传播学经典理论英文翻译(最新整理)

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新闻传播常用英语词汇表

新闻传播常用英语词汇表

传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分:基本传播学理论词汇传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism跨文化传播Intercultural Communication 守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model 强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model 劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory 法兰克福学派Frankfurt School 女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign非语言传播Nonverbal Communication意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication 传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication 真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation 公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一槃消息栏cartoon comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑主笔newsman newspaperman journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告.advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

传播学经典理论英文版[中文注解]

传播学经典理论英文版[中文注解]

传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]目录一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖_____________________________________________ 2二、5W Box 5w 理论 _____________________________________________________ 2三、The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论 __________________________________ 2四、The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋 ________________________________________ 3五、Gatekeeper 把关人理论_______________________________________________ 4六、Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说 _____________________________ 4七、Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说______________________________________ 5八、Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论____________________________________ 5九、Magic bullet theory 魔弹论 _____________________________________________ 5十、Information (Innovation)Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论____________ 6 十一、Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论______________________ 7 十二、Cultivation theory 教养理论 ____________________________________________ 8 十三、Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论 ______________________________________ 8 十四、Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论_______________________ 9一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息,同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子”,他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用,由他们将信息扩散给受众,形成信息传递的两级传播。

传播学专业英语-单词整理

传播学专业英语-单词整理

第⼀部分:基本传播学理论词汇媒介事件 Media Events民族志 Ethnography传播⽣态 Ecology of Communication真实/虚构 Reality/Fiction拟态环境 Pseudo-Environment刻板成见 Stereotyping晕轮效应 Halo Effects⼆元价值评判 Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系 Public Relation阐释理论 Interpretive Theory⾮语⾔符号 Nonverbal Sign⾮语⾔传播 Nonverbal Communication 意指 Signification话语理论 Theories of Discourse⽂化期待 Culture Expectations⽂化批判 Culture Criticizing范式 Paradigm叙事范式 Narrative Paradigm强语境 High Context弱语境 Low Context功能理论 Functionalism话语分析 Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式 the Commodity Forms of Communication受众商品 Audience Commodity商品化 Commodification空间化 Spatialization结构化 Structuration媒介集中化 Media Conglomeration传媒产业 Media Industry注意⼒经济 Attention Economy媒介竞争 Media Competition受众分割 Audience Segmentation媒介资本 Media Capital传播政治经济学 Political Economy of Communication传播研究 Communication Research抽样 Sampling 调查研究⽅法 Survey Research内容分析法 Content Analysis实验分析法 Experimental Research定性研究法 Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法 Case Study效度与信度 Validity/Reliability变量 Variables实地观察法 Field Observation虚拟社群 Virtual Community扩散研究 Diffusion Research传播 Communication内向/⾃我传播 Intrapersonal Communication ⼈际传播 Interpersonal Communication群体传播 Group Communication组织传播 Organization Communication⼤众传播 Mass Communication单向传播 One-Sided Communication双向传播 Two-Sided Communication互动传播 Interactive Communication媒介 Media⼤众传播媒介 Mass Media新媒介 New Media新闻洞 News Hold新闻价值 News Value传播者 Communicator主动传播者 Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听⼤众 Audience受众兴坤 Audience Interest受众⾏为 Audience Activity信息 Information信号 Signal讯息 Message信息熵 Entropy冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy传播单位 Communication Unit奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model编码 Encoding解码 Decoding信源 Source传播的数学理论 Mathematical Theory of Communication传播渠道 Communication Channel有效传播 Effective Communication传播效果 Effects知识沟 Knowledge-Gap使⽤与满⾜模式 Uses and Gratifications Model 使⽤与依从模式 Uses and Dependencys Model ⼜传系统 System of Oral Communication地球村 Global Village内爆 Implosion全球化 Globalization本⼟化 Localization电⼦空间 Cyber Space数字化 Digitalization⽂化帝国主义 Culture Imperialism跨⽂化传播 Intercultural Communication守门⼈ Gatekeeper新闻采集者 News Gatherers新闻加⼯者 News Processors模式 Model有线效果模式 Limited Effects Model适度效果模式 Moderate Effects Model强⼤效果模式 Powerful Effects Model⼦弹论 Bullet Theory两级传播模式 Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式 Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式 Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播 Persuasive Communication议程设置模式 the Agenda-Setting Model时滞 Time Lag最合适效果跨度 Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度 Time Span公众舆论 Public Opinion选择性接触 Selective Exposure选择性注意 Selective Attention选择性理解 Selective Perception选择性记忆 Selective Retention可信性提⽰ Credibility Heuristic喜爱提⽰ Liking Heuristic 共识提⽰ Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学 the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态 Ideology霸权 Hegemony权⼒话语 Power Discourse视觉⽂本 Visual Text⽂本 Text超级⽂本 Hypertext结构主义 Constructionism解构主义 Deconstructionism⽂化⼯业 Culture Industry⼤众⽂化 Mass Culture⽂化研究 Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论 Critical Theory法兰克福学派 Frankfurt School⼥权主义/⼥性主义 Feminism符号学 Semiotics/Semiology符号 Sign能指与所指 Signified/SignifierFourth Estate 第四等级(新闻界的别称) freedom of the Press 新闻⾃由free-lancer n.⾃由撰稿⼈full position 醒⽬位置Good news comes on crutches. 好事不出门。

