English Writing_(part1)diction
英语翻译与写作-Diction
英语翻译与写作-Diction第一篇：英语翻译与写作-DictionDictionλ the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context λ Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping⎫ compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time(夏令时), test-tube baby(试管婴儿),brain-drain(人才外流), picturephone(可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card(信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect(温室效应) ⎫ derivation（派生法）: non-friend(假朋友), antifreeze(抗冻剂), preschooler(学龄前儿童),⎫blending(拼缀法): comsat(communication + satellite,通讯卫星), lunarnaut(lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员), Chinglish(Chinese + English,汉式英语) ⎫ acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC(personal computer, 个人电脑), CALL(computer-aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习), CIA(the Central Intelligence Agency,中央情报局)⎫clipping（截缩法）: ad(advertisement), homo(homosexuality),memo(memorandum), bus(omnibus), flu(influenza)2.According to the references(1)third-person pronounsHe sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.(2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbsHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so muchhappiness as that.(3)references of comparisonI hate blue shirts;white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.3.According to the context and collocation ⎫No context, no translation.e.g.I’ll finish the book next week.Tension is building up.⎫Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.It is quite another story now.Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.What a story!I don’t believe a word of it.The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV.在这种情况下 under such circumstances / such being the case这种情况必须改变。
English_Writing---Types_of_Writing
➢ Things can be explained by: ➢ 1. Illustration--- the use of examples ➢ 2. Classification and division ➢ classification---to group things which share
➢context, selection of details, organization, point of view, purpose
➢ 1. Content: when, where, and to whom the action happened ( at the beginning)
➢ 2. Selection of details: relevant details help bring about the main idea
➢Description
➢ No difference in structure ➢ The difference is in the language used. ➢ When writing a descriptive essay in
English: ➢ 1. avoid using too many adjectives ➢ 2. using as few set phrases as possible ➢ 3. using language (words) correctly ➢ 4. telling the truth
➢ It explains or explores sth, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution to a problem
English Writing-1(Features of a good writing)
做：做功课、做计划、做手术、做报告 • do one’s homework/ make a plan/ perform an operation/ give (make) a report
1.2 Introduction to Writing a Manuscript Form
• Compare the following three manuscript forms.
The Writing Process: Writing Your First Draft
• You can write out your first draft by hand and then type it into the computer for revision. • If you compose directly onto the screen, however, you can benefit from the computer’s special features: cut, paste and copy.
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
FRANCIS BACON：Of Studies
Coverage
• • • • • • • • Topic sentence Paragraph-developing skills Opening and closing C-E language comparisons Practical writing Punctuation and layout Figure of speech TOEFL and IELTS
Who do you think will come?
English Writing (unit 1)
Unit 1 The Correct WordI. Introduction1) Words are the building blocks of writing; therefore, a good command of them is crucial.2) Choice of words is a very important issue in writing, so this unit focuses on choosing the correct word to express an idea.3) When we talk about the correct word, we mean the meaning of the word fits the idea that is to be expressed. Words have many types of meanings.II.Multiple meanings of words1.Denotation & ConnotationFill in the following blanks with "state, country, nation"an island _____a peace-loving _____a ____-owned enterprisecountry: an area of land and its population and government 侧重国土疆域nation: people of a country 侧重国民和民族state: the government or political organization of a country侧重政权或国家机器Denotation: the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or term.指示意义，本义Connotation: idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc.in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotation. 内涵意义，隐含意义；转义Textbook: Page 2, the exampleplump, portly, fatplump: It implies a pleasing fullness of figure; usually used to describe women.珠圆玉润portly: It implies a more or less dignified and imposing appearance. 高贵尊严fat: unpleasant tone;rude 野蛮无理Sturdy/：having rugged physical strength结实健壮also brawny & muscular stout: overweight&short&strong矮胖粗壮obese: fat & ugly肥而难看；虚胖Conclusion:Words that share the same denotation can be diverse in their connotation.Page 2-3: Classroom activities2. Affective meaningAffective meanings of words show the attitude of the writer—whether he/she thinks favorable or unfavorably of something.(emotionally loaded words)Page 3-4：attitudeMore examples:---They lived in a small town.---I can never forget the little town where I spent my happy childhood.---Modest and hardworking, he made very quick progress at school.---Clearly Gompers was frightened by Wilson. His face took on a servilelook; his voice was humble.Page 4: Classroom activities3. Application of the multiple meanings of wordsStorm: a rough weather condition with wind, rain, and often lightning. (denotation) ---The islanders were warned that a storm was coming.--- The forecast says there will be storms.Can you use "storm" more effectively?Storm N. (something which is like a storm)---But his last words brought on another storm.---The book provoked a storm of controversy.---We thought that they had decided not to get married but their quarrel wasjust a storm in a teacup(BrE).---The film took London by storm.(ake sth./sb. by storm: to be extremely successful very quickly风靡) Storm V.---She stormed into my office waving a newspaper.(go somewhere in a quick, angry, noisy way.闯，冲)她挥舞着一张报纸怒气冲冲地闯进我的办公室。
2015年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（第三套）
2015年12⽉⼤学英语四级考试真题及答案（第三套）2015年12⽉⼤学英语四级考试真题及答案(第3套)Part Ⅰ Writing ( 30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying" Never go out there to see what happens, go out there to make things happen." You can cit examples to illustrate the importance of being participants rather than mere onlookers in life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension ( 30 minutes)Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1 A. Children should be taught to be more careful.B. Children shouldn't drink so much orange juice.C. There is no need for the man to make such a fuss.D. Timmy should learn to do things in the right way.2. A. Fitness training. B. The new job offer.C. Computer programming.D. Directorship of the club.3. A. He needs to buy a new sweater.B. He has got to save on fuel bills.C. The fuel price has skyrocketed.D. The heating system doesn't work.4. A. Committing theft. B. Taking pictures.C. Window shopping.D. Posing for the camera.5. A. She is taking some medicine.B. She has not seen a doctor yet.C. She does not trust the man's advice.D. She has almost recovered from the cough.6. A. Pamela's report is not finished as scheduled.B. Pamela has a habit of doing things in a hurry.C. Pamela is not good at writing research papers.D. Pamela's mistakes could have been avoided.7. A. In the left-luggage office. B. At the hotel reception.C. In a hotel room.D. At an airport.8. A. She was an excellent student at college.B. She works in the entertainment business.C. She is fond of telling stories in her speech.D. She is good at conveying her message.