研究生英语精读教程(第三版上)课后习题

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研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)__课文翻译与课后题解答

Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题.[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功.与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关.位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说："如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗."[ 3 ]"你的能力固然重要,"匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,"但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,"在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望.[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例.宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察.他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额.机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20％.[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％.[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的"解释方式".出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责.他说："我不善于做这种事,我总是失败."乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人.他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好.当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸. [ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血¨.当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."乐观主义者则对自己说："我需要试试另种方法."[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极,都是一种自我实现的预言.安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能."[ 9 ] 据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石.乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运.如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点.悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉.既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点．[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机.匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆.在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早. [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疚病.在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史.所有这些人部是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好.他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者.20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多.[ 12 ] 许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统.密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己.他消极被动,不会避开生活中的打击,无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临.他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯.[ 13 ] 在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一.塞利格曼说,这是一种所谓早在"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极的或消极的话语.过多的"不许"及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧,以及悲观.[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等.家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义. [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服.在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作.她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从"我准是很笨"变成"我学习还不够努力"——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了.[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命.在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助.试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果.现在正计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展.[17] 因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来.你能改变自己.以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：[18]一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.[19] 二、然后,来做一个试验.做一件同任何消极反应相反的事.比如说,你工作XX了问题.你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路.[20]三、继续关注事情的发展.你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说："如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法.这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会."[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.如证据所表明的,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果.4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.划线部分为主谓倒装句,是比较句型常见形式.本句译文：他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额.参见课文第五段第二句.[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. Impressed在此为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语为the company.本句译文：公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."从句中they指代主句主语pessimists,划线部分意为："When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood."本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.划线部分意为："overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are".本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力.[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee",says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions orencouragements, negative statements or positive ones.at one’s mother’s knee 意为"在母亲膝下",在此指孩提时代.grow out of 有"产生于"的意思.划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语.本句译文：塞利格曼说,这是一种早在所谓"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极或消极的话语.[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.动词censor本意为"检查并删减",uncensored即"无删减的"；unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词,作the first thing的非限定性定语.本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. A2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. A 10. D Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. B9. D 10. CB.11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. BⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>有没有一种"成功性格",即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话,这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且,这种性格是否能培养出来？在盖洛普公司中,我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象,探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征.他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的.被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位,而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就.我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征,其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力.如果你培养这些性格特征,你就很可能会成功.而且,你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.1> What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2> You can't justify what you did with what you told him.3> What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.1> Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?2> Do you think they would not persecute him religiously onaccount of his connection with the Bishop?3> Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?3.1> Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2> Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.3> Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.1> The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.2> The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.3> Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.5.1> The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.2> Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.3> How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.6.1> In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.2> Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.3> Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activityin which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.Supplementary ReadingⅠ.1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. DⅡ.1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭,那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭,因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心,而不会鼓励你、支持你.2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她,草草记录下她的思想活动,特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况.3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好,但父亲很溺爱他,灌输他满脑子的烦心事.4. 如果你害怕坐飞机,那么在飞机起飞或降落时,你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧.5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻,也就是记住你想做的那种人.Unit two癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?玛拉·孔恩[ 1 ] 去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第65号提案,即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案.这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签.[ 2 ] 原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气.[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象：金丝边双光眼镜,皱褶的西服,蓬乱的头发,菜色的面庞,显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光.当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,插进来陈述自己的观点.[ 4 ] "整个世界都充满了致癌物",爱姆兹宣称."啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍.如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?"[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息：大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低.与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微.[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人.他59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一.他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖<这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一>.他还是国家科学院的院士.甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就.这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症.[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲.他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法,有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.例如,1987年4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险.以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱XX治中含有的微量黄曲霉素<花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物>比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍.一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍.他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒.他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的.现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险.这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力.[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的.当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作.在看到袋上列出的成分时,他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,而要了解这些还没有简易的方法.[ 9 ] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验.细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果.现在在世界上已被广泛应用.[ 10 ] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测.使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄.[ 11 ] 随后10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注.爱姆兹说"于是我开始意识到有些不对头."同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了：水果汁,芥菜,芹菜,欧芹等.实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用.[ 12 ] 起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题.他的试验并没有错.他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?"[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点."当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的."他说, "那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑.你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质."[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出丁一个例子：由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三．.咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询.他没有接受来自商界的任何好处.十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干.[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点.他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物."不知为什么他认为要进行选择."峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说："如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE<一种可疑的致癌溶剂>和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的.但是我们不是非去选择不可."[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是, "你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质.你能除去它,但花费巨大.如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险."[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer <carcinogens> or birth defects into water supplies.划线部分为本句基本结构.过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语,cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语.本句译文：这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon waspredicted.本句可理解为：Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible jargons.本句译文：原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语. [ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,修饰the environmental movement.single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用,表示强调.本句译文：但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西.他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战,有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语,在此作伴随状语.划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句,作knowledge的同位语.木句译文：细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, asdid a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.划线部分为倒装句,其主语为a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组,在此作定语修饰a flame retardant.did替代谓语动词及其表语tested positive.本句译义：使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.划线部分可看作省略的状语从句,完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice".本句译文：实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用. [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. 划线部分为had been的表语,形容词common和naive均修饰assumption.本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.划线部分为省略句,完整句为"Why do we assume nature is benign?".本句译文：他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?" [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,which的先行词为a stooge for the chemical industry.本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB.11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. AⅢ. Cloze1. B2. A3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. DⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去,都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要.一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义.对于生活,我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验,而是应该过好每天的时光,就好像它是唯一的一天.我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦,同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.The politician was armed with many facts and figures.The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.2.It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.I think we did learn much there.I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.3.The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.4.According to the law of the People's Republic, parents areobligated to send their children to school.Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.5.He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision.His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.6.①Scientific research continues to open up previouslyundreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography.Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.6.②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilitieswhich were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamedof such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.Supplementary Reading1. T2. F3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.4. F5. T6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.7. F 8. T 9. TUnit3鼠与人——"不能解决"的问题S. I. 早川[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生"神经官能症"的实验.首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个.如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳,左门就会打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物.等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了.<实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门.> 如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了.最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳.到这步,麦耶博士说,"许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择."[ 2 ] 第二步,对鼠施以强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择."处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物",麦耶博士说,"最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上<比如只向左跳>,不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应.……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’.……一旦出现了这种固态,动物也就无法学会应变能力了’."一旦<鼠> 向左跳的反应固定下来时,可以敞开右门,使食物呈现在它眼前.可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安.实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪了,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒.在这种被动状态下,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣：你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷.这时的鼠已是"神经崩溃"了.[ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的"不可解决性"导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段XX小异.首先是两者都受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择；然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊：在此,不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行；接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动；而。

