英语音标讲义全
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龙文教育学科教师辅导讲义
国际音标的汇总与分类
课题
熟练拼读音标;运用音标学习记忆单词
教学目标
发音规则的变化
重点、难点
单词;语音
考点及考试要求
教学容
一、国际音标的学习方法:
国际音际:是国际语音协会制定的记录语音的一种符号体系。原意为国际语音字母,International Phonetic Alphabet简称IPA.
要掌握每一个国际音标的准确发音,见到一个音标符号就能准确认读发声,必须加强训练,加强实践练习。加强国际音档的读音训练,具体说应该做到这样几个方面:
1.听音训练:学习国际音标,需要多听,通过反反复复的听力练习进行强化记忆。听音训练,如果有条件,可以多听老师朗读音标,也可以使用录音带反复听音,本书中的每个音素,都可以循环倾听,强化记忆。
2.模仿练习:学习国际音标的发音,要注意模仿口型,体会发音部位的变化,主动模仿发音,初学时可以对着镜子模仿练习,特别是元音发音的舌位高低、口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切,可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别,掌握准确口腔开口度,这对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。
3.多动口:动口是加强实践的关键和核心,听音也好,模仿也好,比较也好,最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来,所以勤动口是掌握国际音标发音的关键。俗话说,“三天不写手生,三天不念口生”,说的就是要加强动手动口能力的培养。因此学习国际音标,要时时加强语音训练,勤动口,反复实践练习,在实践中比较,在实践中体会差别,做到熟能生巧,这样自然就掌握国际音标的发音了。
二.国际音标的分类:
单元音(12):/i:/- /ɪ/ /ɑ:/- / ʌ/ /ɔ:/- /ɒ/ / ɜ:/- /ə/ /U:/- /ʊ/ /e/-/æ/
双元音(8):/aɪ/-/eɪ/-/ɔɪ/ /ɪə/-/eə/-/ʊə/ /aʊ/-/əʊ/
辅音(28):/p/-/b/ / t/-/d/ / k/-/g/ /f/-/v/ /s/-/z/ /θ/-/ð/
/ts/-/dz/ /tʃ/-/dʒ//tr/-/dr/ / h/-/ r/ / ǀ/-/w/
/m/-/n/-/ŋ/ /ʃ/-/ʒ/-/ j/
5./ כ/
闭音节中的o hot, got, not, lost, on, soft
6./ כ:/
or or, sport, bored, horse, more, before
a(+ll或lk) all, fall, talk, walk
aw law, draw, strawberry
ough thought
7./ə/ (许多元音在非重读章节中读成/ə/,所以/ə/的拼写形式多种多样)
a about, around
er water, waiter
or actor, doctor
8./ə:/
er her, hers
ir thirty, shirt, third,
ur turn, nurse, fur
or word, work, world
ear earth
9./u/
u put, full, pull, push, sugar, cushion
oo good, took, wood, wool, stood, bedroom
ou could, would, should
10./u:/
oo fool, booth, room, food
ou soup, you, group
o do, to, who
11. /i/
闭音节中的i if, his, film
闭音节中的y system, gym
位于词尾的y city, pity, willingly, possibility
12. /i:/
开音节中的e me ,be, she
ee see ,sleep ,deep ,feet, need
ea read ,eat ,meal ,seat
双元音
1./ai/
开音节中的i time, crime, fine
igh high, might, night, light, bright
y cry, my, sky, fly, July
ie eye, bye
2. /כi/
oi oil, join, coin, voice, choice, noise
oy toy, boy, enjoy, destroy, annoy, loyal, employer
3. /ei/
a save, face
ay day, pay, may
ai wait, fail
ea break, great
4. /au/
ou about, around, found, sound, mouse
ow down, crowd, town, brown, now, how
5./əu/
o go, hello, no, open, over, joking, October
oa coat, soap, boat, road, coast
ow snow, throw, blow, show, know, window
6./iə/
ear ear, dear, hear, clear, beard
ea idea, real, theatre
ere here, mere, severe
eer beer, queer, engineer
7./uə/
oor poor
our tour
ur(e) cure, pure, fury
8./eə/
ear wear
are care, share, fare, hare,careless
air air, fair, chair,repair
ere there
辅音
1.[p]: p pot, pig, put, people, piano
2.[b] : b book, bag, big, job, bear, but
3.[t] :t tooth, teacher, tea, table, task
4.[d]:d dog, dig ,duck, dad, double
5.[k]:c cake ,cat, cup, cap/ k keep, kite
6.[g] : g grandpa, girl ,green ,good, god
7.[f] : f father, fat ,foot, full ,fit/ ph photo
8.[v] : v five, very, vent ,drive, vary
9.[s] (在该音后的清辅音应被浊化): s small, study ,bus ,yes ,must
10.[z]: z jazz ,zoo ,zero / (e)s clothes, balls
11.[θ] 与[s]区别发音: th eighth, forth, tenth, eleventh, ninth, thin, think
12.[δ] 与[z] 区别发音: th those, these, that ,this, there
13.[∫] : sh cash, bush, shake, shoe, ship
14.[з]:s measure, pleasure, leisure
15.[t∫]:ch chair ,chicken, lunch
15.[dз]:j jack, job / ge change, orange
17.[tr] : tr tree ,truck ,train