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A. Arranging the woman's appointment with Mr. Romero.B. Fixing the time for the designer's latest fashion show.C. Talking about an important gathering on Tuesday.D. Preparing for the filming on Monday morning.10.A. Her travel to Japan.B. The awards ceremony.C. The proper hairstyle for her new role.D. When to start the make-up session.11.A. He is Mr. Romero's agent.B. He is an entertainment journalist.C. He is the woman's assistant.D. He is a famous movie star.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A. Make an appointment for an interview.B. Send in an application letter.C. Fill in an application form.D. Make a brief self-introduction on the phone.13.A. Someone having a college degree in advertising.B. Someone experienced in business management.C. Someone ready to take on more responsibilities.D. Someone willing to work beyond regular hours.14.A. Travel opportunities. B. Handsome pay.C. Prospects for promotion.D. Flexible working hours.15.A. It depends on the working hours.B. It is about 500 pounds a week.C. It will be set by the Human Resources.D. It is to be negotiated.Section BDirections..In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A., B, C and D..Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A. To give customers a wider range of choices.B. To make shoppers see as many items as possible.C. To supply as many varieties of goods as it can.D. To save space for more profitable products.17.A. On the top shelves. B. On the bottom shelves.C. On easily accessible shelves.D. On clearly marked shelves.18.A. Many of them buy things on impulse.B. A few of them are fathers with babies.C. A majority of them are young couples.D. Over 60% of them make shopping lists.19.A. Sales assistants promoting high margin goods.B. Sales assistants following customers around.C. Customers competing for good bargains.D. Customers losing all sense of time.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20.A. Teaching mathematics at a school.B. Doing research in an institute.C. Studying for a college degree.D. Working in a hi-tech company21.A. He studied the designs of various clocks.B. He did experiments on different materials.C. He bought an alarm clock with a pig face.D. He asked different people for their opinions.22.A. Its automatic mechanism.B. Its manufacturing process.C. Its way of waking people up.D. Its funny-looking pig face.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.A. It is often caused by a change of circumstances.B. It actually doesn't require any special treatment.C. It usually appears all of a sudden.D. It generally lasts for several years.24.A. They cannot mix well with others.B. They irrationally annoy their friends.C. They depend heavily on family members.D. They blame others for ignoring their needs.25.A. They lack consistent support from peers.B. They doubt their own popularity.C. They were born psychologically weak.D. They focus too much on themselves.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given, in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each. choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the first year of life, if something is out of sight, it's out of mind. If you cover a baby's36toy with a piece of cloth, the baby thinks the toyhas disappeared and stops looking for it. A 4-year-old may 37 that a sister has more fruit juice when it is only the shapes of the glasses that differ, not the38 of juice.Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little scientists, children are always testing their child-sized39 about how things work. When your child throws her spoon on the floor for the sixth time as you try to feed her, and you say, "That's enough! I will not pick up your spoon again!" the child will 40 test your claim. Are you serious? Are you angry? What will happen if she throws the spoon again? She is not doing this to drive you41; rather, she is learning that her desires and yours can differ, and that sometimes those42 are important and sometimes they are not.How and why does children's thinking change? In the 1920s, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that children's cognitive (认知的) abilities unfold 43, like the blooming of a flower, almost independent of what else is44in their lives. Although many of his specific conclusions havebeen45 or modified over the years, his ideas inspired thousands of studies by investigators all over the world. A. advocate B. amount C. confirmed D. crazy E. definiteF. differencesG. favoriteH. happeningI. ImmediatelyJ. NaturallyK. Obtaining L. Primarily M. Protest N. Rejected O. theoriesSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with, ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Perfect EssayA. Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me, and my intellectual life, even when I didn't. Her expectations were high--impossibly so. She was an English teacher. She was also my mother.B. When good students turn in an essay, they dream of their instructor returning it to them in exactly the same condition, save for a single word added in the margin of the final page : "Flawless." This dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth grade. Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I hadachieved perfection at the tender age of 14.Obviously, I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried off to spread the good news. I didn't get very far. The first person I told was my mother.C. My mother, who is just shy of five feet tall, is normally incredibly soft-spoken, but on the rare occasion when she got angry, she was terrifying. I am not sure if she was more upset by my hubris(得意忘形) or by the fact that my English teacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be. At the time, I am sure she thought she was teaching me about mechanics, transitions (过渡), structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuck with me through my time teaching writing at Harvard, was a deeper lesson about the nature of creative criticism.D. First off, it hurts. Genuine criticism, the type that leaves a lasting mark on you as a writer, also leaves an existential imprint (印记) on you as a person. I have heard people say that a writer should never take criticism personally. I say that we should never listen to these people.E. Criticism, at its best, is deeply personal, and gets to the heart of why we write the way we do. The intimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about who is able to give it, namely, someone who knows you well enough to show you how your mental life is getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently, they are also the people who care enough to see you through this painful realization. For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer's block--I was not able to produce anything for three years.F. Franz Kafka once said: "Writing is utter solitude (独处), the descent into the cold abyss (深渊) of oneself." My mother's criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the cold abyss, and when you make the introspective (内省的) descent that writing requires you are not always pleased by what you find. But, in the years that followed, her sustained tutoring suggested that Kafka might be wrong about the solitude. I was lucky enough to find a critic and teacher who was willing to make the journey of writing with me."It is a thing of no great difficulty," according to Plutarch, "to raise objections against another man's speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome." I am sure I wrote essays in the later years of high school without my mother's guidance, but I can't recall them. What I remember, however, is how she took up the "extremely troublesome" work of ongoing criticism.G. There are two ways to interpret Plutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to produce "a better in its place." In a straightforward sense, he could mean that a critic must be more talented than the artist she critiques (评论).My mother was well covered on this count. But perhaps Plutarch is suggesting something slightly different, something a bit closer to Marcus Cicero's claim that one should "criticize by creation, not by finding fault." Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms--a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.H. My mother said she would help me with my writing, but first I had to help myself. For each assignment, I was to write the best essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she found any--the type I could have found on my own--I had to start from scratch. From scratch. Once the essay was "flawless," she would take an evening to walk me through my errors. That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.I. She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon (⾏话).Shehadno patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech."Writers can't bluff (虚张声势) their way through ignorance." That was news to me--I would need to freed another way to structure my daily existence.J. She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression."John," she almost whispered. I leaned in to hear her: "I can't hear you when you shout at me." So I stopped shouting and bluffing, and slowly my writing improved.K. Somewhere along the way I set aside my hopes of writing that flawless essay. But perhaps I missed something important in my mother's lessons about creativity and perfection. Perhaps the point of writing the flawless essay was not to give up, but to never willingly finish. Whit man repeatedly reworked "Song of Myself' between 1855 and 1891.Repeatedly.We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In critique, however, we are forced to depart, to give up the perfection we thought we had achieved for the chance of being even a little bit better. This is the lesson I took from my mother: If perfection were possible, it would not be motivating.46.The author was advised against the improper use of figures of speech.47.The author's mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.48.A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.49.Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can't produce anything.50.The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as "flawless".51.Criticizing someone's speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.52.The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.53.The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.54.The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.55.Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. and D .You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?It wouldn't be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn't reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?It's the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley.You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub (中⼼) : rich people and nerds (痴迷科研的⼈).Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become star, up hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few startups happen in Miami, for example, because although it's full of rich people, it has few nerds. It's not the kind of place nerds like.Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people.The top US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128.Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather isterrible, particularly in winter, and there's no interesting old city to make up for it, as there is in Boston. Rich people don't want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there're plenty of hackers (电脑迷) who could start startups, there's no one to invest in themDo you really need the rich people? Wouldn't it work to have the government invest in the nerds?No, it would not. Start up investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.56.What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?A. Its success is hard to copy anywhere else.B. It is the biggest technology hub in the US.C. Its fame in high technology is incomparable.D. It leads the world in information technology.57.What makes Miami unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?A. Lack of incentive for investment.B. Lack of the right kind of talents.C. Lack of government support.D. Lack of famous universities.58.In what way is Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and MIT?A. Its location is not as attractive to rich people.B. Its science departments are not nearly as good.C. It does not produce computer hackers and nerds.D. It does not pay much attention to business startups.59.What does the author imply about Boston?A. It has pleasant weather all year round.B. It produces wealth as well as high-tech.C. It is not likely to attract lots of investors and nerds.D. It is an old city with many sites of historical interest.60.What does the author say about startup investors?A. They are especially wise in making investments.B. They have good connections in the government.C. They can do more than providing money.D. They are rich enough to invest in nerds.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.It's nice to have people of like mind around. Agreeable people boost your confidence and allow you to relax and feel comfortable. Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that can expand your company and your career.It's nice to have people agree, but you need conflicting perspectives to dig out the truth .If everyone around you has similar views, your work will suffer from confirmation bias (偏颇).Take a look at your own network. Do your contacts share your point of view on most subjects? If yes, it's time to shake things up .As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in which people will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes: From confrontation comes brilliance.It's not easy for most people to actively seek conflict. Many spend their lives trying to avoid arguments. There's no need to go out and find people you hate, but you need to do some self-assessment to determine where you have become stale in your thinking. You may need to start by encouraging your current network to help you identify your blind spots.Passionate, energetic debate does not require anger and hard feelings to be effective. But it does require moral strength. Once you have worthy opponents, set some ground rules so everyone understands responsibilities and boundaries. The objective of this debating game is not to win but to get to the truth that will allow you to move faster, farther, and better. Fierce debating can hurt feelings, particularly when strong personalities are involved. Make sure you check in with your opponents so that they are not carrying the emotion of the battles beyond the battlefield. Break the tension with smiles and humor to reinforce the idea that this is friendly discourse and that all are working toward a common goal.Reward all those involved in the debate sufficiently when the goals are reached. Let your sparring partners (拳击陪练) know how much you appreciate their contribution. The more they feel appreciated, the more they'll be willing to get into the ring next time.61.What happens when you have like-minded people around you all the while?A. It will help your company