述柏拉图在《理想国》中阐述的伦理的政治思想。

哲学博士面试题目及答案(3篇)

第1篇一、面试题目及答案面试题目：如何理解“存在即合理”这一哲学命题？请结合实际案例进行分析。

答案：一、引言“存在即合理”是德国哲学家黑格尔提出的著名命题，它揭示了存在的本质和合理性。

这一命题对于理解世界、认识自我以及指导实践活动具有重要意义。

下面，我将结合实际案例对“存在即合理”这一命题进行分析。

二、对“存在即合理”的理解1. 存在的客观性“存在即合理”首先强调的是存在的客观性。

在自然界和社会生活中，各种现象、事物和规律都是客观存在的，它们不以人的意志为转移。

例如，地球自转、公转的规律，人类社会的经济、政治、文化等各个方面的发展规律，都是客观存在的。

这些客观存在的事物和规律具有普遍性和必然性，是人类认识世界、改造世界的基础。

2. 存在的合理性“存在即合理”还强调存在的合理性。

这里的“合理性”并非指事物本身的善恶、美丑，而是指事物存在的必然性和必要性。

事物之所以存在，必然有其存在的理由和目的。

例如，地球上的生物种类繁多，每一种生物都有其存在的意义和作用。

在人类社会，各种制度、观念和价值观都是基于人类生活的需要而产生的。

3. 存在与意识的关系“存在即合理”还揭示了存在与意识的关系。

在黑格尔看来，意识是存在的反映，而存在则是意识的本质。

意识与存在是相互依存、相互作用的。

一方面，意识是对存在的反映和认识；另一方面，意识又反作用于存在，指导人们改造世界。

例如，人类对自然界、社会生活的认识，推动了科技的发展，促进了社会的进步。

三、实际案例分析1. 生物进化论生物进化论是达尔文提出的关于生物进化的理论。

该理论认为，生物种类是通过自然选择、适者生存等机制不断进化的。

这一理论揭示了生物存在的合理性。

生物种类之所以存在，是因为它们适应了所处的环境，满足了生存和繁衍的需要。

2. 中国改革开放自1978年以来，中国实行改革开放政策，取得了举世瞩目的成就。

这一政策的实施，充分体现了“存在即合理”的哲学思想。

改革开放符合中国国情，满足了人民对美好生活的向往，推动了国家的繁荣富强。

2018年北京大学哲学系美学专业考博参考书、真题、复习资料

北京大学哲学系美学专业考博考试内容复习资料-育明考博一、北京大学哲学系美学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复试内容010106美学2014年4人2015年3人2016年4人2017年4人申请考核制1、笔试100分（中西美学与哲学）2、面试100分北京大学考博辅导点击咨询张老师二、北京大学哲学系历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学哲学系美学专业考博的报录比平均在8:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有3个研究方向：01.美学原理、中国美学史02.中国美学、中国艺术学03.西方美学、秦汉魏晋思想3、2016年北大美学专业初审进入复试环节10人，录取4人。

4、申请材料：（1）北京大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表、（2）最高学位、学历证书的复印件（应届毕业硕士生提交所在单位研究生院或研究生部的证明信，在录取后续补交学历学位证明文件，经确认后方可报到、注册）；（3）身份证复印件（4）硕士学位论文（应届毕业硕士生可提供论文摘要和目录等）；（5）毕业院校的正式成绩单原件；（6）个人陈述，含对报考学科专业的认知、攻读博士学位期间本人的研究计划（准备致力研究的问题和研究方案等，很重要），3000字左右，（7）两封哲学专业内的与副教授（含）以上或具有相当专业技术职称专家的推荐信（网站下载）；（8）提交一篇能够反应本人学术水平、不少于1万字的学术论文（已发表或者未发表均可，不能以学年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2013年外语45分专业课60分92人/34人2014年外语45分专业课60分64人/34人2015年外语45分专业课60分77人/34人2016年外语60分专业课60分94人/34人2017年外语（未公布）专业课60分61人/34人北京大学考博辅导点击咨询张老师位论文代替）；（9）外语成绩证明，必须提供以下至少一种证明的复印件，除参加北京大学博士研究生小语种考试外，各种成绩证明3年内有效（以报名截止时间起算向前推算），复审时提供原件。

