汉英语言对比 第六讲 静态与动态

1.名词化（nominalization)倾向 1.名词化（nominalization)倾向 名词化 tendency） （tendency）是英语的特征之一
Preponderance of nouns over verbs. (S. Potter) The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly doctor’ careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
从几个标语说开去
禁止通行：No 禁止通行：No Thoroughfare 禁止停车： No Parking 禁止超车： No Passing 禁止掉头： No U-turn U闲人免进：No 闲人免进：No Admittance Except on Business 不准在此设摊兜售：No 不准在此设摊兜售：No Hawker 包您满意，否则退款：Satisfaction 包您满意，否则退款：Satisfaction or your money back. 保证三个月内免费维修：Full 保证三个月内免费维修：Full three months unconditional service guaranteed 立正！” 立正！”： Attention! “向左/右/后转！”： Left / Right / About Turn! 向左/ 后转！” “齐步走！”：Quick march!（这里的march是名词，如果是动词则可表达为 齐步走！” march!（这里的march是名词，如果是动词则可表达为 march quickly!） quickly!） “跑步走！”：Double March!/At the double, quick march! 跑步走！” “稍息！”：At ease! 稍息！” 您先请！After 您先请！After you, please! 未满十八岁者勿进：For 未满十八岁者勿进：For Persons over 18 Years of Age 未经许可，车辆不得入内：Authorized Cars only 未经许可，车辆不得入内：Authorized
9.汉语句子中的动词可重叠重复 9.汉语句子中的动词可重叠重复
1. 来的来，去的去。 Some are coming and others are going. 2. 说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. yes” no” don’ 3. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time. 说是说了，没有结果，做是做了，没有成功 I’ve made proposals, but in vain; I’ve made attempts, but I’ without success.
介词病（prepositionitis) 介词病（prepositionitis)
5.动词的弱化（weakening） 5.动词的弱化（weakening） 动词的弱化
There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. After he had a quarrel with his boss, he left. After he quarreled with his boss, he left. Verbs of feeble phenomenality 弱式动词 如：have 如：have a look; pay a visit to; do some damages
作为有丰富形态变化 的综合性语言,英语句子中的谓 的综合性语言, 语动词要受很多 形态变化规则的约束,使用时有很多 形态变化规则的约束, 不便, 不便,所以 一般每个句子只有一个谓语动词。而对动 词的需要有不至于此，于是只能采取名词化的方法。 汉语因为是分析性的，所以词类界限并不明显，但动 词距离人的体验最近，又无需形态变化，故而最具优 势
6.形容词副词对动词的替代 6.形容词副词对动词的替代 Adjectives and adverbs to replace verbs
I’m doubtful whether he is alive. The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients. He is afraid of dogs. Mr. Bush is out, but he’ll be in soon. he’ The newspaper was down at six yesterday.
2. 名词作为施事者对动词的替代 verb） （Agentive noun to replace verb）
A hard worker A slow walker A good thief A bad sailor He is a good eater and good sleeper. She is the best hater I’ve ever known. I’ 名词有的时候只为此功能而存在，如indicator, 名词有的时候只为此功能而存在，如indicator, shocker etc.
8.动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 8.动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份
实现理想需要靠辛勤劳动。 To translate ideals into reality needs hard work. 解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。 The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigation 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。 The enjoy traveling by train. 革命不是请客吃饭。 Revolution is not a dinner party.
3.名词构成标题式短语（headline 3.名词构成标题式短语（ 名词构成标题式短语 piles)对形容词的替代 piles)对形容词的替代
Job opportunity discrimination Space shuttle flight test program Computer programming teaching device manual Satellite communication ground station equipment repairer 名词连用加强了英语的静态感，也反映了语言简 化的总趋势
第六讲 静态与动态
（Static vs. Dynamic)
概述
英语呈静态, 英语呈静态,汉语呈动态。 语言发展中的简化倾向（tendency simplification） 语言发展中的简化倾向（tendency of simplification） 是直接动因（motivation） 是直接动因（motivation）
7.动词连用是汉语的常态（normal） 7.动词连用是汉语的常态（normal） 动词连用是汉语的常态
他想办法摆脱困境。 你去教室把他叫回来。 我把他请来打字。 我被老师叫到办公室去做检讨。 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮你们算帐吧。 汉语是动感强烈的语言 一个句子中的定式动词 （finitive verbs)在数量上并无限制 verbs)在数量上并无限制
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4.名词优势引起的介词优势 4.名词优势引起的介词优势 （ preposition preponderance ）
He is at his books. He has someone behind him. The machine is in operation. Is this train for Shanghai? With these words she went away.