expand more rapidly.B. It will create a harmonious working atmosphere.C. It may prevent your business and career from advancing.D. It may make you feel uncertain about your own decisions.62.What does the author suggest leaders do?A. Avoid arguments with business partners.B. Encourage people to disagree and argue.C. Build a wide and strong business network.D. Seek advice from their worthy competitors.63.What is the purpose of holding a debate?A. To find out the truth about an issue.B. To build up people's moral strength.C. To remove misunderstandings.D. To look for worthy opponents.64.What advice does the author give to people engaged in a fierce debate?A. They listen carefully to their opponents' views.B. They show due respect for each other's beliefs.C. They present their views clearly and explicitly.D. They take care not to hurt each other's feelings.65.How should we treat our rivals after a successful debate?A. Try to make peace with them.B. Try to make up the differences.C. Invite them to the ring next time.D. Acknowledge their contribution.Part Ⅳ Translation( 30 minutes )Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.今年在长沙举⾏了⼀年⼀度的外国⼈汉语演讲⽐赛.这项⽐赛证明是促进中国和世界其他地区⽂化交流的好⽅法.它为世界各地的年轻⼈提供了更好地了解中国的机会.来⾃87个国家共计126位选⼿聚集在湖南省省会参加了从7⽉6⽇到8⽉5⽇进⾏的半决赛和决赛.⽐赛并不是唯⼀的活动.选⼿们还有机会参观了中国其他地区的著名景点和历史名胜.2015年12⽉⼤学英语四级考试真题答案与详解(第3套)Part ⅠWriting这是⼀篇四级考试中常见的议论⽂.话题围绕“Never go out there to see what happens，go out there to make things happen.”这句话展开，要求考⽣进⾏评论，同时在题⽬要求中也明确给出了作⽂主题the importance of being participants rather than mere onlookers in life.考⽣应该明确这⼀主题，并围绕其展开论述.⼀、点明主题：不做看客，要做实践者(being participants instead of onlookers in life)⼆、分析原因三、提出问题和建议主题词汇put…into practice将……付诸实践carry out执⾏；实现gain获得accumulate积累gradually逐渐地make a progress取得进步theory理论action⾏动would rather…than⽐起……更情愿……stand by袖⼿旁观句式拓展1.For some people, watching what happens to others is good enough to learn a lesson, while for others, only practicing by themselves can finally make them get the real skills in对⼀些⼈⽽⾔，看发⽣在别⼈⾝上的事情⾜以让他们吸取教训，⽽对于其他⼈⽽⾔，他们只有亲⾝实践才能最终得到⽣活中的真正技能.2.No matter how many authentic theories you've got before,nothing will happen until you put them into practice.⽆论你曾经接受了多少权威的理论，若不付诸实践，⼀切都⽆济于事.Part ⅡListening ComprehensionM: I don't know what to do with Timmy. This morning I found orange juice spilled all over the kitchen floor.W: Don't be so hard on him. He's only four.Q: What does the woman mean?C.四个选项中出现了children，careful，juice和Timmy等词，故推测本题考查的内容与孩⼦的⾏为相关.对话中，男⼠抱怨说他都不知道该拿蒂⽶怎么办了，今天早上，他发现桔⼦汁在厨房洒了⼀地，⽽⼥⼠则说，别对蒂⽶太严厉了，他才四岁.由此可见，⼥⼠认为男⼠不⽤⼩题⼤做，故答案为C..2.W: Excuse me, sir. I would like to know about the fitness training program in your club.M: I'll have you speak with the director in charge of new accounts.Q: What is the woman interested in?A.四个选项均为名词短语，且出现了fitness，job，computer和club等词，故推测本题考查的内容与健⾝或者⼯作相关.对话中，⼥⼠向男⼠询问俱乐部健⾝锻炼的事情，男⼠则说他会带着⼥⼠去找专门负责新会员的经理.由此可知，⼥⼠是对俱乐部健⾝锻炼感兴趣，故答案为A..3.W: It's really cold in this apartment. Can we turn up the heat a little bit?M: Sorry. I've run out of money and can hardly pay the fuel bill. Maybe you'd better put on a sweater. Q: what does the man mean?B.四个选项中出现了sweater，save，fuel bills和heating等词，故推测本题考查的内容与寒冷天⽓以及取暖相关.对话中，⼥⼠说她觉得很冷，问能不能把暖⽓开⼤⼀点，⽽男⼠则表⽰抱歉，说⾃⼰没钱了，都快付不起燃料费账单了，建议⼥⼠穿上⽑⾐.由此可知，男⼠想要节省燃料费，故答案为B.4.M: I'm sorry, Miss. But you have to come with me to the security office. The video cameras in our shop have recorded everything you did.W: No, no. I...I didn't do anything. I'll call the police if you dare insult me.Q: What does the man think the woman was doing?A.四个选项均为动名词短语，且出现了theft，pictures，shopping和camera等词，故推测本题考查的内容与商店⾥发⽣的事情相关.对话中，男⼠要将⼥⼠带到保安室去，并说商店⾥的摄像头已经把⼥⼠所做的事都录下来了，⽽⼥⼠则表⽰⾃⼰什么都没有做，如果男⼠敢侮辱她的话，她就报警.由此可知，男⼠认为⼥⼠偷了商店⾥的东西，故答案为A.5.M: I think you ought to see a doctor right away about that cough.W: Well, I'll wait a few more days.I'm sure I'll get over it soon.Q: What do we learn about the woman?B.选项均以she开头，且出现了medicine，doctor和cough等词，故推测本题考查的内容与⼥⼠的健康状况相关.男⼠说⼥⼠应该马上去看医⽣，⽽⼥⼠则说再等⼏天，她相信⾃⼰的咳嗽很快就会好的.由此可知，直到本对话发⽣时，⼥⼠都还没有去看医⽣，故答案为B..6.M: I've heard that Pamela made quite a few mistakes in her lab report.W: Well, she wouldn't have if she hadn't been in such a hunt to get it done.Q: What does the woman imply?D.四个选项均提到了Pamela，且出现了report，hurry，writing和mistakes等词，故推测本题考查的内容与帕⽶拉的报告相关.对话中，男⼠说他听说帕⽶拉的实验报告出了很多错，⽽⼥⼠则说，如果她不是那么急着做完的话，就不会出这么多的错.由此可知，帕⽶拉实验报告中的错误本来是可以避免的，故答案为D..7.M: We'd better check out before 12 o'clock, Marry. And now there are only 30 minutes left.W: Let's hurry up. You go pay the bill and I'll call the reception to have our luggage taken downstairs. Q : Where did this conversation most probably take place?C.四个选项均是表⽰地点的介词短语，故推测本题考查的内容与对话发⽣的地点相关.对话中，男⼠说他们最好能在中午l2点之前退房，现在只剩半⼩时了，⼥⼠建议加快速度，并让男⼠去付账，她⾃⼰给前台打电话，叫⼈把⾏李送到楼下.由此可知，对话发⽣的时候，两⼈还没有开始办理退房⼿续，还在宾馆的房间⾥，故答案为C..8.W: Have you ever heard this speaker before?M: Yeah. She's excellent. She gets her point across and it's entertaining at the same time.Q: what does the man say about the speaker?D.四个选项均以she开头，且出现了college，works，speech和message等词，可以推测本题考查的内容与⼥⼠的情况相关.对话中，⼥⼠问男⼠以前是否听过这个演讲者的讲座，男⼠说他听过，并认为这位演讲的⼥⼠很棒，她不仅将⾃⼰的观点表达得很清楚，⽽且讲得很有趣.由此可知，这位⼥演讲者擅长传达⾃⼰想要传达的信息，故答案为D..Conversation OneM: (8) What should I do about Mr. Romero? Remember? He said it was important and couldn't wait. I think he may want you for that new movie he's directing.W: That's absolutely correct.(9) Now, we have to fit him in somewhere. Uh...what does Monday morning look like?M: That doesn't look so good. You have a make-up session starting at 6:00, then filming starts at 8:00, and that's going to take the whole morning.W: Well, what's after that?M: (10) You have lunch with your agent to discuss the awards ceremony and you'll have to meet him at one o'clock at the restaurant.W: Oh, terrific! Listen. I cannot miss that. But I still have to make time for Mr. Romero.M: Well, now, don't forget you got a three-o'clock appointment with your fashion designer.W: That's right. You know he's showing the latest fashions from Japan? You know that loose-fitting look?Those clothes are so in this year.M: At 4:30 you have an appointment with your hairdresser. Then at 7:00, you have dinner with a journalist. Now remember, be nice to that guy.W: Do I have to? That won't be easy and it's likely to run late. How does Tuesday look?M: Well, you have to spend the whole morning at the photographer's. They are taking photos to publicize your new movie. W: What about the afternoon? Am I free then?M: Let me see...Yes, you are free after 3:30.W: Then you can set up a meeting with Mr. Romero at 4:00.M: OK.(11) I'll get on it right away.预览三道题各选项，其中出现了the woman’s appointment，her travel，awards ceremony和make-up session等词，因此推测对话内容可能与⼥⼠的⼯作安排相关.。
Basic English Writing Part 2 Diction
ⅠII. General and Specific Words
Draw picturesin accordance with the following expressions about describing people’s appearance.
straight hair and thin-faced wavy hair and round-faced curly hair and dark-skinned a crew-cut bald with freckles beard and moustache with a chubby face receding hair and a few wrinkles
ⅠII. General and Specific Words
profession
scientist
chemind Specific Words
✓ Use specific and concrete words when giving details; use general or abstract words when making summaries;
Ⅰ. Levels of Words
common words: commonly used words
Parenting classes can offer help to the parents who encounter difficulties in raising their children. Yet, they have started a debate on whether the classes should be compulsory for all parents. Some people believe that it would be a good option to offer parenting classes so as to avoid irresponsible parents. Others argue that compulsory classes are less effective and unable to be customized. In my view, if possible, parenting classes funded by the government should be available for all.