北京大学哲学系《综合考试二》历年考研真题汇编

目　录2015年北京大学哲学系628综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2014年北京大学哲学系629综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2013年北京大学哲学系629综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2009年北京大学哲学系综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2007年北京大学哲学系综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2005年北京大学哲学系综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）2004年北京大学哲学系综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）现代西方哲学部分一、简答题1．本体论承诺2．范式3．在世之在4．逻各斯中心主义5．公平与正义二、论述题1．尼采的永恒轮回说2．胡塞尔的生活的世界中国哲学部分论述题1．荀子正名学说2．张载太和及诚明学说中国哲学史论述题1．荀子的人性论2．王阳明的“心外无理”．“心外无物”现代西方哲学史一、名词解释1．《作为意志和表象的世界》2．三个世界3．索绪尔“能指”、“所指”4．《经验论的两个教条》（蒯因）二、论述题1．为什么说解释学是海德格尔存在论的有机组成部分2．为何伽达默尔认为“偏见”是合理的3．罗素摹状词理论中国哲学部分论述题（2题，每题25分，共50分）1．荀子关于名的理论2．朱熹关于格物致知的理论现代西方哲学部分一、简答题（5题，每题5分，共25分）1．“永恒的回归”（尼采）2．意义与指称3．解释学4．实用主义5．家族相似（维特根斯坦）二、论述题（3题，每题25分，共75分）1．试述海德格尔的“此在”（Dasein）概念的主要意义2．如何理解现象学还原？3．试分析逻辑经验主义的“还原论”。

2009年北京大学哲学系综合考试二考研真题（回忆版）中国哲学一、名词解释（每题4分，共40分）1．言立三表2．辩无胜3．静因之道4．人副天数5．物不迁6．言尽意7．神灭论8．一物两体9．理一分殊10．淮南格物二、简答题（共1题，10分）试析韩非子对早期法家思想的综合。

现代西方哲学一、术语或名词解释（每题5分，共25分）1．范畴错误2．生活世界3．语旨力4．范式5．绵延二、论述题（每题25分，共75分）1．维特根斯坦的图式论。

北师大政治哲学2021年考博参考书、考博真题、考博复试分数线、招生录取比..

北师大政治哲学2021年考博参考书、考博真题、考博复试分数线、招生录取比、复试真题及解析育明教育506大印老师整理2020年6月1日目录一、2021年北师大政治哲学考博参考书二、2016-2020年北师大政治哲学考博真题及解析三、2021年北师大政治哲学考博招录比及分数线四、2020年北师大政治哲学考博经验总结分享五、2021年北师大政治哲学考博复试真题及解析【温馨提示】每个院校的考博时间是不一样的，加之每个院校博士招生人数有限，所以育明教育大印老师建议大家一定要多选择几个院校进行备考，一般而言，选择4-5个院校比较合适，这几个院校选择应该注意具有一定的层次性，比如可以选择北大、南开，首师大、中财，矿大、地大等三个档次的院校。

因为只要是211或者双一流的院校的博士，对于你以后进入高校任教或者从事相关的工作是太大影响的。

切记孤注一掷的之报考一个院校。

2020年育明教育学员刘同学同时被北大、社科院、南开、人大等名校金融学考博录取，考博院校考察内容相差不大，所以，一定要多选择几个院校。

此外，很多考生问考博辅导的意义是什么，其实对于考博而言，最重要的是三点：第一，考博信息，即考博院校和考博侧重点的选择问题，这点一般的考生很难完全了解，因为很多院校考博信息并不对外公开，但是咱们经过12年的辅导经验，很多内容是比较了解的；第二，个人陈述和研究计划，这点一般的考生可能很难独立完成，尤其是研究计划，因为研究计划既需要和所报考导师相关，也需要和自己本硕专业相关，这点都在咱们的辅导之内；第三，专业课考试范围和考试侧重点，这点也很重要。

