不定式省略to的10种情况
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不定式省略to的几种情况
一、使役动词与to的省略
当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式必须省略to。如:
Let me have another cup of tea.给我再来一杯茶。
She had him dig away the snow.她让他把雪挖走。
They made him tell them everything.他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。
但是,当使役动词用于被动语态时,其后的不定式则必须要带to。如:
他被迫一天工作20小时。
误:He was made work twenty hours a day.
正:He was made to work twenty hours a day.
注意,表示使役意义的let和have很少用于被动语态。
另外注意,force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如:
They forced her to sign the paper.他们强迫她在文件上签字。
The law obliged parents to send their children to school.法律要求父母送子女上学。
二、感觉动词与to的省略
当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。如:
We all felt the house shake.我们都感觉这房子在震动。
I heard him go down the stairs.我听见他下楼了。
Did you notice her leave the house?她离开屋子你注意到了吗?
I watched her get into the car.我看着她上了车。
但是,当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时,则不能省略to。如:They all felt the plan to be unwise.他们都认为这个计划不明智。
注意,当这些动词变为被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略。如:
They were heard to break a glass in the next door.听见他们在隔壁打破了一个玻璃杯子。
另外,若用作宾语补足语的不定式为完成式,则通常应带to。如:
I noticed her to have come early.我注意到她来得很早。
三、介词except / but与to的省略
当不定式用作介词except或except的宾语时,该不定式有时带to,有时不带to,情形比较复杂,大致原则是:其前有do,不定式不带to;其前没有do,不定式通常带to。如:
He likes nothing except to watch TV.除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢。
It had no effect except to make him angry.除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。There’s little we can do except wait.除了等待我们没有什么办法。
I could do nothing except agree.我除了同意,没有别的办法。
四、help与to的省略
当动词help后跟一个不定式用作宾语或宾语补足语时,不定式可以不带to,也可以不带to。如:Can you help (to) carry this table upstairs?你能帮忙把
桌子搬到楼上去吗?
I have lost my watch. Will you help me (to) look for it?我把表丢了,你能不能帮我找一下?
但是,当help用于被动语态时,其后不定式必须带to。如:
Millie was helped to overcome her fear of flying.米利被帮助克服了她的飞行恐惧。
另外,当不定式为否定式时,其中的to通常不宜省略。如:
How can I help my children not to worry about their exams?我怎样才能帮助我的孩子们不为他们的考试着急呢?
五、固定搭配与to的省略
1、Why not...? = Why don't you...? 习惯上接动词原形,不能接带to不定式或现在分词,主要用于表示同意、赞成、劝诱等,其意为“为什么不……呢”。如:
Why not go with him? = Why don't you go with him? 为什么不和他一起去呢?
2、had better...,最好做某事,如:
You had better stay here. 你最好呆在这里。
3、“would rather+动词原形”意为“宁愿做某事”。如:
We’d rather stay at home.我们宁愿呆在家里。
I would rather not tell him.我宁愿不告诉他。
4、prefer+不定式+rather than+动词原形,其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:
I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我宁愿走着去,而不愿坐公共汽车
去。
He prefers to read rather than watch television.他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。但,prefer+动名词+to+动名词,其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如:He prefers swimming to riding as a sport.作为一项运动项目,他更喜欢游泳而不是骑马。
注:这类结构的prefer前有时也可用would, should等。如:
We would prefer playing outdoors to watching television.我们宁愿在外面玩而不愿看电视。
习惯上只接动名词(V+ING)作宾语的动词
常用动词有:admit承认、advise建议、allow允许、appreciate感激、avoid 避免、consider考虑delay推迟、deny否认、discuss讨论、dislike不喜欢、enjoy喜爱、escape逃脱、excuse原谅、fancy设想、finish 完成、forbid禁止、forgive原谅、give up放弃、imagine想像、keep保持、mention提及、mind介意、miss没赶上、pardon原谅、permit允许、practise 练习、prevent阻止、prohibit禁止、put off推迟、report 报告、risk冒险、stop停止、suggest建议、understand理解等,这些动词后面常接动名词作宾语。
另在一些固定搭配中也常接动名词作宾语。如:
1、insist on doing坚持要做某事。如:
He insisted on doing it by himself. 他坚持要一个人做。
2、have difficulty /trouble (in) doing sth. 相当,意为“在做某事方面有困难、