Morphology

J. D. Salinger’s novel ____ is regarded as a

students’ classic. A. The Catcher in the Rye B. The Young Folks C. Franny D. Seymour: An Introduction Answer: A
In contrast, -s in dogs, -al in national, and
dis- in disclose, can not occur alone. They must appear with at least anther morpheme, and are called bound morphemes. 与此相反，dogs中的-s, national中的-al, disclose中的dis-，都不能 单独出现，它们必须跟至少一个其他语素 共现。这样的语素叫作粘着语素。因此 distempered这个词有三个语素，就是dis-, temper, -ed. 其中temper是个自由语素， dis-, -ed是粘着语素。
____ is concerned with the social




significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics Answer: B

(2) types of morphemes语素的类型 A). free morpheme and bound morpheme自由语素和粘着语素 Those which may occur alone, that is, those which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes. For example, dog, nation, and close are free morphemes.能单独出现也就是能独自成词 的，是自由语素。
The Norman Conquest of ____ is perhaps

the best-known event in English history. A. 1063 B. 1064 C. 1065 D. 1066 Answer: D
One of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics is
The British established 13 colonies along

____ between 1607 and 1733. A. the west coast of North America B. the west coast of South America C. the east coast of North America D. the east coast of South America Answer: C

(4). word class 词类，如名词、动词、 形容词、副词等。 3.formation of words词的形成 (1) Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态 学 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进 一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意 义或语法意义。
Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist





writer of ____. A. the Modern Period B. The English Renaissance C. the Romantic Period D. The Victorian Age Answer: D


(3) closed-class words and openclass words封闭类词和开放类词 Closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New numbers are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are all closed words. 封闭类词的成员数目是确 定的、有限的。新成员不会有规律的增加。 因此，代词、介词、连词、冠词等是封闭 类词。
Speech act theory did not come into being





until____ A. the late 50’s of the 20th century B. the early 1950’s of the 20th century C. the late 1960’s of the 20th century D. the early 21st century Answer: A
1 features of words


(1) Stability 稳定性 (2) relative uninterruptibility 相对连续性： 新的成分不能插进词的中间。如 chairman(correct), manchair(wrong)。 (3) a minimal free form 最小的自由形 式，这是由Bloomfield首先提出来的，他主 张把句子看作是“最大的自由形式”，把 词看作是“最小的自由形式”。
The open-class is one whose membership
is in principle infinite or unlimited. With the emergence of new ideas, inventions, etc., new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class.开放类词的成员 数目原则上是无穷的、无限的。随着新观 念、新发明等额出现，词典中会不断地、 经常的增加新的词语。名词、动词、形容 词和多数副词都是开放类词。


B). root, affix and stem词根、词缀和词干 polymorphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. 除了复合 词之外的多语素词，可以分为词根和词缀。 A root is the base form of a word that can not further be analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. 词根是词的基本形式， 不能再做进一步的分析而完全不损失同一性。也 就是说，去掉所有的词缀后，词所剩下的部分就 是词根。



2. classification of words词的分类 (1) variable and invariable words 可变 化词和不变词 (2) grammatical words and lexical words语法词和词汇词 语法词如：conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. 词汇词如：nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. 我们也把 语法词叫作function word(功能词)， 把词 汇词叫作content word（实义词）。


___, which later became a rallying song of the British Communist Party. A. Ode to the West Wind B. Prometheus Unbound C. Men of England D. Ode on Melancholy Answer: C
___ modify the meaning of the stem, but


usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. roots D. affixes Answer: A
All words contain a root morpheme. 所有的
词都包含一个词根语素。 An affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). 词 缀是一个构词成分的集合，她们只能附加于 另一个语素（词根或词干）上。一般可以把 词缀分为三类，prefix（前缀）, suffix（后 缀）, and infix（中缀）.