一、2020年北师大政治哲学考博参考书考博录取的学生有二分之一是育明教育学员。

在校教授授课，精准押题。

1、孙小礼主编：《现代科学的哲学争论》，北京大学出版社2003年8月版；2、教育部社科司主编：《自然辩证法概论》，高等教育出版社2004年版；3、W．H．牛顿－史密斯主编：《科学哲学指南》，上海科技教育出版社2006年11月版；4、麦克莱伦等：《世界史上的科学技术》，上海科技教育出版社2003年版。

北京大学博士研究生入学考试试题.pdf

北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题2006-08-16 10:56:00Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewis h identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that su ch rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the go vernment as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable con tract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be学无止境based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。

北大哲学系考试题目及答案

北大哲学系考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题）1. 庄子认为“道”是万物的本源，下列哪项不是庄子对“道”的描述？A. 无形无象B. 无为而治C. 无始无终D. 有形有象答案：D2. 亚里士多德认为，以下哪项是“四因说”中的形式因？A. 物质B. 动力C. 目的D. 形式答案：D3. 康德的道德哲学中，以下哪项不是他的道德律？A. 普遍性原则B. 人是目的原则C. 快乐原则D. 自由意志原则答案：C4. 黑格尔的辩证法中，哪一项不是其核心环节？A. 否定B. 否定之否定C. 肯定D. 静态平衡5. 柏拉图的理念论认为，以下哪项不是理念的特点？A. 永恒不变B. 完美无缺C. 可感知D. 独立存在答案：C6. 以下哪项不是笛卡尔怀疑论的起点？A. 梦境的怀疑B. 恶魔的假设C. 感官的不可靠D. 知识的确定性答案：D7. 尼采的“超人”概念中，以下哪项不是其特征？A. 权力意志B. 道德的超越者C. 传统道德的维护者D. 创造新价值的人答案：C8. 斯宾诺莎的哲学中，以下哪项不是其对神的定义？A. 自因B. 无限属性C. 有限属性D. 单一实体答案：C9. 以下哪项不是海德格尔的存在论中的关键概念？B. 时间C. 意识D. 此在答案：C10. 以下哪项不是罗尔斯正义论的两个原则？A. 最大平等自由原则B. 差异原则C. 平等原则D. 功利原则答案：D二、简答题（每题10分，共2题）1. 简述庄子的“齐物论”。

答案：庄子的“齐物论”主张万物齐一，认为世间万物没有绝对的是非、美丑、大小、长短之分，一切对立的概念都是相对的。

庄子通过“梦蝶”的寓言，表达了对现实与梦境、主体与客体界限的模糊，进而引申出对世界多样性和相对性的深刻认识。

2. 描述康德的“先验综合判断”。

答案：康德的“先验综合判断”是指那些既非纯粹分析的（即不增加新知识的），也非完全经验的（即不依赖于特定经验的）判断。

这类判断在经验之前就为真，并且能够扩展我们的知识。

北大科学技术哲学专业考博真题-育明考博

北京大学科学技术哲学专业考博考试内容复习资料-育明考博一、北京大学哲学系科学技术哲学专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初审复试内容010108科学技术哲学2013年3人2014年2人2015年2人申请—考核制1、笔试100分科学技术哲学2、面试100分个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、北京大学哲学系科学技术哲学专业考博的报录比平均在8:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有2个研究方向：01.科学哲学、科学传播学、科学思想史02.科学技术与社会、科技政策与管理3、同等学力考生须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和哲学。

4、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。

5、复试总成绩计算方法：笔试、面试各占50%，任意一项不合格不予录取。

育明教育考博分校针对北京大学科学技术哲学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（北京大学哲学系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：柒柒贰陆，柒捌，伍叁柒）二、北京大学哲学系历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2013年外语45分专业课60分92人/34人2014年外语45分专业课60分64人/34人2015年外语45分专业课60分77人/34人1、此表格不包含：国学院、儒藏、高研院、儒学院2、2016年北京大学实行“申请—考核制”，没有提供雅思、托福等英语成绩等级证明的同学，需要参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”。

