英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编20.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20(总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.In traditional grammar, 1is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into 1words and 2words. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________4.The 1is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.There are two fields of morphology: the study of 1and the study of 2. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.A 1morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7. 1 is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8. 1is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from 2and 3. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________9.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an 1affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10. 1is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and 1. (北京邮电大学2010研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types; 1and 2root.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________14.A word formed by derivation is called a 1, and a word formed by compounding is called a 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)15.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22.A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真26.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)27.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.open-classB.closed-classC.neither open-class nor closed-class28.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words29.Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words30.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes31.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugation32.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break — daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivationpound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free34.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced35.Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.girlfriendB.televisionD.bunch36.The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending37.Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.INVENTION.B.ACRONYM.C.LEXICON.nguage has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.phonologyB.lexiconC.syntaxD.semantics39."Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing40.It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（分数：2.00）A.narrowing of meaningB.meaning shiftC.loss of meaningD.widening of meaning41.A suffix is an affix which appears______.（分数：2.00）A.after the stemB.before the stemC.in the middle of the stemD.below the stem四、简答题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)42.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 45.How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________46.A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.How to distinguish root and stem?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.What are closed-class words and open-class words?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)50.Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Stem (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 54.inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Inflection (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ pound (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 59.Allomorph (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Prefix (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.cognate(南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)63.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 64.Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 65.Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 66.What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

2013年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷答案

一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Descriptive adequacy is achieved when a grammar not only produces correct explanations for raw linguistic data, but also produces correct explanations for the linguistic competence of the speaker and hearer.【试题解析】 (考查描述充分性)2 【正确答案】 Textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text.【试题解析】 (考查语篇功能)3 【正确答案】 Illocutionary act refers to an utterance that accomplishes something in the act of speaking something.【试题解析】 (考查行事行为)4 【正确答案】 Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship, while motivation refers to the extent to which the individual worksor strives to learn the language because of a desire to do so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity.【试题解析】 (考查语言的任意性和二语习得的动机)5 【正确答案】 Ideal speaker refers to the speaker who has mastered and internalized the linguistic rules of his native language, or in other words, a speaker of a language who has the ability to speak and understand the language in a grammatically-correct manner.【试题解析】 (考查理想说话者的定义)6 【正确答案】 Bound morpheme refers to those morphemes which cannot occur alone, such as the plural morpheme"-s"in "cats" and the negative morpheme "dis-" in "dislike".【试题解析】 (考查粘着语素)7 【正确答案】 Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, "breakfast" + "lunch"→"brunch" , "smoke" + "fog"→"smog".【试题解析】 (考查混成法)8 【正确答案】 Language use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words. For example, "father" is more formal than "dad" and "friend" is more formal than "buddy".【试题解析】 (考查文体含义)9 【正确答案】 Loanword refers to the process in which both form and meaning of the words are borrowed from other languages, with only a slight adaptation. For example, English borrowed "tea" from Chinese, "sputnik" from Russian.【试题解析】 (考查借词)10 【正确答案】 Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. For example, different words may be identical in sound or spelling, or both. Such as "meet"—"meat", "pupil"(student)—"pupil"(the small round black area at the center of the eye).【试题解析】 (考查同音／同形异义现象)二、简答题11 【正确答案】 1．他喜欢假装自己是电子方面的专家。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11一、简答题1 The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。

2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。

3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。

2 Comment on the following observation in about 150 words.(武汉大学2010研)"The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. "3 When a teacher says "it's so hot in here" during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.(人大2002研)4 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory.(北航2008研) Customer; Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter; Don't worry, there's no extra charge.5 Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.(浙江大学2004研)6 Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.(浙江大学2007研)a. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.b. A: What do you intend to do? B: I have a terrible headache.c. A: Where've you been? B: Out.7 Discuss the following advertisement extensively: "你不理财，财不理你".(浙江大学2007研)8 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said哎，几点了?and the second said不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?(北外2007研)9 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.(北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：the meaning of its structure）解析：解析：（句子的意义是由词汇意义与句子结构两者决定的。