研究生英语精读教程答案

研究生英语精读教程答案【篇一：研究生英语精读教程人大版(第三版上)-答案1-4章】e你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。

[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。

[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。

出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。

他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。

”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。

他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。

当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极，都是一种自我实现的预言。

安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。

”[ 9 ] 据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。

乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运。

如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。

悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。

既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点． [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疚病。

在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。

所有这些人部是班上的好学生，并且健康状况良好。

他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。

20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多。

[ 13 ] 在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。

塞利格曼说，这是一种所谓早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，积极的或消极的话语。

西南科技大学研究生精读教程第三版上1.2.5.7单元习题整理版

unit 1整理仅供参考仓促难免疏漏1.Those who believed their religious leader’s prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic.B. forecastA.announcementC. predictionD. declaration2.It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework.A.meditatedB. falteredC. contemplatedD. staggered3.The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichés in their composition.A. popular proverbsB. well-known storiesC. famous quotationsD. trite expressions4.After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it.A. insensitive toB. fed up withC. familiar withD. accustomed to5.I can't claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester.A.ask for moneyB. expect paymentC. say that I deserve praiseD. declare that I am grateful6.Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.A.officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics7.The party leader regards the result of the election as a personal triumph.A.victoryB. celebrationC. satisfactionD. propaganda8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leaveA.StampedB. examinedC. returnedD. issued9.He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt.A.InoculationB. hypertensionC. ailmentsD. dejection10.He was never able to enjoy the metropolitan delights of cinemas and theatres.A.artisticB. modernC. urbanD. various11.He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown indirection.A. eludedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged12.His dislike of the course may prove to be a _____ barrier he cannot overcome.A.BiologicalB. ideologicalC. spiritualD. psychological13.As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a _____ for the whole team.A. misdemeanourB. mistrustC. misfortuneD. mischief14.The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and _____.A.errorB. mistakeC. successD. experiment15.He thought that he might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the ______ in the law.A. circlesB. loopholesC. exceptionsD. misunderstanding16.When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _____ of current events in the country.A.accountB. traceC. recordD. track17.______ what is generally believed, the adjustment to this kind of work is quite easy.A.Contrary toB. Contrast withC. Controversial ofD. Contradictory to18.The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead.A. predictorB. cautionC. precautionD. prevention19.Their confidence in him was greatly ______ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action.A. appreciated C. underminedB. confirmed D. cherished20.Your headache is likely to ______ if its real cause is not identified and proper treatment administered accordingly.A. cureB. recoverC. recurD. release1.你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护(justify)2.你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from)3.你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。