Englishwriting[模版]
![Englishwriting[模版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/dd97f20bec630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da26997f2.png)
Englishwriting[模版]第一篇：English writing[模版]My favorite pastimeMy favorite pastime is talking with people,people of each age group,people from all walks of life and people with diffrent educational backgrounds .Apart from providing the possibility of making a new friend , every talk can be a learning experience-kid's angelic manners remand me to be unaffected ;Youths' uninhibited speeches encourage me to be original; Middle-aged people impress me to be unaffected; senior people touch my heart by their composure . By geting to know about one teacher,I get to know about the trade; by geting to know about diffrent trade ,I get to know about the society . Speaking of talks with people of various schooling , everyone has something unigue to offer . An illiterate fellow possesses intuition , common sense and experience related to his or her field ; an educated person relies on logical reasoning and scientific judgment ; an erudite scholar is notable for broad advanced knowledgeHow people spend their leisure time Living in the modern times, you may be easy to find that the rhythm of life is faster and faster. Sometimes you may get tired easily and quickly under the constant stress and worry. Thereby, it is very necessary for people to have some relaxation, after which they can have more energy to pursue their dreams.What sort of entertainment do people have in their daily lives?I read an investigation online the other day and it showed that how people spend their leisure time.“I would like to take some sports to fill my leisure time. Forinstance, I jog with several of my friends who have the same interest in the morning and sometimes I spend the whole weekends fishing myself.” Said Mr. Lin, a middle-aged man.“Shopping appeals to me. It drives me crazy and I don’t care whether I have bought something. Sometimes I am just being fascinated by the goods in the shop window. You know, one good is one attraction.” Said Ms Chen, a young lady who I guess must know it well that what is in fashion these days.However people spend their leisure time, what can be sure is that they are enjoying their lives. In my word, people need leisure time and they will perform better after a relaxation.How to encourage creativity in studentIn modern time,I think knowledge is foundation of development , while creativity is determinant.Creativity is the key to the future of both a nation and an dividual,new knowledge will never occur without it. To be worried about ,we are with vast majority of emphasis being placed on testing scores and memorization of the factual knowledge on textbooks.What we have done just is following .How can schools encourage creativity in students? It is siad that "college Entrance Examination is a baton." We should take certain educational reformation so that we can propose how we should do.Our educational system will be further improved. Secondly,teacher pay an important role on it.They should teach them to think creatively,they can combining the basics with activities where the students must use their imagination, or ask them to make a thing with their knowledge.Even though what they have done is silly ,it must be honored and valued never scorned or dismissed.finally,We should pay more time on creativity.Because it is the matter of using the resources to produce original ideas or to solveproblems.In this way ,nobody will tell you1how to do it while you can only use the knowledge you get or you can get.We must be patientand take our time。
大学英语六级(2013年12月考试改革适用)模拟试卷246
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷246(总分：118.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled How to Be Creative by commenting on this remark by a creativity expert，“If you're not prepared to be wrong，you'll never come up with anything original．”You should write at lea st 150 words but no more than 200 words．Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1．（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案： How to Be Creative A creativity expert said: "If you're not prepared to be wrong, you'll never come up with anything original." This enlightening remark points out clearly the way to be creative. If you want to be creative, you shouldn't be frightened of making mistakes. Being creative is not easy, because you have to think out of the box and keep on trying. Breaking away from established patterns which we used to be comfortable with requires lots of courage. Perhaps there is no example better than the story of Thomas Edison. In order to invent a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, he tried thousands of different materials. After tons of failure, people began to mock at him and didn't believe that he could succeed. However, he stuck with it and finally made a great achievement. The light bulbs have greatly changed the world. When asked to comment on his failure, he said: "I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward." To sum up, being creative is tough and calls for courage to defeat the fear of making mistakes. If you are afraid of being wrong, you'll never be creative.) 解析：解析：这是一篇观点阐释型的作文，要求考生就创意专家的话“如果你没做好犯错的准备，你就永远不会有创新”发表个人意见。
英语四级作文范文Part I Writing
Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Online Education. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 目前网络教育形成热潮2. 我认为形成这股热潮的原因是……3. 我对网络教育的评价Online EducationOnline EducationBeing online is no longer something strange in our life.To some degree, it has become part of our daily life. We can do a lot of things online, such as searching for information and communicating with friends far and near. But recently another helpful online activity has become very "in". That is online education.Why could online education be so popular within such a short period of time? Among all the reasons, the quick development of the internet should be the essential one, which makes our dreams of attending class in the distance possible. Another underlying reason is the quick development of both society and technology. Today, modern science and technology are developing at lightening speed. To catch up with the development we all feel an urgent and strong desire to study. However, due to the great pace of modern society, many people are too busy to study full time at school. Online education just comes to their aid.来Personally, I appreciate this new form of education. It’s indeed a helpful complement to the traditional education system. It can provide different learners with more flexible and versatile ways of learning. Most of all, with online education, we can absorb the latest knowledge while working.Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 在大企业工作的特点2. 在小企业工作的特点3. 我的选择To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond?Part I WritingTo Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond?There are distinct differences between being a small fish in a bigpond and a big fish in a small pond, so it is with working as a subordinate in a large enterprise and presiding in a small firm.With the former, you can derive a deep sense of satisfaction from being a member of a well-known organization such as General Motors, or the Bell. You have the opportunities of learning from experienced executives and knowing about the standard working process.With the latter, you have greater responsibilities and your decision may bring immediate effect. Normally you are exposed to various experiences and expected to do a great many things without much help or guidance, which will indeed improve your abilities.Personally I prefer to work in a small firm, where I have great prospect of promotion as long as I work hard. And I'm sure I'll become an important figure within my small pond.Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Styles of Living. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 有些人愿意和父母居住在一起2. 有些人想自己独立居住3. 我的看法Styles of LivingStyles of LivingSome people enjoy living together with their parents after the have grown up. They think that by living with parents they can take better care of their parents and vice versa. Meanwhile, they can turn to their parents for help if they get into trouble or have some difficulties. To them, life in a big family seems to be more enjoyable than that in a small one.Others, however, prefer living separately. They cherish the idea of being independent, and wish to have a place of their own. Besides, they don't want to be overprotected by their parents, but long for the opportunities to face the society by themselves.As for me, I like an independent life style. Different generations have different life styles and values. What one generation likes may not be another generation's fondness. In order to avoid conflicts, the best way is to live separately. In addition, by leading an independent life, I can develop my own ability to deal with the difficulties in my life. So I want to live by myself.Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: The Importance of keeping A Good Mood. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 人们每天都生活在压力之下2. 所以说保持一个好的心情是十分重要的3. 我的观点和原因The Importance of Keeping A Good MoodIn today's increasingly competitive world it is essential to maintain a positive attitude towards life. To put it in a metaphor, keeping a good mood is a foundation upon which our life is built.Keeping a good mood is important because it can help us solve various problems in life. The following two situations can enable us to clearly see how a positive attitude helps us cope with unpleasant things. Take English learning for example. In our effort to grasp English, mistakes are unavoidable. From one perspective mistakes are annoying, but a positive attitude can make us realize that only through making mistakes can a learner be expected to make progress. Sometimes one may come down with a serious cold, feeling depressed. But a change in attitude will enable us to look at the matter from a positive perspective. The illness may teach us the importance of health.As we can see, keeping a good mood can help us to deal with mistakes in the right way and find comfort in time of sorrow. Its importance cannot be denied.Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:给你的外国朋友写一封信，告诉他(她)你已经被美国的一所大学录取，但你苦恼的是自己的听力和口语水平不够，你想寻求他(她)对于如何提高听力和口语的建议。
I.Dictation
常 见
错 误
Dictation
听写 题型 分析 及 解题 步骤
总原则： 第一遍时，重点听主题思想，重点词，掌握全局概念； 第二遍和第三遍是以句子为单位重复的，以意群为单 位停顿的，在听第二遍录音时，要分清主次信息，重 点抓句型结构和关键词等， 第三遍时，再把其它次要信息如修饰语﹑定冠词等遗 漏内容补上； 最后一遍（四遍）时最后仔细核对 由于考试的时间有限，在正式念第一遍以前有一段对 听写部分考试内容的说明，如果考生平时经常做练习， 对这部分很清楚，就可以将这部分时间用在对内容的 预测上。我们以2001年的听写为例：
