跨文化交际Ch03
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Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations
• We all face the fact that we do not know what will happen tomorrow. Extreme uncertainty creates anxiety. Like values, feelings of uncertainty and how to deal with it are acquired and learned. Ways of coping with uncertainty are part of our cultural heritage; they are reinforced by the family, school, and government. • In Hofstede’s research, countries were assigned an uncertainty avoidance index. Questions were related to job stress and participants’ feelings of being tense or nervous at work.
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest should be repressed Civil servants negative toward political process Negative attitudes toward young people There is only one truth - ours Religious, political, and ideological fundamentalism and intolerance Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends
Semantic Differences
Example: A misunderstanding over the meaning of one word during an important meeting in World War II caused quite an argument between U.S. Americans and the British. The problem was caused by the British interpretation of the phrase “to table an item”, which to them means to bring up the item for immediate consideration. The U.S. interpretation, on the other hand, was to shelve or postpone the subject.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Countries whose anxiety level is low are said to have low or weak uncertainty avoidance. Countries ranked low were U.S., India, Great Britain, Ireland, Hong Kong, Sweden, Denmark, and Singapore. In weak uncertainty avoidance countries, people are controlled, easy-going, quiet, and do not show emotions. Since stress cannot be released, people die from coronary heart disease.
-Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.
The more anxious cultures tend to be more expressive; they talk with their hands and show their emotions (Japan is an exception).
Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations
Attitudes Toward Women
• Influenced by cultural roots; U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men while in Kenya women are considered subordinate to men. • Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are dwenku.baidu.comemphasized; women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many corporations.
Cultural Contrasts in Values
Americans
1. Freedom
Japanese
Belonging
Arabs
Family security
2. Independence Group harmony
3. Self-reliance 4. Equality 5. Individualism Collectivism Age/Seniority
Family harmony
Parental guidance Age
Group consensus Authority
Semantic Differences
Semantics - the study of the meaning of words;
involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.
Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations
Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societies
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest acceptable
Perception– the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enable us to make sense of our world.
Uncertainty Avoidance • Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
Hofstede’s “Onion” Diagram
Symbols Heroes Rituals Practices Values
Geert Hofstede’s Model 衡量价值观的尺度
Civil servants positive toward political process Positive attitudes toward young people One group’s truth should not be imposed on others Human rights: nobody should be persecuted for their beliefs Scientific opponents can be personal friends
Attribution and Perception 归因与感知
Attribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another culture’s view.
Attribution training– involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host country.
• U.S. women have taken 2/3 of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men. In France, 1/5 of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is 1/3. • U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
What are Values?
Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system.
Chapter 3:
Contrasting Cultural Values
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
Topics
• • • • • • • Semantic Differences Attribution and Perception Attitudes Toward Women Work Attitudes Attitudes Toward Ethics Religious Influences Individualism and Collectivism
• • • • • • • • 1. Power distance 权力距离 2. Collectivism versus Individualism 集体主义---个体主义 3. Femininity versus Masculinity 社会的男性化----女性化 4. Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避 5. Long-term versus Short-term orientation 长短期取向
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance
More anxious cultures are said to have high or strong uncertainty avoidance. Latin American, Latin European, Mediterranean countries, Japan and South Korea had high rankings.
• We all face the fact that we do not know what will happen tomorrow. Extreme uncertainty creates anxiety. Like values, feelings of uncertainty and how to deal with it are acquired and learned. Ways of coping with uncertainty are part of our cultural heritage; they are reinforced by the family, school, and government. • In Hofstede’s research, countries were assigned an uncertainty avoidance index. Questions were related to job stress and participants’ feelings of being tense or nervous at work.
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest should be repressed Civil servants negative toward political process Negative attitudes toward young people There is only one truth - ours Religious, political, and ideological fundamentalism and intolerance Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends
Semantic Differences
Example: A misunderstanding over the meaning of one word during an important meeting in World War II caused quite an argument between U.S. Americans and the British. The problem was caused by the British interpretation of the phrase “to table an item”, which to them means to bring up the item for immediate consideration. The U.S. interpretation, on the other hand, was to shelve or postpone the subject.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Countries whose anxiety level is low are said to have low or weak uncertainty avoidance. Countries ranked low were U.S., India, Great Britain, Ireland, Hong Kong, Sweden, Denmark, and Singapore. In weak uncertainty avoidance countries, people are controlled, easy-going, quiet, and do not show emotions. Since stress cannot be released, people die from coronary heart disease.
-Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.
The more anxious cultures tend to be more expressive; they talk with their hands and show their emotions (Japan is an exception).
Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations
Attitudes Toward Women
• Influenced by cultural roots; U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men while in Kenya women are considered subordinate to men. • Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are dwenku.baidu.comemphasized; women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many corporations.
Cultural Contrasts in Values
Americans
1. Freedom
Japanese
Belonging
Arabs
Family security
2. Independence Group harmony
3. Self-reliance 4. Equality 5. Individualism Collectivism Age/Seniority
Family harmony
Parental guidance Age
Group consensus Authority
Semantic Differences
Semantics - the study of the meaning of words;
involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication.
Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations
Differences Between Weak/Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Societies
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
Citizen protest acceptable
Perception– the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enable us to make sense of our world.
Uncertainty Avoidance • Uncertainty avoidance is defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
Hofstede’s “Onion” Diagram
Symbols Heroes Rituals Practices Values
Geert Hofstede’s Model 衡量价值观的尺度
Civil servants positive toward political process Positive attitudes toward young people One group’s truth should not be imposed on others Human rights: nobody should be persecuted for their beliefs Scientific opponents can be personal friends
Attribution and Perception 归因与感知
Attribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another culture’s view.
Attribution training– involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host country.
• U.S. women have taken 2/3 of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men. In France, 1/5 of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is 1/3. • U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
What are Values?
Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system.
Chapter 3:
Contrasting Cultural Values
Intercultural Business Communication, 3rd ed., Chaney & Martin
Topics
• • • • • • • Semantic Differences Attribution and Perception Attitudes Toward Women Work Attitudes Attitudes Toward Ethics Religious Influences Individualism and Collectivism
• • • • • • • • 1. Power distance 权力距离 2. Collectivism versus Individualism 集体主义---个体主义 3. Femininity versus Masculinity 社会的男性化----女性化 4. Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避 5. Long-term versus Short-term orientation 长短期取向
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance
More anxious cultures are said to have high or strong uncertainty avoidance. Latin American, Latin European, Mediterranean countries, Japan and South Korea had high rankings.