)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality2.The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（分数：2.00）A.performativeB.emotiveC.phaticD.metalingual3.Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（分数：2.00）A.[m]B.[l]C.[w]D.[s]4.Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（分数：2.00）A.voiceless bilabial stopB.voiced bilabial stopC.voiceless alveolar fricativeD.voiced alveolar fricative5.When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（分数：2.00）A.dissimilationB.bilabializationC.assimilationD.none of the above6.The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four7.Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（分数：2.00）A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough8.Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-putB.-ceiveC.-mitD.-tain9.The word televise is created through the process of______.（分数：2.00）A.blendingB.inventionC.back-formationD.borrowing10.The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（分数：2.00）A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect11.Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good, badB.hit, missC.long, shortD.small, big12.The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation betweena word and a thing is mediated by______.（分数：2.00）A.referenceB.conceptC.controlD.dependency13.The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth14.The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.descriptive, historicalB.structural, generativeC.functional, formalistD.structural, historical15.The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticB.phonologicalC.semanticD.syntactic16.______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（分数：2.00）A.Cognitive linguisticsB.Corpus linguisticsC.PsycholinguisticsD.Neuro-linguistics17.Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Register.nguage acquisition.C.Metaphor.D.Interlanguage.18.Logic and Conversation was written by______.（分数：2.00）A.H. E GriceB.William JamesC.Stephen LevinsonD.John Austin19.______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy20.Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure21.As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：2.00）A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics22.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（分数：2.00）nguage Acquisition DeviceB.Generative GrammarC.Innateness HypothesisD.Universal Grammar23.According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.00）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.Manner24.______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）A.The Referential TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.Blending Theory25.______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（分数：2.00）A.Functional Sentence PerspectiveB.X-bar TheoryC.The Standard TheoryD.The Referential Theory26.Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（分数：2.00）A.The Generative Grammar.B.The Standard Theory.C.The Systemic-Functional Theory.D.The Classical Theory.27.Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary act.B.Locutionary act.C.Perlocutionary act.D.Prelocutionary act.28.It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（分数：2.00）A.the 18th centuryB.the 19th centuryC.the 17 th centuryD.the 20 th century29.Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（分数：2.00）A.F. BoppB.R. RaskC.J. GrimmD.K. Verner30.The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（分数：2.00）A.the prosodic phonologyB.the systemic grammarC.the neogrammarianD.the Generative Grammar二、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)31.Distinctive Feature（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Immediate Constituent Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Relevance Theory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Contrastive Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)36.Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________38.Austin"s first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas"s inquiry based on Priscian"s grammar and Donapus" grammar, Petrus Helias" philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian"s grammar and Roger Bacon"s universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编15.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.The following is a statement by a Japanese businessman; "You buy in your own language, but you sell in your customer"s language. " How do you understand it?（人大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.What is language variation?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.How do the speech of women and the speech of men differ from each other?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.The following statements are examples of excessive use of euphemism. How to improve them? Examples of excessive use of euphemism:(1)The employees who had been notified of an interruption in their employment were referred to their outplacement manager.(2)The official acknowledged that he had misspoken when he said the troops had not engaged in any protective-reaction missions.(3)The prisoner"s life will be terminated at dawn.(4)The non-essential personnel in this division will be vacationed by next week.(5)Reaching the top of the ladder of success must be a moving experience.(6)I was told that he did away with himself.It is a widespread but unproven hypothesis that the parameters of significant personal change for persons in mid-life are extremely narrow.I purchased a residential property that was in need of substantial upgrading.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?（武汉大学2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.What are the factors influencing sentence comprehension?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.What are the four stages of language production and how do you understand them?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________16.What are the four assumptions of the classical theory?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.Explain three levels of categorization.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.How do you understand interlanguage?（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.What is meant by Move-a in Universal Grammar?（西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?（浙江大学2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.Please state the factors that cause errors and mistakes in foreign language learning.（厦门大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experiences?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the SUCCESS of learning a second/foreign language.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning?(四川大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.What are the main features and theoretical base of the audiolingual method?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.Describe the three main types of language tests.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。

)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。

)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。

2013年中山大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

2013年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：82.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、音标题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi"ni:θ/empirical（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.plagiarize（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ pound（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.finite（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.clause（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.phonemics（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.threatened（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.epiphenomenon（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.beta（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.genetic（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、填空题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)11. 1means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12. 1 are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called 1, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, 1, substitution, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.American Structuralism is a branch of 1linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17. 1found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________18.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of 1（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________19.During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a 1 or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________20.In cognitive terms, 1 is the use of elements of subject"s situatedness to designate something in the scene.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________21.According to 1(1996), the speech presentation continuum may have the following possibilities; direct speech, indirect speech, narrator"s representation of speech acts and narrator"s representation of speech.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.With the help of 1 linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of example-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and 1 consonants.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous 1of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the 1 level.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)26.Recreational function（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 27.Pharyngeal（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 28.Loanshift（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 29.Tree diagram（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 30.Sense relations（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 31.Scale schema（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Perlocutionary act（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Emoticons（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Linguistic determinism（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.System of signs（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)nguages differ in their degrees of dependence on the morphological components.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.Chomsky"s Transformational-Generative Grammar has been challenged by a number of other approaches to language.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ nguage learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)39.What is PowerPoint and why is it so important in language teaching?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.What aspects of language can one focus if one wants to analyze a novel or a story?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.To what extent can one say that a piece of classroom work can be regarded as a task in language teaching and learning?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编11