说明文
145
2001
Characteristics of a Good Reader
Disappearing Forests
什么样的读者才是好 读者。话题属于教育 学习范畴。
世界森林资源逐渐减 少的现状。话题属于 世界寻觅类。
说明文
150
2002
说明文
150
2003
Salmon
鲑鱼的生活习性介绍。 说明文 话题属于自然科学类。
说明文
146
2010
Freshmen’s Week
关于英国大一新生如 何度过第一周。话题 属于教育学习范畴。
关于英国人的度假习 惯。话题属于社会文 化类。 关于为何要提倡生态 旅游以及如何做。话 题属于社会科学类。
说明文
156
2011
British holidaying habits Eco-tourism
5．一些特例的扣分标准： 1)下列情况不扣分： in the past—in the past,；“now”后 加逗号 2)下列情况扣分： throughout--through out(小错误)；a piece of—pieces of(两个小错，扣0．5分) 6．总分为0．5分时，以1分计算：其余总分中如含分数 的，分数舍去，留整数。如：12．5分一12分，7．5分--7分。空白卷—律打0分。
英国文学试题习题一及答案
Part One: J udge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (15×1’ = 15’)1.Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.nguage is culturally transmitted while animal call systems are geneticallytransmitted.nguage is a simple entity with multiple layers and facets.5.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation andplace of articulation.6.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.7.Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined withother words to form grammatical sentences.nguage is entirely arbitrary.9.Major lexical categories are open categories.10.Of the three branches of phonetics, acoustic phonetics is the longest established,and until recently the most highly developed.11.Meaning is central to the study of communication.12.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.plete synonyms are rare in language.14.The structure of words is not governed by rules.15. The violations of the maxims make our language indirect.Part two: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement. (30×1’= 30’)16.A scientific study of language is based on the _____ investigation of languagedata.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system17. A linguistic theory is constructed about what _____ is and how it works.A. langueB. linguistC. languageD. learning18. The study of language as a whole is often called _____ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative19. Traditional grammar regards the _____ form of language as primary, not thespoken form.A. oralB. writtenC. writingD. vocal20. According to F. de Sausure, ______ refers to the abstract linguistic.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language21. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meaningsand ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas22. Language is ______ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretationof new signals by its users.A. instructiveB. constructiveC. intuitiveD. productive23. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through _____, rather thanby instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. only learningD. both A and B24. ______ phonetics looks at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view and studieshow the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. ArticulatoryB. AuditoryC. AcousticD. Oral25. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal26. _____ [p] is a voiceless bilabial.A. affricateB. fricativeC. stopD. liquid27. A _____ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phonemeB. phoneC. soundD. speech28. The word “boyish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs29. ______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.30. ______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes31. A sentence is considered ______ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledgein the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. In the study of meaning, the _____ are interested in understanding the relationsbetween linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world.A. linguistsB. philosophersC. psychologistsD. phoneticians34. Sence and reference are two related _____ different aspects of meaning.A. butB. andC. orD. as well as35. ______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.A. SenseB. ReferenceC. MeaningD. Semantics36. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ______ dialects.A. PersonalB. regionalC. socialD. professional37. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponymy38. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones39. Once the notion of _____ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled intopragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content40. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course ofcommunication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance41. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical42. _____ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken43. _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech44. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their_____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic45. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by ______.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John LyonsPart three: Give the Chinese meaning of the following English terms.(10×1’=10)46. design feature 47. duality 48. connotation 49. stem50. corticulation 51. speech community 52. prescriptive study53. macrolinguistics 54. metalanguage 55. utterancePart four: Define the following terms. (10×2’=20’)56. linguistics 57. allophone 58. blending 59. assimilation60. denotation 61. displacement 62. diachronic 63. root64. illocutionary act 65. paradigmatic relationPart five: Answer the following questions. (3×5’=15’)66.How does the Semantic Triangle illustrate meaning? Please draw it and explain itwith example.67.Please draw the tree diagram of the following sentence?The man hit the colorful ball.68.What is the difference between narrow transcription and broad transcription?AnswersPart one (每小题1分，共15分)1-5 TFTFT 6-10 FTFTF 11-15 TFTFTPart two（每小题1分，共30分）16-20 CCBBC 21-25 BDDBA 26-30 CACBA31-35 CCBAB 36-40 BCCBD 41-45 CBCACPart three （每小题1分，共10分）46. 结构特征47. 二重性48. 内涵49. 词干50. 协同发音51. 言语社团52.规定性研究53. 宏观语言学54. 元语言55.话语Part four （每小题2分，共20分）56. Linguistics: is generally defined as the scientific study of language.57. Allophone: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.58. Blending: a relatively complex from of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.59. Assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence.60. Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.61. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.62. Diachronic: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.63. Root: the base form of a word that can’t further be analyzed without total loss of identity.64. Illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.65. Paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.Part five (每小题5分，共15分)66/67略68. The use of a simple set of symbols in our transcription is a broad transcription; the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.。
Chapter One Diction in Writing
1.1.1 Conceptual meaning Conceptual meaning or denotive meaning refers to the congnitive content or denotive content of a word.This type of meaning is the basic menaing of a word, its definition canbe found in the dictionary and is independent of a particular linguistic context.Such as,the word “woman” has the conceptual meaning of “female adult human being”; and the word “man”has the conceptual meaning of “male adult human being.”
The principles of learning English Advanced Writing are presented as following. 1.Practice the new learnings in your daily studying in order to use the new learnings to analyze and appreciate the other major courses so as to have better understanding the new learning and the other major courses. 2.Manage to use the new writing devices in your writing assignment,and create a better quality of writing. 3.Take an active attitude in learning,and prepare for your graduating academic paper composition. 4.Any inquiry about the new learning will be appreciated. 5. Your attendence and behaviour in class will be scored partially in final evaluation.
English Writing ---Diction 选词
在英语国家本身，还有许多英语方言，例 如英国的伦敦方言（Cockney）和利物浦 方言（Scouse）；加拿大的纽芬兰方言 （Newfoundland）；美国的黑人英语 （African American Vernacular English） 和南方英语（Southern American English） 等。
Diction ---the choice of words
1.Types of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and specific words 4. Basic rules of choosing words
1.Types of words (from a stylistic point of view)
3. General and specific words
3.1 Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific than other words. 3.1 General words give a general picture of sth. and are usually used to express main ideas. 3.2 Specific word make writing clear, vivid and striking, and give detailed picture of sth. or to impress the readers. They can be used to provide details. 3.3 Although both general and specific words are useful, we should make an effort to master and use specific words wherever possible or necessary in our writing, since specific word help to make writing clear, concrete, exact, vivid, and striking.
English Writing Course 1(英语写作课程1规划)
General/specific
Denotation/connotation diction Association /idiom Cultural perspective
Synonymous repetition
Appropriate words diction Exact words concise The perspective of literary effect
II. How to achieve a good diction?
The principles of guiding the choice of words are : 1. To choose appropriate words 2. To choose exact words. 3. To be concise
The part of development
The part of conclusion
What is a piece of good writing?
The prime Minister stepped off the plane. Journalists immediately surrounded her. The prime Minister stepped off the plane. She was immediately surrounded by journalists.
Use appropriate words from the list above to complete the following description of Suling` uncle. Last Thursday, my family and I attended Uncle Tony‘s wedding dinner. It was held in grand style at a Hotel. A few of the relatives told Uncle Tony that he had been too (1 ) and unwise in spending so much but Uncle Tony is very (2 ) and enjoys giving pleasure to others. Mother felt that although the relatives were well-meaning, Uncle Tony might have found them (3 ) . He might even have been hurt but their comment about the wedding dinner. Once the black sheep of the family, he was thought to be (4 ) as a child he was always fighting with the boys in the neighbourhood. However, he has grown into a young man with a promising future. Uncle Tony is rich because he is a ( 5) investor and a hard-headed businessman. Although he enjoys the good life, he is generally ( 6) as his parents have trained him to save for a rainy day.