研究生英语精读教程词汇题（第三版上）Unit1-5

研究生英语精读教程词汇题（第三版上）Unit1-5研究生英语精读教程（第三版上）Unit1-5Unit 11. Those who believed their religious leader’s prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic.A. announcementB. forecastC. predictionD. declaration2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework.A. meditatedB. falteredC. contemplatedD. staggered3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichés in their composition.A. popular proverbsB. well-known storiesC. famous quotationsD. trite expressions4. After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it.A. insensitive toB. fed up withC. familiar withD. accustomed to5. I can't claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, sheonly came to my class this semester.A. ask for moneyB. expect paymentC. say that I deserve praiseD. declare that I am grateful6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.A. officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics7.The party leader regards the result of the election as a personal triumph.A. victoryB. celebrationC. satisfactionD. propaganda8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave.A. StampedB. examinedC. returnedD. issued9.He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt.A. InoculationB. hypertensionC. ailmentsD. dejection10. He was never able to enjoy the metropolitan delights ofcinemas and theatres.A. artisticB. modernC. urbanD. various11.He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. eludedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged12.His dislike of the course may prove to be a _____ barrier he cannot overcome.A. BiologicalB. ideologicalC. spiritualD. psychological13.As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a _____ for the whole team.A. misdemeanourB. mistrustC. misfortuneD. mischief14. The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and _____.A. errorB. mistakeC. successD. experiment15. He thought that he might be able to avoid paying someof his taxes by taking advantage of the ______ in the law.A. circlesB. loopholesC. exceptionsD. misunderstanding16. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _____ of current events in the country.A. accountB. traceD. track17. ______ what is generally believed, the adjustment to this kind of work is quite easy.A. Contrary toB. Contrast withC. Controversial ofD. Contradictory to18. The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead.A. predictorB. cautionC. precautionD. prevention19. Their confidence in him was greatly ______ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action.A. appreciatedB. confirmedC. underminedD. cherished20. Your headache is likely to ______ if its real cause is not identified and proper treatment administered accordingly.A. cureB. recoverC. recurD. releaseUnit 21. After his father died, Bill took onthe management of the factory.A. gotB. undertookC. organizedD. held2. Those students who have access to his esoteric discussions were impressed by the scope of his thinking.A. known by fewB. known to allC. very livelyD. quite popular3. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading.A. engrossedB. confusedC. refrainD. diverted4. Abraham Lincoln was quintessential American patriot.B. famousC. typicalD. revered5. Every now and then, the speaker interjected some witty remark.A. rejectedB. criticizedC. insertedD. jeered6. Why do you get angry over such trivial matters?A. of great worthB. of great benefitC. of little worthD. of little help7. The youngest boy was laughed at for his naive remarks.A. innocentB. wittyC. amusingD. foolish8. The lady rumpled her skirt by sitting on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed9. Thousands of people are needlessly slaughtered in road accidents in his country each year.A. woundedB. killedC. injuredD. crushed10. I bought this cloth cheap because there is a small defect in it.A. spotB. dotC. flawD. point11. Your job is not to make decisions but to _____ thedecisions we make.A. completeB. accomplishC. implementD. affect12. Would you _____ him among the world’s great statesmen?A. rankB. callC. nameD. hail13. Understanding is one of the most important _____ of a successful marriage.A. ingredientsB. standardsC. keysD. methods14. There are _____ of poison in the dead m an’s blood.A. piecesB. tracesC. slicesD. lots15. He had been ill for months, and we were disturbed by his _____ complexion.A. fairB. sallowC. darkD. white16. A witness in court is _____ to tell the truth.A. temptedB. obligatedC. urgedD. praised17. A _____ swelling or tumour can usually be cured.A. malignantB. benignC. smallD. mild18. It is better to _____ on the side of mercy.A. errB. addC. workD. offer19. He has a very _____ address; he lives in the best part of town.A. wealthyB. comfortableC. prestigiousD. Accessible20. We all listened to the priest _____ the psalm.A. intoningB. utteringC. speakingD. deliveringUnit 31. High rate of unemployment and violence are deplored by many people.A. condemnedB. convincedC. declaredD. perpetuated2. They are planning to embark on a new business undertaking.A. go forB. go withC. go intoD. go on3. In the Middle Ages, many people in Europe suffered persecution for their religious beliefs.A. treatmentB. punishmentC. disillusionD. execution4. We couldn’t induce the old lady to travel by air.A. driveB. convinceC. forceD. suggest5. He went into a coma because of serious loss of blood.A. bad coughB. whitenessC. tremblingD. state of profound insensibility6. The ethics of his decision are doubtful.A. raceB. aestheticsC. moralsD. cause7. The patients tax the doctor's patience by asking him so many silly questions.A. pestB. are a strain onC. injureD. destroy8. They broke up the alliance.A. brought to an endB. dispersedC. stopped to enter intoD. changed for the worse9. The boys were summoned in turn to see the examiner.A. separatelyB. occasionallyC. allD. in succession10.They traveled all over the country, regardless of expense.A. unkind toB. paying no attention toC. forgettingD. concerned with11.The story was so funny that we were all in __________.A. excitementB. convulsionsC. emotionD. fixation12.Gluttony is just as much a __________ as drunkenness.A. viceB. vicinityC. viciousnessD. vicissitude13.Each room is decorated with a lamp ________ from theceiling.A. droppedB. pulledC. suspendedD. fallen14.My first meeting with her often __________ to my memory.A. fellsB. recallsC. refreshesD. recurs15.He writes like a(n) __________: there are mistakes in every sentence.A. pupilB. illiterateC. teenagerD. school boy16.The goal is not yet ____________.A. to gainB. to sustainC. to restrainD. to attain17.It was reported that during the bombing, many people were killed or wounded by _____________.A. flowB. blastC. currentD. stream18.She learnt to swim at once - she seemed totally without _________ of the water.A. panicB. fear。

