英汉对比研究-静态与动态

Types of Metaphors 1. Dead metaphors, viz.metaphors where one is hardly conscious of the image, frequently relate to universal term of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities. 死隐喻的隐含意思已经成为常规词义，即所谓比喻意义，所以有些学者认为这些隐 喻已经不能算是隐喻。 例如“山腰”的“腰”，原来大概是个比喻，今天已经约 定俗成，我们不再觉得是个比喻。 “ Mouth 原只用于动物的口，不用于瓶子、河 流，现在则应用于这些事物，从而the mouth river[河口]就成了一个死隐喻。死 喻可能更倾向于直接翻译意思，因为比喻的新鲜意味在原文中已经消失， 如果把 比喻翻译出来，读者的感受会产生差异。



the purpose of metaphor is basically twofold: referential purpose is to describe a mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely than is possible in literal or physical language; pragmatic purpose is to appeal to the senses, to interest, to clarify 'graphically', to please, to delight, to surprise.

隐喻没有一定的语言形式，它可能是一个词、一个词组、一个句子或一段文章。 比如，He hatched a clever scheme. Our nation was born out of freedom. 汉语中的隐喻也有多种形式 : “血缘的纽带”、“城市生活的脉搏”、“钉子 户”、“铁公鸡”、“空手套白狼”、 “不入虎穴，焉得虎子”、“郎平是中 国女排的铁榔头”、“三过家门而不入”、“狗咬吕洞宾， 不识好人心”。
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静态与动态 Static vs. Dynamic

What is metaphor? any figurative expression:the transferred sense of a physical word; (词义的转移，如用 “诞生”表示任何事物的起源) the personification of an abstraction;(抽象行为的拟人化，如 “modesty forbids me”的意思是“由于谦虚，我不能”） the applicaton of a word or collocation to what it does not literally denote, i.e., to describe one thing in terms of another.（ 用一个单词 或语句表示字面意思之外的意思，如用“cold blood”表示“without feeling or pity”）

2.Cliche metaphors套语隐喻 metsphors that have perhaps temporarily outlived their usefulness, that are used as a substitute for clear thought, often emotively, but without corresponding to the facts of the matter. The county school will in effect become not a backwater but a break through in educational development which will set trends for the future. In this its traditions will help and it may well become a jewel in the crown of the county's education.
Terminology for discussing metaphors: Image( 喻 体 ） :一般性比喻(universal metaphor)、文化比喻 (cultural metaphor)以及个性化比喻(individual metaphor) Object:本体 Sense:意义，相同点 Metaphor:隐喻 Metonym:换喻 Symbol: a type of cultural metonymn where a material object represents a concept --thus 'grapes'as fertility or sacrifice象征