传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

1.O pinion LeadersActive in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.2.T he Spiral of SilenceFor a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "3.GatekeeperLewin was first proposed this idea.The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .4.Selective exposure hypothesisAudience in the contact information of the mass media is notindiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.5.K nowledge Gap TheoryBecause the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.6.A genda Setting TheoryMass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .7.M agic bullet theoryThe message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.Text One An Introduction to Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:communication n. 传播journalism n. 新闻学transfer n.& v. 传递,迁移information n. 信息circulation n. 流通,运行,循环,传播convey v. 传送,传递feedback n. 反馈,反应medium n. 媒体,媒介,中介II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?Communication:The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.Why we study “human communication”?Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserv ing them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大众传播媒体mass communication 大众传播intrapersonal communication 自我传播interpersonal communication 人际传播group communication 群体传播audience 受众,观众,听众encode 编码code 代码transmit 传输,传达,传播decode 解码internalize 使内在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication insingular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.Review:communication: Exchange of ideas,information.intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass CommunicatorsThe heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t se e them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors whocome up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may notthe next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication Modelsii) Key Words & Expressions:communication model 传播模式narrative model 线性模式system model 系统模式the SMCR model 施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圆模式Claude Shannon 香农Warren Weaver 韦弗Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II.Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of thecommunication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication ModelsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:○The human stimulation that results in a thought.○The encoding of the thought into a message.○The transmission of the message.○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.○The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.○In which channel? In this case the story is told through thenewspaper, a mass medium.○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source- Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated- often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.A decoder reverses the encoding process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to comp ose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and youare the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.Concentric Circle ModelThe Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. Inshort, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.III.Review:Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.Text Five Fundamentals in the Processii) Key Words & Expressions:homophyly n. 类似性tabloid n. 小报stimulation n. 刺激encoding n. 编码transmission n. 传递decoding n. 解码internalization n. 内化STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well asother communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.StimulationBoth the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.EncodingThe second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.TransmissionThe message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example ofthe sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.DecodingThe receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”InternalizationIn mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English willnot be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front- page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it” was expl ained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that th e story made it clear that “it” was perjury, not murder, and also despite the secondary Page 1head.The judges noted that the headline came only a week after the widely reported Simpson acquittal and that, in the court’s opinion, people who h ad followed the trial reasonably could have interpreted “it” to be murder. The decision allowed Kaelin to pursue his $15 million legal action against the Examiner.For mass communicators the lesson is that strict, literal meanings are not always enough. Audience inferences, part of the intrapersonal decoding process, must also be considered.stimulation: Stirs someone to communicate.encoding: Putting something into symbols.transmission: Sending a message. decoding:Translating a symbolic message.internalization: Making sense of a decoded message.homophyly: A coding oneness that makes communication possible.。

新闻传播常用英语词汇表重点讲义资料

新闻传播常用英语词汇表重点讲义资料

传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分:基本传播学理论词汇传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴坤Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism跨文化传播Intercultural Communication守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign非语言传播Nonverbal Communication 意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication 真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation 公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一槃消息栏cartoon comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑主笔newsman newspaperman journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告.advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

英文总结修订版传播学名词解释

英文总结修订版传播学名词解释

1. I & Me: (主我与客我)The I is the impulsive,(冲动的)unorganized,(无组织的)undirected,(无向的)unpredictable part of you. (不可预知的你的一部分)The Me is the generalized other, made up of the organized and consistent patterns shared with others.。