哲学博士考试题库及答案

哲学博士考试题库及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 哲学的基本问题是（）。

A. 思维和存在的关系问题B. 物质和意识的关系问题C. 经济基础和上层建筑的关系问题D. 社会存在和社会意识的关系问题答案：A2. 马克思主义哲学认为，世界的本原是（）。

A. 精神B. 物质C. 意识D. 实践答案：B3. 辩证法和形而上学的对立主要表现在（）。

A. 联系的观点和孤立的观点B. 发展的观点和静止的观点C. 矛盾的观点和非矛盾的观点D. 以上都是答案：D4. 马克思主义哲学认为，认识的本质是（）。

A. 主观符合客观B. 客观符合主观C. 主观创造客观D. 客观创造主观答案：A5. 马克思主义哲学认为，真理的属性是（）。

A. 客观性B. 主观性C. 相对性D. 绝对性答案：A6. 马克思主义哲学认为，社会历史发展的根本动力是（）。

A. 阶级斗争B. 社会基本矛盾C. 英雄人物D. 人民群众答案：B7. 马克思主义哲学认为，人的价值在于（）。

A. 个人利益的实现B. 社会利益的实现C. 个人与社会的统一D. 个人与自然的统一答案：C8. 马克思主义哲学认为，人的自由的实现途径是（）。

A. 个人奋斗B. 社会制度的改革C. 人的自我解放D. 人的自我实现答案：C9. 马克思主义哲学认为，人的全面发展的途径是（）。

A. 教育B. 劳动C. 科技答案：B10. 马克思主义哲学认为，人的自由和解放的最终目标是（）。

A. 个人自由B. 社会自由C. 人的自由D. 人的解放答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 马克思主义哲学的基本特征包括（）。

A. 实践性B. 科学性C. 革命性答案：ABC12. 马克思主义哲学认为，物质的基本属性包括（）。

A. 客观实在性B. 可知性C. 运动性D. 多样性答案：AC13. 马克思主义哲学认为，意识的起源包括（）。

A. 社会实践B. 生物进化C. 社会存在D. 社会意识答案：AB14. 马克思主义哲学认为，真理和谬误的关系是（）。

北京大学哲学系科学技术史专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题

北京大学哲学系科学技术史专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置北京大学哲学系共招生34人，系实行申请-考核制。

其中拟招收直博生15%，本校硕博连读生30%,笔试、面试各占50%。

二、招生专业及人数学科、专业名称及研究方向导师考试科目备注071200科学技术史1.科学思想史2.数学史吴国盛科学思想史数学史方向与数学学院共同招生、共同培养，计划单列。

三、导师介绍吴国盛，男，湖北广济人。

教授，博士生导师。

北京大学理学学士（1983）、哲学硕士（1986），中国社会科学院哲学博士（1998）。

中国科学技术史学会副理事长、中国自然辩证法研究会科学传播与科学教育专业委员会主任。

育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。

育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。

四、参考书目（推荐）专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。

这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。

参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：捌九叁，二肆壹，二二六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。

第二，专题信息汇总整理。

每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。

最后一方面是专业前沿问题。

每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。

第三，专业真题及解析。

专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。

北京大学考博马克思主义哲学专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析

考博详解与指导系所名称哲学系招生总数34系所说明本系实行申请-考核制。

其中拟招收直博生15%，本校硕博连读生30%。

招生及导师信息请查阅本系网页。

招生专业：马克思主义哲学(010101)研究方向指导教师考试科目备注01.社会发展理论、马克思主义哲学史02.马克思主义哲学史与文本研究；马克思与西方思想传统03.国外马克思主义哲学、马克思主义哲学基础理论04.马克思主义哲学基础理论、历史唯物主义与当代社会理论从以下三个方面进行评价：1、语言准确性（语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性）2、话语的长短和连贯性（内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等）3、语言的灵活性和适合性（语言表达是否灵活、自然，话语是否得体，语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应）评价成绩为：a优秀--能用外语就指定的话题进行口头交流，基本没有困难b良好--能用外语就指定的题材进行口头交流，虽有些困难，但不影响交流c及格--能用外语就指定的话题进行简单的口头交流d不及格--不具有口头表达能力中科院招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语口试暂行办法口试内容与结构分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与交谈。