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.duality（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.)解析：2.displacement（南开大学2010研；清华2001研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, scientists can predict the "future" of certain planets that are several billions of light years away from us.)解析：3.performative function（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons and it can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an(every day be safe and happy)as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.)解析：4.parole（北师大2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individuals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.)解析：5.descriptive study of linguistics(四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：To say that linguistics is a descriptive study is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.)解析：6.Glottal Stop（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Glottal Stop: Vocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.)解析：7.Voiceless（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. For example, Consonants(p, s, t)are produced this way, so they are voiceless consonants. "Voiceless" is defined in contrast with "voiced". Consonants(b, z, d)are voiced consonants.)解析：8.Minimal pairs（北航2008研；北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Minimal Pair are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.)解析：9.Phoneme（人大2006研；上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.)解析：10.Free variation(武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, the final consant of cup may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. In this case,it is the same word pronounced in two different ways :(k h∧p h )and(k h∧p "indicates "no audible release" in IPA symbols.))解析：11.Assimilation（武汉大学2008研；上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. For example, in "mink" , "n" , which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following "k"/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as /mi?k/)解析：12.Suprasegmental features（中山大学2005研；南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）正确答案：(正确答案：Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone and intonation.) 解析：13.Syllable(四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Syllable: These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. For example, the English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful.)解析：plementary distribution（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after(s), and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of/p/, for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The unaspirated(p =)occurs after /s/, while the aspirated(p h )occurs in all other environments except after /s/.)解析：15.morpheme（四川大学2006研；武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: "boy" and "-s"; in international, there are three morphemes; "inter-" "nation" and "-al".)解析：16.inflectional morpheme(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Inflectional morpheme; It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.)解析：17.free morphemes（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Free morpheme is an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. They may occur alone, that is, they may make up words by themselves. For example, " dog" , " nation" and "close" are free morphemes. And such words are called mono-morphemic words. Thus all mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.)解析：18.bound morpheme（上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word "careless" , "-less" is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.)解析：19.bound root（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as "-ceive" in "receive".)解析：20.functional morpheme（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）正确答案：(正确答案：This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, " and, about, when on, near, the" an so on.)解析：21.inflection（四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix; "-ed" ; the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix; "-ren")解析：22.allomorph(四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Allomorph; A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality { -s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in "cats" /s/, in "bags" /z/, in "matches" /iz/.)解析：23.blending（四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two wor ds. For example, telephone + exchange→telex; transfer+resister→ transistor.)解析：24.Immediate constituent（武汉大学2008研；武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Immediate constituent. An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence "Poor John ran away" , the constituents "Poor John" and "ran away" are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.)解析：25.IC analysis（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：IC analysis. IC analysis(immediate constituent analysis)refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.)解析：。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality2.The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（分数：2.00）A.performativeB.emotiveC.phaticD.metalingual3.Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（分数：2.00）A.[m]B.[l]C.[w]D.[s]4.Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（分数：2.00）A.voiceless bilabial stopB.voiced bilabial stopC.voiceless alveolar fricativeD.voiced alveolar fricative5.When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（分数：2.00）A.dissimilationB.bilabializationC.assimilationD.none of the above6.The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four7.Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（分数：2.00）A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough8.Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-putB.-ceiveC.-mitD.-tain9.The word televise is created through the process of______.（分数：2.00）A.blendingB.inventionC.back-formationD.borrowing10.The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（分数：2.00）A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect11.Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good, badB.hit, missC.long, shortD.small, big12.The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation betweena word and a thing is mediated by______.（分数：2.00）A.referenceB.conceptC.controlD.dependency13.The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth14.The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.descriptive, historicalB.structural, generativeC.functional, formalistD.structural, historical15.The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticB.phonologicalC.semanticD.syntactic16.______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（分数：2.00）A.Cognitive linguisticsB.Corpus linguisticsC.PsycholinguisticsD.Neuro-linguistics17.Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Register.nguage acquisition.C.Metaphor.D.Interlanguage.18.Logic and Conversation was written by______.（分数：2.00）A.H. E GriceB.William JamesC.Stephen LevinsonD.John Austin19.______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy20.Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure21.As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：2.00）A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics22.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（分数：2.00）nguage Acquisition DeviceB.Generative GrammarC.Innateness HypothesisD.Universal Grammar23.According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.00）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.Manner24.______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）A.The Referential TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.Blending Theory25.______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（分数：2.00）A.Functional Sentence PerspectiveB.X-bar TheoryC.The Standard TheoryD.The Referential Theory26.Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（分数：2.00）A.The Generative Grammar.B.The Standard Theory.C.The Systemic-Functional Theory.D.The Classical Theory.27.Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary act.B.Locutionary act.C.Perlocutionary act.D.Prelocutionary act.28.It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（分数：2.00）A.the 18th centuryB.the 19th centuryC.the 17 th centuryD.the 20 th century29.Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（分数：2.00）A.F. BoppB.R. RaskC.J. GrimmD.K. Verner30.The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（分数：2.00）A.the prosodic phonologyB.the systemic grammarC.the neogrammarianD.the Generative Grammar二、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)31.Distinctive Feature（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Immediate Constituent Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Relevance Theory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Contrastive Analysis（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)36.Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________38.Austin"s first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas"s inquiry based on Priscian"s grammar and Donapus" grammar, Petrus Helias" philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian"s grammar and Roger Bacon"s universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