客我是广义的,由有组织的和一致的方式与他人分享。

2. The Looking-glass Self: (镜中我)This theory explains socialization (社会化)as a reflection process (作为反射过程中)in which a person develops a self-image that is constructed based on how other people view him/her. (一个人发展的自我形象,构建基于别人是如何看待他/她)In this way, a person is socialized by trying to adjust their self-image.(通过这种方式,一个人社会化试图调整他们的自我形象)3. Time-biased media:(偏向时间的媒介)Time-biased media could carry information and messages that last for many generations,(时代)but tend to reach limited audiences, (但往往达到有限的观众,如粘土、石碑,.手抄手稿等等。

)such as clay, stone tablets, hand-copied manuscript and so on.munication effect: Communication behaviors(行为)with persuading(说服)motivation(动机)exert changes about mental, attitudes and action on audiences. 传播效果:带有劝服性动机的沟通行为,会对观众精神,态度和行动上产生变化。

传播学经典理论

传播学经典理论

传播学经典理论
传播学经典理论是指在传播学中的重要理论,它们对当代传播学有着深远的影响。

其中最著名的有:
1. 关系媒体理论(Interpersonal Media Theory):这一理论由美国传播学家Arnold Lasswell提出,他认为媒体可以通过创造社会联系和社会关系来产生影响,进而影响读者或观众的行为和态度。

2. 社会资本理论(Social Capital Theory):这是Robert Putnam提出的理论,他认为,社会媒体可以创造社会资本,即人们之间的信任、协作和友谊,这样才能有效的沟通和文化传播。

3. 效应理论(Effects Theory):这是Habermas提出的理论,他认为,传播媒体可以产生不同的效果,如影响人们的思想、行为和心理,从而影响社会发展。

4. 传播视角理论(Communication Perspective Theory):这是Ralph Lerner提出的理论,他认为,传播研究应该从多种视角,如政治、文化、社会、历史、心理学等视角去理解传播,这样才能真正理解传播的本质和作用。

传播学英文用语

传播学英文用语

传播学英文用语传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

传播学英文用语

传播学英文用语

传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses andDependencys Model口传系统System of OralCommunication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism跨文化传播InterculturalCommunication守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited EffectsModel适度效果模式Moderate EffectsModel强大效果模式Powerful EffectsModel子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step FlowModel多级传播模式Multi-Step FlowModel沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of SilenceModel劝服传播PersuasiveCommunication议程设置模式the Agenda-SettingModel时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal EffectsPan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学theMarket-Driven Journalism意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign非语言传播NonverbalCommunication意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the CommodityForms of Communication受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration 传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation 媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research 抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research 定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

传播学Communication术语中英文对照

传播学Communication术语中英文对照

传播学Communication术语中英文对照传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News V alue传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism跨文化传播Intercultural Communication 守门人Gatekeeper 新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model 强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model 子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model 劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model 时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure 选择性注意Selective Attention 选择性理解Selective Perception 选择性记忆Selective Retention 可信性提示Credibility Heuristic 喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic。

传播学术语中英对照

传播学术语中英对照

人内传播:intra-personal communication 自我互动:self interaction象征符:symbol内省式思考:reflective thinking人际传播:personal communication集合行为:collective behavior乌合之众:crowd流言:rumor意见领袖:opinion leader两级传播:two step flow of communication 中介因素:mediating factors信息流:information flow影响流:influencing flow知沟:knowledge gap数字鸿沟:digital gap可信性:credibility专业权威性:expertness休眠效果(霍夫兰):sleeper effect诉诸理性:rational persuasion诉诸情感:emotional persuasion显著性:salience自信心假说:self-confidence hypothesis议程设置功能:the agenda-setting function:McCombs&Show What is the agenda-setting function:Media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. That is,if a news item is covered frequently and prominently,the audience will regard the issue as more important.属性议程设置:attributes agenda-setting沉默的螺旋:the spiral of silence社会合意:social consensus意见气候:opinion climate中坚分子:the hard core培养分析:cultivation analysis故事讲解员:story-teller熔炉:melting-pot新闻框架:news frameNews frame的四种功能:Problem definition(提供问题定义);causal interpretation(阐释事件原因);moral evaluation(提供道德评价);treatment recommendation(示意解决方案)上限效果(ceiling effect)假说;信息富有者(information-rich)信息贫困者(information-poor)媒介素养(media literacy)第三人效果(the third-person effect)拉斯韦尔:Lasswell卢因:Lewin霍夫兰:Hovland拉扎斯菲尔德:Lazarsfeld施拉姆:Schramm香农:Shannon威纳:Norbert Wiener经验学派:empirical school批判学派:critical school霸权:hegemony文化帝国主义:cultural imperialism文本解析:text analysis美国源流:杜威(Dewey)库利(Cooley)提出两个概念:一是初级群体(primary group)二是镜中我(looking-glass self)帕克(Park)米德(Mead):主我(I)和客我(Me)对理解人内传播很有意义李普曼(Lippmann)拟态环境(pseudo-environment)刻板成见(stereotype)拉斯韦尔三功能说:环境监视功能(surveillance of the environment)社会联系与协调功能(correlation of the parts of society)社会遗产传承功能(transmission of social heritage)拉扎斯菲尔德三功能:社会地位赋予功能(status conferral)社会规范强制功能(enforcement of social norms)作为负面功能的“麻醉功能”(narcotizing dysfunction)电子乌托邦(teletopia)多媒体(multi-media)传播制度几种规范理论:集权主义authoritarianism受众权利:传播权(the right to communicate)知晓权(the right to know)媒介接近权(the right of access to mass media)acredited journalist n.特派记者advertisment n.广告advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair(e)n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n.消息出处,消息来源back alley news n.小道消息backgrounding n.新闻背景Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里。