两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。

4、面试过程中不要放屁，即使放了，不要承认，让三个老师互相猜疑去。

这是以上三条中最重要的一条，做不到这一条以上三条都白搭。

第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力（3分钟）。

第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。

考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法（3分钟）。

口试用材料（部分,仅供参考）part ainterlocutor(问话者)：------good morning.my name is……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us.are your name is…..?------first of all,we’d like to know sth.about you,so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself.(从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生)------hometownwhere are you from?how long have you lived there?how do you like it?why?do you live near here?where about?what do you think are the good points about living in this city?------familycould you tell us sth.about you family?what does your family usually do for the weekend?what do you think about living together with your parents?------leisuredo you have any hobbies?how did you become interested in the hobbies?------study/workwhy do you choose to study at our institute?why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job?what are your favorite subjects?what kind of job did you do?have you ever worked during the vacation?why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work?what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well?what did you enjoy most about your campus life?------future planswhat do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute?do you think english is important for your future plans?in what aspects is it important?part binterlocutor(问话者)：------now i’d like you to talk about sth.for about3minutes.here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about.you’ll have5minutes to prepare for your talk.(5分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about?all right,you’ll have3minutes to give your talk.would you begin?(the interloculor mayintervene only when necessary)topics/questions(只列举了一部分话题)------give your comment on the statement that“a part-time job is an important experience that every college student should have.”------use specific examples to set forth your views on the saying“haste makes waste”.------describe one of your own experiences to demonstrate that“nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced”------explain your understanding of the conventional belief that“age brings wisdom”------what are the current problems of college education?how to resolve them?------some people say there is no absolute truth because“truth”is defined by people and there is no objectivity whenever people are involved.does absolute truth exist or not?why?对策1.自我介绍(self-introduce)。

博士入学北京大学哲学考试试题

北京大学2001年博士入学考试试题招生专业：科学技术哲学指导教师：吴国盛如下3题任选2题（每题25分）：1，试论波普科学哲学与逻辑经验主义科学哲学的联系和分歧。

2，试论库恩的常规科学。

3，拉卡托斯（katos）如何批评并且维护波普（Karl R. Popper）？如下3题任选2题（每题25分）：1，按照海德格尔，笛卡儿的"我思"与近代科学的数学化之间有一种什么样的内在联系？2，胡塞尔认为科学的危机表现为科学丧失生活意义。

在他看来，近代科学是怎样丧失生活意义的？3，谈谈"兴趣"如何制约"认识"。

研究方向：自然哲学与科学思想史如下4题任选3题（每题25分）：1，试论机械自然观与近代心物二元论的关系。

2，柏拉图在《蒂迈欧篇》中如何论证宇宙是一个球体？给出你的评论。

3，试评述亚里士多德关于宇宙有限性的论证。

4，伯特如何说明认识问题会成为近代哲学的核心问题？试作评论。

如下2题任选1题（每题25分）：1，I.B.科恩在《牛顿革命》一书中提出，构成牛顿革命之基本特征的是"牛顿风格"。

请阐明科恩所谓的"牛顿风格"，并以科学史上的一个案例来说明"牛顿风格"对后世科学发展的巨大影响。

2，达尔文的理论提出后，面临的主要科学难题是什么，这些难题后来是怎么解决的？考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：非中哲专业（共四题，每题25分）一、孟子人性论及其论证二、张载的气一元论三、罗钦顺的心性论四、方以智哲学中的辨证思想考试科目：西方哲学史招生专业：非西哲专业一、名词解释（每个词5分，共20分）：1、灵魂助产术；3、（斯宾诺莎讲的）实体；2、唯名论；4、休谟讲的两种知识。