英检初级写作(English Writing)
英檢初級寫作（English Writing）前言：☞英文寫作的步驟：1. 先從主題判斷時態●敘述現在或平常的事，用「現在簡單式」EX: My Day at SchoolEX: My Favorite Sports●敘述過去的事實或經驗，用「過去簡單式」EX: An Unforgettable ExperienceEX: My College Life●敘述未來的願望、希望等等，用「未來式」2. 利用brainstorming 去思考這題目●構思（getting idea, brainstorming）：分為「叢集式clustering」，「網式web」及「圖表式chart」，最常用的為叢集式●把所有想到的字都寫下來，不用考慮他們的關係，在用clustering, chart, web等方式去過濾、篩選，而擬出大綱（outline）EX: 以「叢集式clustering」為例，若題目為【My Childhood Places】，作者就可想出以下的地方：之後，再把同一類或相似idea連串起來，便可得出一些大地方（EX: School, Home,Park…），作為主旨，在把其他的idea歸在不同的主旨下，來支持主旨3. 根據大綱，完成寫作，但必需要用適當的連接詞把句子串起來，也要用合適的連接詞把段落連起來，達到合乎邏輯，且組織嚴謹而不鬆散【請参考作文常用連接詞及副詞】☞作文前必須有大綱（outline）☞大綱指導：【參考寫作範例1】☞所以作文基本可分三部份，「開頭Introduction」，「主體Body」，「結尾Conclusion」☞如何開啟文章：1. 直接了當的把本身寫作的用意表達出來（破題），直接告訴讀者你的文章要說什麼，中心思想是什麼（thesis statement）☞如何結束文章（Conclusion）1. 將你的論點或關念作一個摘要陳述或總結：將之前所說過的話作一番整理段落寫作第十講配合課本英檢一路通（第二冊）寫作測驗第一回（P. 3）題目：請用大約50字描述下圖海邊的活動Prewriting thinking:●You should define what tense you want to use. You can use either the present continuoustense or the past (continuous) tense throughout the entire writing●Identify each activity●You can also describe the background in the picture (such as the weather, ocean,…)●You should use proper transitions to connect each activityNeeded vocabulary:beach, play volleyball, sunbathe, play with sand, ocean wave, palm tree, swim, have a good time, have fun, sun is shining, relax, build a castle, chase each otherSample outline:Teacher’s sample answer:It is a wonderful day today and the sun is shining. There are a lot of people at the beach, and they are doing different activities. I am swimming in the ocean and thewaves are so big. A boy is sunbathing under a palm tree and he looks so relaxed. Moreover, two boys are playing volleyball and a little boy is a playing with sand. The little boy is trying to build a castle and it is so interesting. Also, one father and his son are chasing each other. Everyone is very relaxed and having a good time at the beach.✐You would open the door.Would you mind? (mind + 動名詞).翻譯：1. 我把杯子放在這兒你不介意吧?2. 請把電視轉到音樂頻道好嗎?（switch, music channel）3. 她不會介意照料我們的狗的I . won’t/ help me/ you/ do it/ unless✐You will be late for school.You must hurry up.You will miss your flight.You have to take a cab.翻譯：1. 除非你小心，否則你將犯錯（make mistakes）2. 除非你守法，否則你會被處罰（obey laws, punish）3. 除非你少吃一點，否則你無法減肥（lose weight）Everyone has his own dream, but to make it 1.___ is not easy. Let's take Peter for example.He wanted to be a boss but he came from a poor family. So, after he 2.______ junior high school, he didn't go to senior high school.3._____ , he became a factory worker. Although he was a factory worker, he worked hard and used every minute to learn new things. After working hard for fifteen years, he4.____ became the boss of a factory. It is true that hard work5.___ success and Peter is a good example.( ) 1. A. to come true B. come true C. coming true D. came true( ) 2. A. graduated from B. came from C. returned to D. returned from ( ) 3. A. Besides B. Instead C. Especially D. Also( )4. A. real B. certain C. finally D. suddenly( )5. A. takes B. grows C. needs D. bringsBABCDCats and dogs have different ways 1. ___showing their feelings. If a dog barks, you know someone is 2.___ the door of your house. But cats never do that. Although both of them wag their tails, it means different feelings. If a dog wags its tail, you know it's 3.___ . However, when a cat wags its tail, it is angry. Dogs also 4._____ their owners. It is a way dogs show their love 5.____ their owner. But not for cats. If cats lick your hand, they just want to eat the salt on the hand. Nothing more. To show they love you, they may sit on your lap.( )l .A. of B. for C. as D. on( )2. A. at B. in C. on D. to( )3. A. angry B. happy C. sad D. tired( )4. A. bark B. bite C. eat D. lick( )5. A. of B. on C. with D. forAABDDIn many cities, towns and villages throughout Taiwan, you can phone the same number for police, fire, and ambulance service. Usually that number is 119. Incidentally, in most places in North America, the free emergency phone number is 911, the reverse order of 119. It has been said that the terrorists who planned the horrible attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001 had the number 911 in mind. On one hand, this particular number means a call for help in an emergency. On the other hand, this number also represents the date of the terrorist attacks: the eleventh day of the ninth month. 911 is a number that the world will likely never forget. Whether you use 119 or 911 to phone for help in an emergency, protect the number from abuse and use it only in a real emergency.( ) l. What is important about the numbers 119 and 911?A. They are important dates in history.B. They are emergency phone numbers.C. They are two sets of three numbers.D. They are exactly the same number but in the reverse order.( )2. Where is the 911 number available?A. In the United States.B. In most places throughout North America.C. In Canada and Mexico.D. In villages, towns, and cities in Taiwan.( ) 3. Whose idea was it to carry out terrorist attacks on the United States on 911 ?A. An ambulance service.B. The police.C. An emergency phone call.D. The terrorists.( ) 4. What date does 911 represent?A. An emergency number in Taiwan.B. The ninth day of the eleventh month.C. An emergency number in North America.D. The eleventh day of the ninth month.( )5. How should we act toward the use of 911 and 119 phone numbers?A. Use the numbers in reverse order.B. Use the number zero instead.C. Use them only in a real emergency.D. Use them in Taiwan and North America.BBDDCAlice asked Cynthia how she liked school and the teachers. She wanted toknow what Cynthia thought of the boys in their class. Talking to Alice made Cynthia feel very happy. She began to think that maybe she had finally found a friend. Later at home, Cynthia thought about Alice. "She isn't pretty," Cynthia thought. "But she's got a really good personality. She makes you want to talk to her, and she listens while you're talking." Cynthia began to wonder about her own personality. She knew that she was shy. "The only one I can talk to is my aunt. If I had brothers and sisters, it might be easier for me to be friendly. But Ican still be a lot friendlier than I am. At least I can try. Tomorrow in school I'm going to talk to every body!"( ) 1. Who is the only person Cynthia is able to talk to?A. Her motherB. Her aunt.C. Her sister.D. Her friend.( ) 2. What is something we have learned about Cynthia's family?A. She has brothers and sisters.B. She wants a mother and a father.C. She wants Alice to join her family.D. She has an aunt but no brothers or sisters.( ) 3. What does Cynthia say about Alice?A. She always thinks of the boys in her class.B. She doesn't have a nice personality.C. She is pretty and kind to Cynthia.D. She is not pretty but she is a nice person.( ) 4. When Cynthia goes to school tomorrow what will she do differently?A. She will talk to everyone. .B. She will talk to her teachers.C. She will talk to the boys.D. She will talk to her friends.( ) 5. What did Cynthia begin to wonder about after thinking about Alice?A. Alice's personality.B. Her own personality.C. Her aunt's personality.D. Her brothers' and sisters' personalities.BDDABLast ChristmasWham! Chorus:Last ChristmasI gave you my heartBut the very next day you gave it awayThis yearTo save me from tearsI'll give it to someone specialOnce bitten and twice shyI keep my distanceBut you still catch my eyeTell me babyDo you recognize me?WellIt's been a yearIt doesn't surprise meI wrapped it up and sent itWith a note saying "I love you"I meant itNow I know what a fool I've beenBut if you kissed me nowI know you'd fool me againChorusA crowded roomFriends with tired eyesI'm hiding from youAnd your soul of iceMy god I thought you wereSomeone to rely onMe?I guess I was a shoulder to cry onA face on a lover with a fire in his heartA man under cover but you tore me apartNow I've found a real love you'll never fool me again Chorus x2A face on a lover with a fire in his heartA man under cover buy you tore him apartMaybe next year I'll give it to someoneI'll give it to someone special.(return to top)。