传播学术语中英对照

传播学术语中英对照

人内传播:intra-personal communication 自我互动:self interaction象征符:symbol内省式思考:reflective thinking人际传播:personal communication集合行为:collective behavior乌合之众:crowd流言:rumor意见领袖:opinion leader两级传播:two step flow of communication 中介因素:mediating factors信息流:information flow影响流:influencing flow知沟:knowledge gap数字鸿沟:digital gap可信性:credibility专业权威性:expertness休眠效果(霍夫兰):sleeper effect诉诸理性:rational persuasion诉诸情感:emotional persuasion显著性:salience自信心假说:self-confidence hypothesis议程设置功能:the agenda-setting function:McCombs&Show What is the agenda-setting function:Media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. That is,if a news item is covered frequently and prominently,the audience will regard the issue as more important.属性议程设置:attributes agenda-setting沉默的螺旋:the spiral of silence社会合意:social consensus意见气候:opinion climate中坚分子:the hard core培养分析:cultivation analysis故事讲解员:story-teller熔炉:melting-pot新闻框架:news frameNews frame的四种功能:Problem definition(提供问题定义);causal interpretation(阐释事件原因);moral evaluation(提供道德评价);treatment recommendation(示意解决方案)上限效果(ceiling effect)假说;信息富有者(information-rich)信息贫困者(information-poor)媒介素养(media literacy)第三人效果(the third-person effect)拉斯韦尔:Lasswell卢因:Lewin霍夫兰:Hovland拉扎斯菲尔德:Lazarsfeld施拉姆:Schramm香农:Shannon威纳:Norbert Wiener经验学派:empirical school批判学派:critical school霸权:hegemony文化帝国主义:cultural imperialism文本解析:text analysis美国源流:杜威(Dewey)库利(Cooley)提出两个概念:一是初级群体(primary group)二是镜中我(looking-glass self)帕克(Park)米德(Mead):主我(I)和客我(Me)对理解人内传播很有意义李普曼(Lippmann)拟态环境(pseudo-environment)刻板成见(stereotype)拉斯韦尔三功能说:环境监视功能(surveillance of the environment)社会联系与协调功能(correlation of the parts of society)社会遗产传承功能(transmission of social heritage)拉扎斯菲尔德三功能:社会地位赋予功能(status conferral)社会规范强制功能(enforcement of social norms)作为负面功能的“麻醉功能”(narcotizing dysfunction)电子乌托邦(teletopia)多媒体(multi-media)传播制度几种规范理论:集权主义authoritarianism受众权利:传播权(the right to communicate)知晓权(the right to know)媒介接近权(the right of access to mass media)acredited journalist n.特派记者advertisment n.广告advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair(e)n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n.消息出处,消息来源back alley news n.小道消息backgrounding n.新闻背景Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里。