二、阐述题（任选4题，每题20分，共80分）：1、举例说明毕达哥拉斯关于“数”的学说如何体现出“对立”与“和谐”的原则。

2、芝诺反对运动的论证是否合理？为什么？3、亚里士多德如何看待德性？分析他的德性观与他的自然观的关系。

北京大学哲学系考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题

1．中国哲学史、儒家哲学张学智、杨立华、
郑开、杜维明
王中江
2．先秦哲学、近现代中国
哲学
王博、郑开
考试科目
备注
马克思主义哲学（马克思主义哲学部分 80%，西方哲学 20%）
中国哲学史（按方向选作导师杜维明属于高等人文研究院，计
题）
划单列；张学智属于国学院，计
划单列。
3．中国哲学、道家哲学楼宇烈
矛盾与出路》（市“百人工程”项目）、《发展的反思与探索》（教育部跨世纪人才项
目）等科研项目。
聂锦芳：男，1966 年 8 月生，山西寿阳人。北京大学哲学系教授、博士生导师、马
克思主义文献研究中心主任。主要从事马克思主义文本、文献学和哲学史的研究。其研
究路向新颖而独到，近年来发表的大量关于马克思原始文本、文献的研究成果，特别是
育明考博分校资料来源：
考博资料、辅导课程咨询育明考博李老师
史》一书。张教授治学极其勤奋。《明代哲学史》亦是他壮年时努力的结晶。张教授转
向王夫之等明清之际经学的研究，创获颇丰。
郑开：（1965.1-）安徽人。1985 年 7 月，毕业于内蒙古工学院建筑工程系，后在
会长，中国逻辑学会常务理事，副秘书长。主要研究方向，符号逻辑、语言哲学以及逻
辑、语言与认知的交叉研究。目前主要关注形式方法下的概念研究，建立基于概念形式
理论的内涵逻辑，近期主要成果有论文“概称句本质与概念”、“涵义语义与关于概称
句推理的词项逻辑”、“通名的四个语义层次”，“概念语义与弗雷格迷题消解”等。
秘书长，中山大学马克思主义哲学与中国现代化研究所学术委员会副主任。丰子义教授
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校）考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校

北大马哲真题

北大马哲真题马哲专业99-07一、简答题1、唯心主义的认识论根源【99】2、为什么说静止是相对的【99、03】3、人工智能与意识的关系【99】4、联系和发展的关系【99】5、矛盾分析方法【99】6、必然与偶然及其辩证关系【99】7、实践标准的确定性与不确定性【99】8、为什么说劳动发展史是理解全部世界发展史的钥匙【99】9、马克思主义哲学的基本特征【01】10、物质与时空的关系【01】11、怎样理解矛盾是事物发展的动力？【01】12、现象与本质的辩证关系【01】13、社会意识的功能【01】14、如何理解社会生活在本质上是实践的？【01】15、哲学基本问题的内容和意义【02】?16、意识的能动作用【02】17、辩证的否定【02】? ?18、“规律就是关系”【02】?19、人犯错误的认识论根源【02】?20、阶级的实质【02】21、“任何真正的哲学都是自己时代精神的精华”【03】22、人是社会动物【03】23、可能与现实的辩证关系【03】24、价值与评价【03】25、哲学世界观与宗教世界观的区别【04】26、哲学一元论的基本含义【04】27、意识的本质【04】28、质和质变【04】29、自由与必然【04】30、哲学范畴的世界【05】31、非理性因素的作用【05】32、杰出人物的重要作用【05】33、哲学的反思性【07】34、辩证的否定法【07】35、真理的逻辑证明与实践检验【07】36、价值观及其功能【07】37、人的在其现在性上是一切社会关系的总和【07】二、材料分析题1、“每个人为另一个人服务，目的是为自己服务；每一个人都是把另一个人当作自己的手段互相利用。

这两种情况在两个个人的意识中是这样出现的；（1）每个人只有作为另一个人的手段才能达到自己的目的；（2）每个人只有作为自我目的（自为的存在）才能成为另一个人的手段（为他的存在）；（3）每个人是手段同时又是目的，而且只有成为手段才能达到自己的目的，只有把自己当作自我目的才能成为手段。