研究生英语精读教程第三版Unit1,Unit3,Unit5,Unit6

Unit One你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。

[2] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。

与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。

位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。

”[3] “你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[4] 以你的工作为例。

宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。

他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。

机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。

[5] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。

[6] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。

出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。

他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。

”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。

他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。

当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版上)课后习题

研究生英语精读教程（第三版上）Unit 4B. great regretC. great despairD. great disappointment2. I have nothing but disdain for such a person.A. respect3. The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers.A. scattered4. I am sure disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas.D. generate5. There was a meager attendance at the council meeting.B. enoughC. ampleD. haughtyA. negotiationB. punishment7. We can't rule out the possibility that he will come after all. B. refuse C. accept D. takeC. tied toD. shut on9. We three were the sole survivors in the traffic accident.A. luckyB. fortunateC. blessed10. I slept through her dull speech.D. imaginativeA. lettersB. dealingsC. writingsA. piecesB. slips D. portions13. The old lady ______ the sweet-smelling flowers into a garland. A. tied C. curved D. twistedB. prudentC. shrewdD. rudeA. areaB. placeC. districtA. firingB. lighting D. glowing17. Sports, and not learning, seem to ______ in that school. A. appear B. occupy18. Each chess player will have five minutes to ______ his next move.A. hoped C. wished D. wished toB. A wordC. WordsD. The wordUnit 51. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing.A. asB. fromC. above2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different fromC. related toD. in accordance with3. Tom and Mary were married a week after they met and soon found themselves at odds about religion.D. criticized5. The Mississippi flood of 1973 was a major catastrophe in which a great many lives were lost.A. casualty C. change D. threat6. She almost yielded to an unexpected impulse to dance in the street. A. urgent desireC. good ideaD. fancy thought7. Mr. Green posed as a rich man though he owed more than he owned.A. workedB. lookedC. clothedB. IllnessC. troubleD. ailment9. Some people have a bias against foreigners.B. dislikeC. hatredD. favourA. goodB. suitableB. surprisingC. fastD. unexpectedA. sum C. difference D. surplusA. glowedB. lighted D. soundedA. talksB. refers D. indicatesA. projectsB. showsC. displaysA. able C. experienced D. activeA. giveB. show D. causeit, this sentence doesn’t make any __. A. meaning B. sound C. progress19. I tried to find my keys but I was ______ by my thick gloves. A. helped C. annoyed D. upsetB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbedUnit61. The patient clenched the arms of the dentist's chair.B. touchedC. placed onD. pressed2. The retiring professor was exalted by his colleague.A. criticized D. examined3. All the tourists were impressed by the amazing grandeur of Niagara Falls.A. power C. speed D. height4. We stared in awe at the president himself.B. concernC. satisfactionD. envy5. The term “paper” i s a little misleading when you consider the strength and endurance of the constructionB. uniqueC. elementD. current status7. Edward8. The teacher had unusual insight into children’s emotions and knew clearly how to treat them.10. Property on which money has been lent is redeemed when the loan is paid back.D. dischargedA. faulty12. He is an honest person. His actions are always ______ his words.A. contradictory toC. agreed with13. They called for "immediate, absolute, ______ separation from the North" and elected their own president, Jefferson Davis.friendly B. lifelong D. lastingA. heldB. graspedC. grippedD. enthusiasticA. intenseB. internalC. instantD. subjectD. supposedA. facingD. a lawUnit101、Samsung, with a capitalisation as high as $57bn, has grown as one of the world’s most powerful technologyA. money C. profit D. turnoverHe just laughed, and dismissed the idea as unimportant.B. judgedC. estimatedD. supposed3、His new book received accolades from the papers.A. criticismB. stressC. underestimationB. refusedC. dismissedD. laughed at5、You should have bought the shares a month ago, and now you’ve missed the party.A. been slowC. failedD. wasted the money6、He is a very versatile performer; he can act, sing, dance and play the piano.A. goodB. skilful D. emotional7、The high IQ sets him apart from other children as an infant prodigy.A. puts him apartC. brings him apartThough he is a famous writer, his new book, we can only say, is prosaic.B. annoyingC. dullD. not so good9、The stream eroded a channel in the solid rock.A. brokeB. destroyed D. corrupted10、The actor coasted11、C. judgedD. empowered12、A. welcomedC. good-sellingD. best-soldA saved B. dismissed D. shuntedB. give them no adviceC. give them some adviceD. let them exercise themselvesand desirable on the world market. C. second-hand products D. low-end goodsA. broughtB. touched D. raisedB. was alikeC. was differentD. was similar19. Loyal friA. helpB. support D. base20. A saying goes like this: out of a ______, one can draw the most beautiful paintings.A. drawing boardC. painted scrollUnit111. More and more overseas students are coming back to China to develop their careers; this will definitelyD. partnership2. Tryouts for community orchestras are frequently judged by B. AdvertisementsC. NoveltiesD. AuditionsA.entertainingB. ignoringC. drawing4. The Ford Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations.A. multi-nationalC. profligate5. What may be considered courteous in one culture may be interpreted as arrogant in another.A.clumsy D. flimsy6. Rival traditions of acting have coexisted in western theater since antiquity.A.MyriadB. RudimentaryC. Stylistic7. Failure to limit the expansion of the industry will eventually lead to its collapse.8. We all appreciate his acute perception of other people’s emotions.B. intentionC. distinctionD. understanding9. In order to win the presidential election, the candidates vie with each other in recruiting a team of the brightestA.summoningB. congestingD. recollecting蚜虫) unmatched in the insect world.A. unqualifiedC. unrecognizedD. underestimatedD. collectle.A.given in D. given away15. Because the_____ of such writing is important, we expect the familiar essayist to work by instruction, to be subtle instead of obvious.A.noteB. tuneC. rhythmD. dispersed17. She tried to______ all the money she spent when she was studying abroad.A. get hold ofC. bring forward to18. Man’s understanding and his mastering of matter and energy______ his claim to superiority, provide him withA.designate D. illustrateB. obligeC. contributeD. attributeUnit121. The club's code of dress requires men to wear ties at dinner.A. signalB. letterC. numberD. ruled inA. status D. register4. The Roman Empire rapidly waned in power in the 5th century.D. seized6. The passengers on the disabled ship were in great peril.A. fearB. Despair D. inconvenience7. The President's enemies are spreading rumors to undermine his authority.A. preventB. prevailC. wipe out8. Your compliance with his request pleased your father.A. refusal9. He told us an amusing anecdote of the President's childhood.D. hearsay10. The director of this play took liberties with Shakespeare's writing.A. thought little ofC. thought no end of11. You needn’t ask him to come; he’ll come _____.B. subsequentlyD. insteadB. taken afterC. taken fromD. taken inA. providesB. hasC. leavesB. teasedC. worriedD. hurtA. delay C. scorn D. depriveB. moralC. curativeD. slightA. serious C. chronic D. acute18. The children _____ the forest because they did not want to go through it. B. were afraid of C. disliked D. took a devious routeA. add to D. support20. All questions about the future of mankind will be ______ unless we take measures to protect the naturalB. satisfiedC. troubledD. anxious1.这些年轻的工人技术员具备我们能希望他们有的一切条件。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第6单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案

