语言学第十一章

The
study of UG has attracted considerable attention from many second language acquisition researchers because knowledge of linguistic universals may help to shape L2 acquisition in a number of ways. For example, it can provide explanations for developmental sequences and language transfer.
1) Universal Grammar
According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is high; otherwise, the amenability is low. In focus on form, different measures will be taken depending on whether the amenability of a form is high or low.
应用语言学弥补了语言学理论和外语教学之间的隔
阂，作为一个调和区域，对语言学理论的研究成果 进行解释。

Applied Linguistics is conducive to foreign language teaching in two major aspects: extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of language of language learning and teaching. states the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology.
Elements of language amenable focus on form
From the linguistic point of view, two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form are the relevance of Universal Grammar (UG普遍语 法) and the complexity of language structures (语言结构的复杂性）.
1.The Relation between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
Language Teaching
Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Translation
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Computer Science
Dictionary Compiling
Comprehensible
input (i+1) (Krashen : Input Hypothesis 1985 ) Learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them. Input should neither be so far beyond their reach that they are overwhelmed, nor so close to their current stage that they are not challenged at all.
Authentic
input (真实输入） (Tomlinson,1998) — the input should vary in style , mode , medium and purpose and should be rich in features which are characteristic of authentic discourse in the target language.
Linguistics and Language Learning
王婷婷，郝瑾，李桃峰，杨娜娜
Outline
1. The relation between linguistics and n language teaching 2. Linguistics and Language Learning Grammar and Language Learning Input and Language learning Interlanguage in Language Learning
What is the focus on form?


proposed by Michael Long
“Focus on form often consists of an occasional shift of attention to linguistic code features—by the teacher and/or one or more students—triggered by perceived problems with comprehension or production”.
…

Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language.
语言学经常被定义为语言的科学，或语言的科学研
究 Applied Linguistic serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories .
a compromise
(纯粹形式为中心）
purely meaning-focused approaches
（纯粹意义为中心）
A recent movement called focus on form（语 法形式中心） seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.
Premodified
Input (预修正的输入） — material is in advance to the learner's current level. Interactively Modified Input (交互修正的输 入） — material is modified when the teacher and the learners interact.
Views
diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners. Authentic input 真实输入 Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input 预修正输入 Interactively modified input: tends to do a better job 交互修正的输入
Input and Language Learning

Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language. This input may come in written or spoken form. In the case of spoken input, it may occur in the context of interaction 交互语境or in the context of non-reciprocal单向话语 discourse .
The Key Point in focus on form:
Although language learning should generally be meaning-focused and communication-oriented, it is still necessary and beneficial to focus on form occasionally.
include grammar in second language instruction?
Focusing on forms and ignoring meanings Focusing on meaning and communication
purely form-focused approaches
AL
AL
2. Linguistics and language learning
How
linguistics studies help us better understand the process of language learning?

As Rod Ellis who is the deputy head of the Department of Applied Language Studies. grammatical-properties of learner language aspects of learner language
the
pragmatic

Conclusion: Linguistics has indeed been relevant to second language acquisition research.
Grammar and Linguistics
QUSTION？ Whether
how to

2) Structural complexity
It can be assumed that less complex structures
have higher amenability, but complexity is hard to define. Formally simple structures can be functionally complex and formally complex items are not necessarily functionally complex. Again we resort to linguistics in order to have a better understanding of the complexity of language structures.
Interlanguage in language learning
Output vs. input Constructivism Interlanguage 中介语

Output vs. Input

Swain(1985) came up with a idea that output is also play an important role in language acquisition besides input. Correct production requires learners to construct language for the messages. When learners construct language for expression, they are not merely reproducing what they have learned. Rather they are processing and constructing things.