传播学英文用语

传播学英文用语

传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播 Interpersonal Communication群体传播 Group Communication组织传播 Organization Communication大众传播 Mass Communication单向传播 One-Sided Communication双向传播 Two-Sided Communication互动传播 Interactive Communication媒介 Media大众传播媒介 Mass Media新媒介 New Media新闻洞 News Hold新闻价值 News Value传播者 Communicator主动传播者 Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴趣 Audience Interest 受众行为 Audience Activity 信息 Information信号 Signal讯息 Message信息熵 Entropy冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy 传播单位 Communication Unit奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model 编码 Encoding解码 Decoding信源 Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道 CommunicationChannel有效传播 EffectiveCommunication传播效果 Effects知识沟 Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式 Uses andGratifications Model使用与依从模式 Uses andDependencys Model口传系统 System of OralCommunication地球村 Global Village内爆 Implosion全球化 Globalization本土化 Localization电子空间 Cyber Space数字化 Digitalization文化帝国主义 CultureImperialism跨文化传播 InterculturalCommunication守门人 Gatekeeper新闻采集者 News Gatherers新闻加工者 News Processors模式 Model有线效果模式 LimitedEffects Model适度效果模式 ModerateEffects Model强大效果模式 PowerfulEffects Model子弹论 Bullet Theory两级传播模式 Two-Step FlowModel多级传播模式 Multi-StepFlow Model沉默的螺旋模式 Spiral ofSilence Model劝服传播 PersuasiveCommunication议程设置模式 theAgenda-Setting Model时滞 Time Lag最合适效果跨度 OptimalEffects Pan时间跨度 Time Span公众舆论 Public Opinion选择性接触 SelectiveExposure选择性注意 SelectiveAttention选择性理解 SelectivePerception选择性记忆 SelectiveRetention可信性提示 CredibilityHeuristic喜爱提示 Liking Heuristic共识提示 ConsensusHeuristic市场驱动新闻学 theMarket-Driven Journalism意识形态 Ideology霸权 Hegemony权力话语 Power Discourse视觉文本 Visual Text文本 Text超级文本 Hypertext结构主义 Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业 Culture Industry大众文化 Mass Culture文化研究 Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派 FrankfurtSchool女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号 Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号 Nonverbal Sign 非语言传播 Nonverbal Communication意指 Signification话语理论 Theories of Discourse文化期待 Culture Expectations文化批判 Culture Criticizing范式 Paradigm叙事范式 Narrative Paradigm强语境 High Context弱语境 Low Context功能理论 Functionalism话语分析 Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式 the Commodity Forms of Communication受众商品 Audience Commodity商品化 Commodification空间化 Spatialization结构化 Structuration媒介集中化 Media Conglomeration传媒产业 Media Industry 注意力经济 Attention Economy媒介竞争 Media Competition 受众分割 Audience Segmentation媒介资本 Media Capital传播政治经济学 Political Economy of Communication 传播研究 Communication Research 抽样 Sampling调查研究方法 SurveyResearch内容分析法 ContentAnalysis实验分析法 ExperimentalResearch定性研究法 QualitativeResearch Methods个案研究法 Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量 Variables实地观察法 FieldObservation虚拟社群 Virtual Community扩散研究 DiffusionResearch媒介事件 Media Events民族志 Ethnography传播生态 Ecology ofCommunication真实/虚构 Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见 Stereotyping晕轮效应 Halo Effects二元价值评判 Two-ValuedEvaluation公共关系 Public Relation阐释理论 InterpretiveTheory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告advance n.预发消息;预写消息affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事assignment n.采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里。

新闻传播常用英语词汇表

新闻传播常用英语词汇表

传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分:基本传播学理论词汇传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/ 阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information 信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间CyberSpace 数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism跨文化传播Intercultural Communication 守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers 新闻加工者News Processors 模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model 适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model 强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model 子弹论Bullet Theory 两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model 多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model 沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model 劝服传播PersuasiveCommunication 议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model 时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan 时间跨度Time Span 公众舆论Public Opinion 选择性接触SelectiveExposure 选择性注意Selective Attention 选择性理解Selective Perception 选择性记忆Selective Retention 可信性提示Credibility Heuristic 喜爱提示Liking Heuristic 共识提示Consensus Heuristic 市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology 霸权Hegemony 权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism 解构主义Deconstructionism 文化工业Culture Industry 大众文化Mass Culture 文化研究Cultural Studies 批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory 法兰克福学派Frankfurt School 女权主义/ 女性主义Feminism 符号学Semiotics/Semiology 符号Sign 能指与所指Signified/Signifier 非语言符号Nonverbal Sign非语言传播Nonverbal Communication意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse 文化期待Culture Expectations 文化批判Culture Criticizing 范式Paradigm 叙事范式Narrative Paradigm 强语境High Context 弱语境Low Context 功能理论Functionalism 话语分析Discourse Analysis 传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity 商品化Commodification 空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation 虚拟社群Virtual Community 扩散研究Diffusion Research 媒介事件Media Events 民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication 真实/虚构Reality/Fiction 拟态环境Pseudo-Environment 刻板成见Stereotyping 晕轮效应Halo Effects 二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation 公共关系Public Relation 阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分:新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一槃消息栏cartoon comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制pressban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑主笔newsmannewspaperman journalist cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家新闻记者news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n .广告.advance n .预发消息;预写消息affair n .桃色新闻;绯闻anecdote n .趣闻轶事assignment n .采写任务attribution n. 消息出处,消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