Unit SixTwo Truths to Live ByHold fast, and let go:understand this paradox*, and you standat thevery gate of wisdomAlexander M. Schindler[ 1 ] The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins* us to cling to* its many gifts even while it ordains* their eventual relinquishment*The rabbis* of old put it this way: "A man comes to this world with his fist clenched*, but when he dies, his hand is open."[1] 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧，何时放松。

因为人生就是一对矛盾：它既令我们抓紧人生的多种赐与，同时它又要我们到头来把这些赐与放弃。

老一辈犹太学者是这样说的：“ 一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界，但他却是松开手掌离开这世界的。

”[ 2 ] Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous*, and full of a beauty that breaks through* every pore* of God's own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.[2] 毫无疑问，我们应该牢牢抓住生命，因为它奇妙，它有一种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。

研究生英语精读教程词汇题及答案(第三版上)Unit-1-5

研究生英语精读教程（第三版上）Unit 1-5Unit 11. Those who believed their religious leader’s prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic.A. announcementB. forecastC. predictionD. declaration2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his homework.A. meditatedB. falteredC. contemplatedD. staggered3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichés in their composition.A. popular proverbsB. well-known storiesC. famous quotationsD. trite expressions4. After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it.A. insensitive toB. fed up withC. familiar withD. accustomed to5. I can't claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester.A. ask for moneyB. expect paymentC. say that I deserve praiseD. declare that I am grateful6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.A. officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics7.The party leader regards the result of the election as a personal triumph.A. victoryB. celebrationC. satisfactionD. propaganda8.The immigration officer scrutinized his passport before he was allowed to leave.A. StampedB. examinedC. returnedD. issued9. He suffered a long period of depression before his first suicide attempt.A. InoculationB. hypertensionC. ailmentsD. dejection10. He was never able to enjoy the metropolitan delights of cinemas and theatres.A. artisticB. modernC. urbanD. various11. He quickly _____ behind the building to avoid being hurt by the stones thrown in his direction.A. eludedB. evadedC. escapedD. dodged12. His dislike of the course may prove to be a _____ barrier he cannot overcome.A. BiologicalB. ideologicalC. spiritualD. psychological13. As the Cup Final was drawing closer, the injury of the best player was a _____ for the whole team.A. misdemeanourB. mistrustC. misfortuneD. mischief14. The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and _____.A. errorB. mistakeC. successD. experiment15. He thought that he might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the ______ in the law.A. circlesB. loopholesC. exceptionsD. misunderstanding16. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep _____ of current events in the country.A. accountB. traceD. track17. ______ what is generally believed, the adjustment to this kind of work is quite easy.A. Contrary toB. Contrast withC. Controversial ofD. Contradictory to18. The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead.A. predictorB. cautionC. precautionD. prevention19. Their confidence in him was greatly ______ by his prolonged hesitation before taking any action.A. appreciatedB. confirmedC. underminedD. cherished20. Your headache is likely to ______ if its real cause is not identified and proper treatment administered accordingly.A. cureB. recoverC. recurD. releaseUnit 21. After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.A. gotB. undertookC. organizedD. held2. Those students who have access to his esoteric discussions were impressed by the scope of his thinking.A. known by fewB. known to allC. very livelyD. quite popular3. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading.A. engrossedB. confusedC. refrainD. diverted4. Abraham Lincoln was quintessential American patriot.B. famousC. typicalD. revered5. Every now and then, the speaker interjected some witty remark.A. rejectedB. criticizedC. insertedD. jeered6. Why do you get angry over such trivial matters?A. of great worthB. of great benefitC. of little worthD. of little help7. The youngest boy was laughed at for his naive remarks.A. innocentB. wittyC. amusingD. foolish8. The lady rumpled her skirt by sitting on the seat while flying.A. disorderedB. disarrangedC. creasedD. crashed9. Thousands of people are needlessly slaughtered in road accidents in his country each year.A. woundedB. killedC. injuredD. crushed10. I bought this cloth cheap because there is a small defect in it.A. spotB. dotC. flawD. point11. Your job is not to make decisions but to _____ the decisions we make.A. completeB. accomplishC. implementD. affect12. Would you _____ him among th e world’s great statesmen?A. rankB. callC. nameD. hail13. Understanding is one of the most important _____ of a successful marriage.A. ingredientsB. standardsC. keysD. methods14. There are _____ of poison in the dead man’s blood.A. piecesB. tracesC. slicesD. lots15. He had been ill for months, and we were disturbed by his _____ complexion.A. fairB. sallowC. darkD. white16. A witness in court is _____ to tell the truth.A. temptedB. obligatedC. urgedD. praised17. A _____ swelling or tumour can usually be cured.A. malignantB. benignC. smallD. mild18. It is better to _____ on the side