北京大学哲学考研题库答案

北京大学哲学考研题库答案哲学作为一门探讨人类存在、知识、价值和意义的学科，其考研题库涵盖了广泛的主题和问题。

以下是一些可能的考研题目及其答案的示例：1. 问题：请简述康德的先验哲学与经验哲学的区别。

答案：康德的先验哲学主张，知识并非完全来源于经验，而是有部分知识是先于经验的，即先验的。

先验知识是指不依赖于任何具体经验的知识，如数学和逻辑规则。

与之相对的经验哲学则认为所有知识都来源于经验，强调感官经验在认识过程中的作用。

2. 问题：描述柏拉图的理念论及其对后世哲学的影响。

答案：柏拉图的理念论认为，现实世界背后存在一个理念世界，理念世界中的“理念”或“形式”是永恒不变的真实存在，而我们所感知的物质世界只是这些理念的不完美复制。

柏拉图的理念论对后世哲学产生了深远影响，特别是在中世纪的基督教神学和现代的形而上学中。

3. 问题：什么是存在主义，它的核心观点是什么？答案：存在主义是一种强调个体存在、自由选择和个人责任的哲学思想。

它认为人的存在先于其本质，即人首先“存在”，然后通过自己的选择和行动来定义“本质”。

存在主义的核心观点包括“存在先于本质”、“自由选择”和“个人责任”。

4. 问题：请解释黑格尔的辩证法及其在历史发展中的作用。

答案：黑格尔的辩证法是一种理解事物发展过程的哲学方法，它认为事物的发展是通过“正题-反题-合题”的三段论过程实现的。

在历史发展中，辩证法表现为旧的社会结构和思想被新的、更高级的形式所取代，这一过程是不断前进和上升的。

5. 问题：马克思主义哲学的基本原理是什么？答案：马克思主义哲学的基本原理包括历史唯物主义和阶级斗争理论。

历史唯物主义认为，物质生产力的发展是社会发展的决定性力量，而社会结构和意识形态都是由经济基础决定的。

阶级斗争理论则认为，社会发展的动力来自于不同社会阶级之间的利益冲突。

6. 问题：简述庄子的“逍遥游”思想。

答案：庄子的“逍遥游”思想主张超越世俗的束缚，追求精神上的自由和解脱。

北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题

北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题北京大学哲学专业博士研究生入学考试试题北大中国哲学专业博士入学试题招生专业：中哲（国内）一、简论《易传》与《老子》思想之异同（30分）二、试论支遁与郭象对庄子逍遥义的不同解释（30分）三、简述先秦时期儒、道、法三家对春秋以来百家争鸣的评论与总结（40分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中国哲学（国内）（共五题，任选四题每题25分）一、荀子对先秦诸子的评论二、张载的心性论三、程颢的生之谓性说四、王畿的良知异见说五、康有为与谭嗣同仁思想之异同考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲一、分析并比较《老子》与《庄子》对道、有、无的论述（25分）二、解释分析《坛经》中的三科法门（25分）三、论述并比较《大乘起信论》和《成唯识论》中的阿赖耶识（阿黎耶识）概念（25分）四、论述分析《传习录》中的四句教说（25分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：非中哲专业（共四题，每题25分）一、孟子人性论及其论证二、张载的气一元论三、罗钦顺的心性论四、方以智哲学中的辨证思想考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲（国内）一、简论《易传》与《老子》思想之异同（30分）二、试论支遁与郭象对庄子逍遥义的不同解释（30分）三、简述先秦时期儒、道、法三家对春秋以来"百家争鸣"的评论与总结（40分）考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中国哲学（国内）（共五题，任选四题每题25分）一、荀子对先秦诸子的评论二、张载的心性论三、程颢的生之谓性说四、王畿的良知异见说五、康有为与谭嗣同"仁"思想之异同考试科目：中国哲学史招生专业：中哲一、分析并比较《老子》与《庄子》对道、有、无的论述（25分）二、解释分析《坛经》中的"三科法门"（25分）三、论述并比较《大乘起信论》和《成唯识论》中的阿赖耶识（阿黎耶识）概念（25分）四、论述分析《传习录》中的"四句"教说（25分）考试科目：现代中国哲学史招生专业：中哲（胡军）研究方向：现代中国哲学（共五题，每题20分）一、评述胡适的实验主义方法论二、谈谈你对梁漱溟前期文化理论的看法三、金岳霖共相理论的意义及评价四、贺麟知行观的内容及意义五、冯友兰在中国哲学史研究方面的贡献是什么。