English Writing(18篇)
Writing （1）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Why People Migrate to Another Country? You should write at least 120 words no morethan 180 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1)近年来越来越多的人移居到国外2)分析其原因3)“我”的看法Why People Migrate to Another Country?Writing （2）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Fake and Inferior Commodity in the Supermarkets. You should write at least 120 words no more than 180 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1.近年来，各大型超市频频出现假冒伪劣产品2.由此带来的问题3.如何抑制假冒伪劣产品On Fake and Inferior Commodity in the SupermarketsWriting （3）Directions:Write a composition on the topic: The Real-name Train Ticket Purchase System Launched. Your composition should be no less than 120 words no more than 180 words.The Real-name Train Ticket Purchase System LaunchedWriting （4）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Extravagant Spending on College Campus. You should write at least 120 words no more than 180 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1)据调查显示，现在大学生每月的花销越来越高，很多大学生花钱如流水，根本没有节俭的概念2)分析产生这一现象的原因3)我的看法Extravagant Spending on College CampusWriting （5）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On low-carbon lifestyle You should write at least 120 words no more than 180 wordsaccording to the outline given below in Chinese.1. 低碳生活受到人们的普遍欢迎2. 低碳生活方式非常有好处3. 我们应该如何去做On low-carbon lifestyleWriting （6）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Campus Security. Topic sentences have been given to you as hints. You should write your paragraphs according to the outline given in Chinese below with about 120 words no more than 180 words.1.近年来发生在校园的意外事件不断增加，校园安全问题备受关注2.对此我们应该采取哪些措施Campus SecurityWriting （7）Directions: Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words no more than 180 words according to the following guidelines：1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况;2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性;3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活。
AnEnglishdiction...
试题答案1.An English dictionarye their dictionaries3.Two/24.No, it isn’t5.real English【解析】试题分析：短⽂⼤意：你需要学习英语时，最重要的事情是拥有⼀本英语词典。
成功的英语学习者总是使⽤词典学会如何使⽤新单词。
中国学⽣和⼯⼈试图使⽤英汉词典。
然⽽，这对你的英语学习并不好，它会减慢你的学习和阻⽌你学到真正的英语。
1. English dictionary is the most important thing that you will need when learning English 可知该作答An English dictionary。
2. English learners use their dictionaries all the time可知该作答use their dictionaries。
3.和第五句可知该作答Two/2。
4. students and workers try to use English-Chinese dictionaries. However, this does not good to your English learning,可知该作答No, it isn’t。
5. you can understand it, which slows down your learning and stops you from real English.可知该作答real English。
考点：任务型阅读。
1.An English dictionarye their dictionaries3.Two/24.No, it isn’t5.real English【解析】试题分析：短⽂⼤意：你需要学习英语时，最重要的事情是拥有⼀本英语词典。
成功的英语学习者总是使⽤词典学会如何使⽤新单词。
中国学⽣和⼯⼈试图使⽤英汉词典。
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In each group, the first word is from Anglo-Saxon and the second and third from French or Latin. The first one is clearly more informal or colloquial than the other two.
English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other language over the centuries. But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use. They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone语气, and in collocation.
Use specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing. Study the following examples:
General It is often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.
Contents
1. Levels of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and Specific Words 4. Idioms 5. Figures of speech 英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复 中英语言中用来喻人的植物的差异
1. Levels of words
different in stylistic level
Generally speaking, words of Anglo-Saxon origin are more informal than those of Latin or French origin. Look at these words: ask time rise question age mount interrogate epoch ascend
词汇选择得是否准确,贴切,对文章是否能收到预期 的效果致关重要.在锤炼和选择词语时,除了文章的 主题,思想内容,写作目的和读者对象等以外,还必 须考虑与之相适应的语言层次( levels of language ). 所谓语言层次,一般可归结为规范英语( standard English)和非规范英语( sub-standard English). 规范英语又可分为口语( spoken language )和书面语 ( written language), 非正式语( informal language)和 正式语( formal language).例如:
a good man: kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorable good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant house: mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow带 bungalow带 走廊的平房, 小室, 棚屋, 走廊的平房 cabin, hut, shack小室 shanty棚屋 shed 小室 棚屋 货棚, 货棚 barn laugh: smile, grin, beam微笑示意 giggle咯咯地笑 微笑示意, 咯咯地笑, 微笑示意 咯咯地笑 titter嗤笑 snigger窃笑 chuckle吃吃地笑 guffaw狂笑 嗤笑, 窃笑, 吃吃地笑, 狂笑, 嗤笑 窃笑 吃吃地笑 狂笑 chortle得意的高笑 得意的高笑
different in tone
"Modest" and "humble" both indicate a lack of pride, but "modesty" is a virtue and "humbleness" is not. "Humble" often connotes undue self-depreciation 自我贬低. So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory.
Although both general and specific words are useful, a student learning to write should make an effort to master and use specific words wherever possible. Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. Compare:
For instance country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into "国家" in Chinese, but their connotation are quite different.
3. General and Specific Words
Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning rather than others. "Professionals", for instance, is more general in meaning than "scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists", etc., all of which are more specific. But "scientists" may be called a general word when compared with "physicists or chemists", which, in turn, is more general than "biochemists".
It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left; they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe.
English Writing
Diction
Diction is the choice and use of words. The English language has a big vocabulary: as many as 400,000 words are collected in the Oxford English Dictionary. Of course no one knows or uses so many words. Only a small amount of them are used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes. A student learning to write should learn to use the words that are most useful and most often used to express him.