of mercy.A. errB. addC. workD. offer19. He has a very _____ address; he lives in the best part of town.A. wealthyB. comfortableC. prestigiousD. Accessible20. We all listened to the priest _____ the psalm.A. intoningB. utteringC. speakingD. deliveringUnit 31. High rate of unemployment and violence are deplored by many people.A. condemnedB. convincedC. declaredD. perpetuated2. They are planning to embark on a new business undertaking.A. go forB. go withC. go intoD. go on3. In the Middle Ages, many people in Europe suffered persecution for their religious beliefs.A. treatmentB. punishmentC. disillusionD. execution4. We couldn’t induce the old lady to travel by air.A. driveB. convinceC. forceD. suggest5. He went into a coma because of serious loss of blood.A. bad coughB. whitenessC. tremblingD. state of profound insensibility6. The ethics of his decision are doubtful.A. raceB. aestheticsC. moralsD. cause7. The patients tax the doctor's patience by asking him so many silly questions.A. pestB. are a strain onC. injureD. destroy8. They broke up the alliance.A. brought to an endB. dispersedC. stopped to enter intoD. changed for the worse9. The boys were summoned in turn to see the examiner.A. separatelyB. occasionallyC. allD. in succession10.They traveled all over the country, regardless of expense.A. unkind toB. paying no attention toC. forgettingD. concerned with11.The story was so funny that we were all in __________.A. excitementB. convulsionsC. emotionD. fixation12.Gluttony is just as much a __________ as drunkenness.A. viceB. vicinityC. viciousnessD. vicissitude13.Each room is decorated with a lamp ________ from the ceiling.A. droppedB. pulledC. suspendedD. fallen14.My first meeting with her often __________ to my memory.A. fellsB. recallsC. refreshesD. recurs15.He writes like a(n) __________: there are mistakes in every sentence.A. pupilB. illiterateC. teenagerD. school boy16.The goal is not yet ____________.A. to gainB. to sustainC. to restrainD. to attain17.It was reported that during the bombing, many people were killed or wounded by _____________.A. flowB. blastC. currentD. stream18.She learnt to swim at once - she seemed totally without _________ of the water.A. panicB. fearD. terribleness19. We raised a we must pay off it this year ______.A. creditB. good sumC. loanD. mortgage20. Some children complain that their parents ______ at them all day.A. blameB. scoldC. nagD. cryUnit 4B. great regretC. great despairD. great disappointment2. I have nothing but disdain for such a person.A. respectB. hatred3. The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers.A. scatteredB. spread4. I am sure disease must propagate in such unsanitary and crowded areas.C. promoteD. generate5. There was a meager attendance at the council meeting.B. enoughC. ampleD. haughty6. The end of 1921 found the capitalist offensive against the workers in full swing.A. negotiationB. punishmentB. refuseC. acceptD. take8. John was confined to bed for a week with his cold.C. tied toD. shut on9. We three were the sole survivors in the traffic accident.A. luckyB. fortunate10. I slept through her dull speech.C. fascinatingD. imaginative11. I have been in _________ with him about the matter.A. lettersB. dealings12. I could hear only __________ of their conversation.A. piecesD. portions13. The old lady ______ the sweet-smelling flowers into a garland.C. curvedD. twistedB. prudentC. shrewdD. rude15. Most bacteria grow best in a slightly acid ______.A. areaB. place16. Everyone knows that the firefly is a _____ insect.A. firingD. glowing17. Sports, and not learning, seem to ______ in that school. A. appearD. lead18. Each chess player will have five minutes to ______ his next move. A. makeB. have19. This time they really ______ better results.C. wishedD. wished toB. A wordC. WordsD. The wordUnit 51. His beautiful writing is akin to drawing.A. asB. from2. His knowledge on the subject seems to be on a par with my own. A. different fromC. related toD. in accordance with3. Tom and Mary were married a week after they met and soon found themselves at odds aboutB. on strikeC. in questionD. on purpose4. The inventor was vilified in yesterday's newspaper.C. praisedD. criticized5. The Mississippi flood of 1973 was a major catastrophe in which a great many lives were lost.C. changeD. threat6. She almost yielded to an unexpected impulse to dance in the street.C. good ideaD. fancy thought7. Mr. Green posed as a rich man though he owed more than he owned.A. workedB. looked8. They feared the plague and regarded it as a deadly scourge.B. IllnessC. troubleD. ailment9. Some people have a bias against foreigners.B. dislikeC. hatredD. favour10. Your stay abroad will give you ample opportunities to learn a new language.A. goodB. suitableB. surprisingC. fastD. unexpected12. Since the club owed $15 and had only $10 in the treasury, there was a ______ of $5.C. differenceD. surplus13. The oil lamp ______ softly on the table.A. glowedD. sounded14. It ______ with you to decide.A. talksD. indicates15. He ______ among the best heavyweight boxers of the past fifty years.A. projectsB. shows16. The constant turmoil in the office proved that he was an ______ administrator.C. experiencedD. active17. The mother tried to ______ her son’s interest in music by taking him to concerts when he was young.A. giveD. cause18. No matter how you read it, this sentence doesn’t make any __.A. meaningB. sound19. I tried to find my keys but I was ______ by my thick gloves.C. annoyedD. upsetB. interestedC. amusedD. disturbed。