北大哲学考研试题

北大哲学考研试题1. "智力与道德的关系"在哲学中，智力和道德是两个重要的概念。

智力指的是个体的智力水平，包括认知能力、解决问题的能力等等。

而道德则指的是个体在行为和价值观念上的准则和规范。

这两者之间存在着紧密的关系。

一方面，智力可以影响道德。

在有足够的智力的情况下，个体能够更好地理解和分析道德问题，从而做出更明智、合理的道德选择。

智力的提高可以帮助个体更好地理解公正、善良和道义等道德原则，从而更好地践行道德。

另一方面，道德也可以影响智力。

在道德的准则和规范下，个体往往会有更明确的目标和动力。

通过遵循道德的标准，个体可以更好地调动智力资源，达到更高的智力水平。

同时，遵循道德可以塑造良好的道德品质，如诚实、正直等，这些品质对于个体的智力和学术研究也是至关重要的。

总的来说，智力和道德是相互关联、相辅相成的。

只有在智力和道德的双重培养下，个体才能更好地发展自身，并在学术研究和社会生活中取得更好的成就。

2. "对自由意志的探讨"自由意志是哲学中一个重要而复杂的概念。

它指的是个体在选择和行为上的自主能力，即个体能够独立地做出选择和行动而不受外部或内部因素的决定。

关于自由意志的问题存在着多种观点和争议。

一些哲学家认为自由意志是存在的，个体可以通过自己的选择和决定来驱动行为。

他们认为，自由意志是人类作为理性和自主的生物的本质特征。

另一些哲学家则认为，自由意志是虚幻的，个体的选择和行为是由种种因果关系所决定的。

他们认为，个体的决定是受到遗传、环境、社会等因素的制约的。

然而，即使在存在分歧的情况下，对自由意志的探讨仍然具有重要意义。

讨论自由意志的问题可以帮助我们更好地理解人类的行为和选择机制。

它涉及到人类的自主性、责任和伦理等方面的问题。

对自由意志的探讨还可以帮助我们更好地认识人类的决策过程，进而对人类社会和人类自身的发展产生深远影响。

综上所述，对自由意志的探讨是哲学中一个重要且复杂的课题。

北京大学博士研究生入学考试试题.pdf

北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题2006-08-16 10:56:00Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewis h identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that su ch rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the go vernment as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable con tract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be学无止境based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。

哲学博士考试题库和答案

哲学博士考试题库和答案### 一、单项选择题1. **柏拉图认为，理念世界是真实的，而感官世界是虚幻的。

**（对/错）- A. 对- B. 错- **答案：A**2. **康德认为，人是目的本身，永远不能被当作手段。

**（对/错）- A. 对- B. 错- **答案：A**3. **尼采宣称“上帝已死”，意指基督教道德的崩溃。

**（对/错） - A. 对- B. 错- **答案：A**## 二、多项选择题1. **以下哪些哲学家属于存在主义？**- A. 萨特- B. 海德格尔- C. 黑格尔- D. 尼采- **答案：A、B**2. **哪些哲学家对现代科学哲学有重要影响？**- A. 波普尔- B. 库恩- C. 马克思- D. 康德- **答案：A、B**## 三、简答题1. **简述亚里士多德的“四因说”。

**亚里士多德的“四因说”包括：质料因、形式因、动力因和目的因。

质料因指的是构成事物的物质基础；形式因指的是事物的形态或结构；动力因指的是事物变化的动力；目的因指的是事物存在的目的或最终原因。

2. **解释笛卡尔的“我思故我在”。

**笛卡尔的“我思故我在”是其哲学体系的核心命题，意指怀疑一切事物的存在，但怀疑本身的行为证明了思考者自身的存在。

这是一个关于认识论和存在论的命题，强调了主体性和自我意识的重要性。

## 四、论述题1. **论述康德的先验哲学及其对后世的影响。

**康德的先验哲学认为，人类的知识并非完全来自经验，而是先验地存在于人的理性中。

他区分了现象界和物自体，认为人类只能认识现象界，而无法认识物自体。

康德的这一理论对后世哲学产生了深远影响，特别是在认识论和伦理学领域，启发了后续哲学家对知识、道德和自由等问题的探讨。

2. **分析黑格尔的辩证法及其在历史哲学中的应用。

**黑格尔的辩证法是一种理解事物发展变化的哲学方法，它认为事物的发展是通过矛盾的对立统一来实现的。

在历史哲学中，黑格尔将辩证法应用于历史进程的分析，认为历史是自由意识发展的过程，通过冲突和矛盾推动社会的进步。