专业英语四级(核心语法)历年真题试卷汇编13(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（核心语法）历年真题试卷汇编13(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．Ted couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but he knew it was ______ Sunday because everybody was at______ church.A．/, theB．a, /C．/, aD．the, /正确答案：B解析：本句前半句提到Ted不记得确切的日期了，因此Sunday是指“一个星期天”，而非特指，所以用不定冠词a。

church在这里不是特指某个教堂，而是at church=in church“做礼拜”，故不用冠词。

2．The manager is not likely to agree to ______ propositions.A．other theseB．other allC．all otherD．other any正确答案：C解析：other是后位限定词，these和any是中位限定词，all是前位限定词。

搭配时按照“前位一中位一后位”的顺序排列。

所以，正确答案为C。

3．______ difficulties should be taken into account.A．Some theseB．All suchC．These allD．Such all正确答案：B解析：such既属于前位限定词，又可归为后位限定词。

北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2013年.doc

北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2013年(总分：149.92，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠBriefly explain the following terms. （分数：50.00）(1).affix（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).inflection（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).mood（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).modality（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).interlanguage（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).language transfer（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).speech act（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).verbal behavior（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9).co-operative principles（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).vernacular（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ⅡRead the following passage and then answer questions.Alice Kaplan grew up in Minnesota in the 1960s. In her 1993 book, she tells the story of the development of her unconditional, life-long affiliation with French. Her memoirs begin at the age of eight, when her father, a Jewish lawyer who prosecuted Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg, died. Kaplan explains that she felt a deep connection between feeling the loss of her father and feeling different from others in her pursuit of French: "Learning French was connected to my father, because French made me absent the way he was absent , and it made me an expert the way he was an expert" (p.203-4). She began studying French in grade 5, and at the age of 14 attended a French immersion summer programme in Maine. The two formative experiences , however, were a year abroad in a French-medium school in Switzerland at the age of 15, while still in high school, and another academic year abroad in Bordeaux three years later, while she was a French literature undergraduate. Her interest was always as intense for French culture as it was for the French language: "Even in beginning French classes, you know there was a French beyond the everyday , a France of hard talk and intellect" (p.138). By the end of the two full-year study abroad experiences, a complete self-identification with the new community and culture had taken place. She later became a French language teacher and eventually completed a doctorate in French. To this day, Kaplan is committed to a life in which both French and English play prominent roles.（分数：39.97）(1).What does "French made me absent the way he was absent" mean?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What is "a French immersion summer programme"?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________(3).What are formative experiences?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).What is "a French-medium school"?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).What does Kaplan mean when she says "there was a French beyond the everyday"?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).What does "the new community and culture" refer to? What is meant by "a completeself-identification" with it?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).What does Kaplan"s success story illustrate?（分数：5.71）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅢRead the following article and then do two tasks.Smoothing the Path from Foreign Lips to American EarsIt is a complaint familiar to millions of alumni of research universities: the master"s or doctoral candidate from overseas, employed as a teaching assistant, whose accent is too thick for undergraduate students to penetrate.To help solve this problem, increasingly sophisticated software programs have been developed to analyze and critique speech . One program, NativeAccent, which became available three years ago, has been adopted by more than 100 universities. Briju Thankachan, an Indian graduate student here in instructional technology , has spent hundreds of hours using NativeAccent. The software can isolate hundreds of pronunciation issues and even show animations of how to position parts of the mouth for each sound."Every morning I would hear him repeating things over and over into the computer, and you could hear him getting better," said Mr. Thankachan"s wife, Betsy J. Briju, a visiting assistant professor in plant biology.The comprehension problem is far from solved. Even at an institution like Ohio University, with an unusually robust remedial program , undergraduate students say they have run intohard-to-understand teaching assistants."You get better at understanding after a while, and they"re willing to talk it over again, but it can be hard," said Karen Martinez, a sophomore from Chicago.The university"s efforts to address the accent problem date to the 1980s. Every foreign student"s command of spoken English is assessed on arrival, and each year about 300 go through the improvement program, part of the linguistics department. In classes, the students learn to break language into individual sounds, forcing them to be aware of how each part of the mouth is positioned to make a particular bit , while instructors contort their faces and touch their tongues to drive home the point . Students take sentences apart to learn rhythm, emphasis, pauses and rising and falling pitch—elements that can convey as much information as words."Many people come here without having learned intonation at all," said Lara Wallace, a lecturer in linguistics. "Everything comes out in a flat monotone, which makes an accent even harder to understand."Students are assigned to practice in computer labs, using the speech analysis software, and —possibly the most unpopular exercise—recording audio or video of themselves speaking. They have to transcribe those recordings verbatim , with every pause, false start , repetition or "um" noted.（分数：59.95）(1).Answer the following questions.What does "critique speech" mean?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________(2).What kind of technology is "instructional technology"?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Which two words can be used to replace the two underlined words in " isolate hundreds of pronunciation issues "?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).What does the word "position" mean in "position parts of the mouth"? Which "parts" are involved?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).What does the word "things" refer to?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).What kind of program is a "remedial program" and what is meant by "robust." (ibid.)?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).What does the word "bit" refer to?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).What is "intonation"?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9).Which phrase can be used to replace "verbatim" ?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).What is a "false start"?（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (11).Write a short essay in approximately 300 words about the issue of pronunciation and intonation for foreign learners of English.（分数：5.45）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英专生语言学期末考试试题

英专生语言学期末考试试题English Linguistics Final Exam Questions1. Phonetics and Phonology- Define the terms 'phoneme' and 'allophones'. Provide examples from the English language to illustrate the difference between these two concepts.2. Morphology- Explain the concept of 'morphemes' and distinguish between 'bound' and 'free' morphemes. Give examples of each from the English vocabulary.3. Syntax- Describe the basic sentence structure in English, and explain the role of each syntactic constituent (Subject, Predicate, Object, Complement).4. Semantics- Discuss the difference between 'denotation' and'connotation'. Provide examples of words that have different connotations but the same denotation.5. Pragmatics- What is 'context' in pragmatics? How does it affect the interpretation of meaning in language use?6. Historical Linguistics- Explain the process of 'language change' and provide an example of a significant linguistic change in the history of the English language.7. Sociolinguistics- Define 'sociolects' and 'registers'. How do these concepts relate to the way language varies across different social groups?8. Psycholinguistics- Discuss the role of 'language acquisition' in child development. What factors contribute to the process of first language learning?9. Applied Linguistics- Explain the concept of 'second language acquisition' and discuss the challenges faced by learners in this process.10. Language and Culture- How does language reflect culture, and vice versa? Provide examples to support your argument.11. Language Variation and Change- Describe the factors that contribute to language variation and change, both internally (intrinsic) and externally (extrinsic).12. Discourse Analysis- What is 'discourse'? How does discourse analysis differ from traditional sentence-level analysis in linguistics?13. Language and Gender- Discuss the ways in which language use may be influenced by gender. Provide examples of linguistic features that are often associated with gender.14. Language Policy and Planning- Explain the concept of 'language policy' and its importance in education and governance.15. Language and Technology- Discuss the impact of technology on language, including the emergence of new linguistic forms and the potential for language preservation or loss.Note: Answer each question in detail, providing clear examples and explanations to support your points. Demonstrate your understanding of the concepts covered in the course and apply them to the questions presented.。