研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)-参考答案及授课详解

研究生英语系列教材研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版·上）ContentsUnit OneText: You Are What You Think (1)Supplementary Reading (10)Unit TwoText: Cancer & Chemicals (11)Supplementary Reading (18)Unit ThreeText: Rats and Men (19)Supplementary Reading (27)Unit FourText: Einstein’s Painful Romance (29)Supplementary Reading (35)Unit FiveText: The End Is Not at Hand (37)Supplementary Reading (44)Unit SixText: Two Truths to Live By (47)Supplementary Reading (58)Mini-Test Ⅰ (59)Unit SevenText: Good Taste, Bad Taste (61)研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）Supplementary Reading (70)Unit EightText: I Have a Dream (73)Supplementary Reading (80)Unit NineText: This Was My Mother (81)Supplementary Reading (91)Unit TenText: Digital Revolution: How the Korean Group Becamea Global Champion (93)SupplementaryReading (100)Unit ElevenText: In Search of the Real Google (101)Supplementary Reading (118)Unit TwelveText: A Red Light for Scofflaws (119)Supplementary Reading (129)Mini-Test Ⅱ (131)►Text:You Are What You ThinkClaipe SafranLanguage Points1. Para. [2]: mental illsWhen used as a noun, “ill” means “anything causing harm, trouble,wrong,un happiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease”.Its synonyms in this lesson: disease (Para.10), ailments(Para.11), illness (Para.11)Other synonyms: sickness, ailing, infirmity, indisposition, complaint, disorder, malady, distemper2. Para. [7]: When they failed on the first call or two ...When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood ...3. Para. [8]: self-fulfilling prophecya prediction brought to fulfilment chiefly as an effect of having been expected or predicted4. Para. [9]: A sense of control ... is the litmus test for success.Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine if one succeedsin the end.5. Para. [10]: ... think they are better than the facts would justify ...overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are 6. Para. [13]: at one’s m other’s kneewhen one is a small child研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）Word Study1. donate v.donation n.donator n.①He donated all his savings to the village school.②They have donated to the Red Cross.③The van was donated to us by a local firm.④The new library has received a generous donation of 200 rare books from its favourite patron.⑤He made a donation of $1,000 to the children’s hospital.⑥The Famine Relief Fund has received 500 yuan in cash from an anonymous donator.2. recur v.recurring adj.recurrent adj.recurrence n.①He is more concerned about those problems which recur periodically.②If you divide 10 by 3, the result will be a recurring decimal.③Lack of confidence in himself will be a recurring problem for him in the future.④The patient complained of a recurrent headache.⑤He was aware of the possibility of recurrence of his illness.⑥His words of encouragement recurred to my mind whenever I was in low spirits.3. immune (to/against/from) adj.immunity n.immunize v.immunology n. study of resistance to infection①He seems to be immune to flattery.②We are immune from smallpox as the result of vaccination.③The child has received immunity to a variety of infections.Unit One④He was given immunity from taxation on the ground that he had been seriously injured.⑤Ambassadors enjoy diplomatic immunity in the countries in which they are stationed.⑥Everyone who is going abroad will need to be immunized againsttyphoid.⑦The government is going to spend more money on its immunizationprogram.⑧He has devoted all his life to immunology.4. caution n. & v.cautious adj.①You must exercise extreme caution when you cross this street.②The police gave him a caution for speeding.③The policeman cautioned the motorist about his speed.④They cautioned him about danger.⑤His teacher cautioned him that he might fail his exam.⑥If I had been less cautious, I might have made greater progress.⑦They are very cautious of/about giving offence.⑧He walked cautiously in this unknown territory.5. triumph n. & v.triumphant adj.①The conquest of outer space is one of the greatest triumphs of modernscience.②His life was a triumph over ill health.③Though he had beaten his opponent in the election, they could detect notriumph in his eye.④Grinning broadly, he held up the prize in triumph.⑤Justice triumphs in the end.⑥He triumphed over many difficulties.⑦Her triumphant smile told me how proud she was of her success.⑧Having succeeded at his first attempt, the boy looked at me triumphantly.研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版/上）参考译文你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普·撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案以下是研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元的英文原文及翻译和课后答案的文章：Unit 5: English Text and Translation, and Answers to ExercisesI. English Text and Translation1. Text 1Text:The expression "deep water" is used to suggest that a person, an organization or a country is in serious difficulty and will probably become even more involved in trouble. Such a position is described as being in "hot water."关于“深水”的说法用来暗示一个人、一个组织或者一个国家正面临着严重的困难，并且可能变得更加麻烦。