传播学经典理论英文版打印1

传播学经典理论英文版打印1

传播学经典理论英文版[中文批注]目录一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖_________________________________________________ 2二、5W Box 5w 理论__________________________________________________________ 2三、The Bias of Communication 传媒偏向论 _____________________________________ 2四、The Spiral of Silence 沉默的螺旋 ___________________________________________ 3五、Gatekeeper 把关人理论 ___________________________________________________ 4六、Selective exposure hypothesis 选择性接触假说_________________________________ 4七、Knowledge Gap Theory 知识沟假说_________________________________________ 5八、Agenda Setting Theory 议程设置理论 _______________________________________ 5九、Magic bullet theory 魔弹论_________________________________________________ 5十、Information ( Innovation ) Diffusion Theory 信息(创新)扩散论 _________________ 6十一、Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 使用与满足理论__________________________ 7十二、Cultivation theory 教养理论_________________________________________________ 8十三、Limited-Effects Theory 有限效果论__________________________________________ 8十四、Marshall Mcluhan Media Theory 麦克卢汉的媒介理论____________________________ 92 / 11一、Opinion Leaders 意见领袖Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others. 意见领袖是指在人际传播网络中经常为他人提供信息,同时对他人施加影响的“活跃分子” ,他们在大众传播效果的形成过程中起着重要的中介或过滤的作用,由他们将信息扩散给受众,形成信息传递的两级传播。

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1.Opinion LeadersActive in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.2.The Spiral of SilenceFor a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "3.GatekeeperLewin was first proposed this idea.The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .4.Selective exposure hypothesisAudience in the contact information of the mass media is notindiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.5.Knowledge Gap TheoryBecause the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.6.Agenda Setting TheoryMass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .7.Magic bullet theoryThe message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.Text One An Introduction to Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:communication n. 传播journalism n. 新闻学transfer n.& v. 传递,迁移information n. 信息circulation n. 流通,运行,循环,传播convey v. 传送,传递feedback n. 反馈,反应medium n. 媒体,媒介,中介II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?Communication:The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.Why we study “human communication”?Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of Communicationii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大众传播媒体mass communication 大众传播intrapersonal communication 自我传播interpersonal communication 人际传播group communication 群体传播audience 受众,观众,听众encode 编码code 代码transmit 传输,传达,传播decode 解码internalize 使内在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication insingular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.Review:communication: Exchange of ideas,information.intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass CommunicatorsThe heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors whocome up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may notthe next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication Modelsii) Key Words & Expressions:communication model 传播模式narrative model 线性模式system model 系统模式the SMCR model 施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圆模式Claude Shannon 香农Warren Weaver 韦弗Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of thecommunication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication ModelsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:○The human stimulation that results in a thought.○The encoding of the thought into a message.○The transmission of the message.○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.○The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.○In which channel? In this case the story is told through thenewspaper, a mass medium.○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.A decoder reverses the encoding process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to compose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and youare the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.Concentric Circle ModelThe Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. Inshort, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.III.Review:Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.Text Five Fundamentals in the Processii) Key Words & Expressions:homophyly n. 类似性tabloid n. 小报stimulation n. 刺激encoding n. 编码transmission n. 传递decoding n. 解码internalization n. 内化STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well asother communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.StimulationBoth the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.EncodingThe second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.TransmissionThe message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example ofthe sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.DecodingThe receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”InternalizationIn mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English willnot be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front-page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it” was explained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that the story made it clear that “it” was perjury, not murder, and also despite the secondary Page 1head.The judges noted that the headline came only a week after the widely reported Simpson acquittal and that, in the court’s opinion, people who had followed the trial reasonably could have interpreted “it” to be murder. The decision allowed Kaelin to pursue his $15 million legal action against the Examiner.For mass communicators the lesson is that strict, literal meanings are not always enough. Audience inferences, part of the intrapersonal decoding process, must also be considered.stimulation: Stirs someone to communicate.encoding: Putting something into symbols.transmission: Sending a message.decoding: Translating a symbolic message.internalization: Making sense of a decoded message.homophyly: A coding oneness that makes communication possible.。

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