这样的处境被描述为“陷入困境”。

Translation:2. Text 2Text:Ironically, "Into hot water" kept largely its literal sense up to the seventeenth century, meaning actual exposure to danger. Often this would have referred to being in battle.具有讽刺意味的是，在十七世纪之前，“陷入困境”在很大程度上还保持着其字面意义，意味着面临实际的危险。

通常，这可能指的是身处战场。

Translation:3. Text 3Text:The temperature increase then caused a war pageant! An admiral would sign a warrant to commence hostilities – the burning of wooden fleets being an impressive enough spectacle – by placing his official seal at the bottom of the piece of parchment.然后温度的升高引发了一个战争场面！一位军官会签署一份授权书来开始敌对行动——燃烧木舰队已经足够具有震撼力——他会在这张羊皮纸底部放上他的官方印章。

研究生英语精读教程 (第三版·上)共18页

Than 后面省略了those problems that;斜体部分为定语从句，修饰省略的problems。
迈耶博士的老鼠遇到的难题比其在自然条件下遇到的问题难得多。
But human breakdowns are ordinarily caused by problems that human beings themselves have created : problems of religious and ethical* belief; problems of money and credit and mortgages* and trust funds and stock market fluctuations; problems of man-made custom and etiquette* and social organization and law.
研究生英语精读教程 (第三版·上)
1、战鼓一响，法律无声。——英国 2、任何法律的根本；不，不成文法本身就是讲道理 ……法律，也 ----即明示道理。— —爱·科克
3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科克 4、一个国家如果纲纪不正，其国风一定颓败。—— 塞内加 5、法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的。 ——波洛克
[ 10 ] Rats can hardly be blamed for not being able to solve problems set for them by Dr. Maier; there are limits to a rat's powers of abstraction. But there are no known limits to the human capacity to abstract and organize and make use of abstractions. Hence, if human beings find problems insoluble because of fixated reactions if they are frustrated because they can respond in only one way, regardless of context or circumstances, to certain symbolically defined situations - they are functioning at less than full human capacity.

研究生英语精读教程[上册]Unit 7

1. household adj. of the home, domestic家庭的，家常的 2. conviction※ n. a very firm and sincere belief深信，确信
If you look at the history of taste you will see that it is like a sketch* of the history of civilisation: for 200 years rococo*①, classical,
gothic*①, streamlined*② and then Laura Ashley③ have all in turn* been acceptable expressions of taste. Only gifted artists and designers can
1. gothic (Gothic) adj. & n. (of) a style of building common in Western Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, with pointed arches, arched roofs, tall thin pillars, and coloured glass in the windows哥特式 (的 )(12至 16世纪常见于西欧的建筑式，以尖拱形屋顶、半圆形屋顶、细高圆柱、彩色窗玻璃为特色 ) 2. streamlined△ adj. smooth and regular (in shape) with nothing which prevents easy movement in water or air流线型的 3. in turn in the correct or expected order 依次，轮流

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)Unit Five

1. exaggeration△ n. (an example of) saying or believing more than the trutபைடு நூலகம் about something夸张，夸大
We have sensibly curbed* some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade* addicted to hype* and ignorant of history.
《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版· 上)
中国人民大学出版社
Unit Five
The End Is Not at Hand
1. Text 2. Exercises 5. Supplementary Reading
The End Is Not at Hand
The environmental rhetoric* overblown*. The planet will survive
1. impending adj. (of something unpleasant) about to happen行将发生的 2. catastrophe△ n. disaster灾难 3. aura n. an effect or feeling that seems to surround and come from a person or place气氛
1. on a par with equal to 等于 2. episode※ n. one separate event, esp. an important or serious one插曲；独立的一段事