Foundations of Intercultural Communication

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lecture 1

❖ Culture is like the water a fish swims in notice everything except the water
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Linell Davis: five metaphors
❖ Culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves People tell stories to tell who they are and stories also change to adapt to changing circumstances.
❖ 学习别人的语言而不学习人家的文化完全就是把自己变成是一个能说会道的傻瓜。
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Definitions of culture
Sir Edward Tylor’s definition in 1871
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”
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Mainstream culture and subculture
❖ When we talk about culture, we mainly refer to mainstream culture.
❖ Subculture
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县官与知府的对话 ❖ “贵县风土怎么样？” ❖ “没有大风，更少尘土” ❖ “百姓怎么样？” ❖ “白杏只有两棵，红杏不少” ❖ “我问的是黎庶！” ❖ “梨树很多，结的果实很小” ❖ “我不是问什么梨树，我是问你的小民！” ❖ “卑职的小名叫狗儿”

2020年智慧树知道网课《跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication》课后章节测试满分答案

绪论单元测试1【判断题】(1分) ForeignersareinterestedtolearnaboutChineseCultureandChinesePeople.Atthesametime,thereare misunderstandingsofChineseculture.A.错B.对2【判断题】(1分)Overseasexperiencescanexpandone'svisionandenrichone'sunderstandingofInterculturalCommun ication.A.对B.错3【判断题】(1分)Beforecommunicatingwithothers,youneedtounderstandyourownculturewell.A.错B.对4【判断题】(1分)Culturelearningisnotsoimportantaslanguagelearning.A.错B.对5【判断题】(1分) KnowingallthewordsandhavingperfectgrammarofalanguageisenoughtodealwithInterculturalCo mmunication.A.对B.错6【判断题】(1分)Everythingabroadisthesameas“athome”.A.错B.对7【多选题】(2分)Inthiscourse,wearegoingtolearnaboutA.InterculturalcommunicationbarriersB.AcquringInterculturalCommunicationCompetenceC.ThearaticalfoundationsofInterculturalCommunicationD.Verbalandnon-verbalcommunication8【多选题】(2分)Inthestudyofinterculturalcommunication,wearegoingtoachievethegoalsofA.fosteringcriticalthinkingofdifferentculturesB.understandingthebasictermsC.developingcommunicativecompetenceD.avoidingpotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunication9【单选题】(1分)ThecourseyouaretakingisA.CommunicationB.PhycologyC.EnglishLiteratureD.InterculturalCommunication10【判断题】(1分)Whenbeingaskedbyotherpeopleaboutyourculture,youwillbemoreawareofyouridentity.A.对B.错第一章测试1【单选题】(2分)ThedialoguesattheUnitedNations,forexample,wouldbetermed_________.A.internationalcommunicationB.interethniccommunicationC.interpersonalcommunicationD.interracialcommunication2【单选题】(2分)InChina,ifaTibetancommunicateswithaHan,itis_____.A.interethniccommunicationB.internationalcommunicationC.interpersonalcommunicationD.interracialcommunication3【单选题】(2分)_____isthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.A.EnculturationB.AssimilationC.AcculturationD.Deculturation4【单选题】(2分)Manyofthesameproverbsappearthroughouttheworld,becauseallpeople,regardlessoftheirculture,s harecommon____.A.artsB.languagesC.storiesD.experiences5【多选题】(3分)Inthepopularculturalicebergmetaphor,youcanonlyseeabout10-15%abovethesurface,mostpartoft heicebergisunderthewater,whichisabitofamystery.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkareabovethe water?A.foodB.clothingC.musicD.architecture6【多选题】(3分) Sixreasonsofwhystudyinterculturalcommunicationwerementioned，pleasetrypicktheonesmenti onedinthefollowing.A.self-awarenessB.demographicchangesC.imperativeD.technology7【判断题】(2分) Culturecanbecategorizedaseithermaterialornonmaterialculture.A.对B.错8【判断题】(2分)Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,arts,morals,law,customandanyother capabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.A.错B.对9【判断题】(2分)Itisreasonablethatweusewhat'sbelowoursurfacetotrytounderstandwhat'sabovesomebodyelse’s.A.错B.对10【判断题】(2分) "Digthewellbeforeyouarethirsty"isaChineseproverbmeaning"吃水不忘挖井人”。

从文化角度解读跨文化交际中的语用失误

收稿日期:2007-03-18作者简介:欧阳恒维,男,凯里学院外语系副教授。

从文化角度解读跨文化交际中的语用失误欧阳恒维(凯里学院外语系,贵州　凯里556000)摘　要:文章通过对中英跨文化日常交际言语方面因文化差异而容易出现语用失误的五个方面的简要分析比较,提出在交际中必须深入了解该语言的社会和文化背景知识,才能有效地避免在跨文化交际中出现的语用失误。

关键词:文化;跨文化交际;语用失误中图分类号:H315　文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-9507(2007)02-0014-05 从人类学的角度看,人不仅是“社会人”,而且是“文化人”,人的物质生活和精神生活始终发生在特定的文化氛围下,文化无所不存,无所不在。

“文化”一词,定义繁多,莫衷一是。

然而作为多学科研究的对象,对其单用一个明确的定义,确是一个不容回避的问题。

从广义上讲如同《辞海》所定义的那样,文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富与精神财富的总和。

囿于本文主旨,笔者认为“文化”应于狭义去理解,是指“对具有一定社会共同性的思想意识,价值观念和行为方式起引导或制约作用的、由各种集体意识所形成的社会精神力量”(金开诚《文化的定义及载体》———《中国典籍与文化》,1992年第三期)。

“文化,作为社会精神力量有巨大而深刻的社会影响。

它无论表现为一种有约束力的氛围,一种约定俗成的习惯,或表现为一钟成文或不成文的规定,都有力地作用于人们的思想和行为;或使人们受到潜移默化的熏陶,或使人自然遵循某种视为当然的惯性,或使人必然遵守种种规范,总之是对人的思想观念和行为方式起到引导和制约作用。

”(金开诚《文化的定义及载体》———《中国典籍与文化》,1992年第三期)。

作为观念形态的文化,必然通过现实的载体加以实现,其中一种重要载体形式就是语言。

而语言同时也是跨文化交际中最重要的媒介。

为便于区分,人们习惯上将文化分为两类———知识文化(cultural knowl 2edge information )和交际文化(cultural communication infor 2mation )。

《跨文化交际》_名词解释之欧阳道创编

名词解释2.Intercultural communication refers to communicationbetween people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

3.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations aboutbeliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

4.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to aparticular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

5.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessingcharacteristic traits that set apart and distinguish themfrom others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

6.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct andincorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

地方特色文化的英语外宣翻译与对外传播——以大庆铁人纪念馆为例

2532020年07期总第499期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS地方特色文化的英语外宣翻译与对外传播——以大庆铁人纪念馆为例文/华丽萍二十世纪六十年代的石油会战时期，王进喜的一句“宁肯少活20年，拼命也要拿下大油田”的豪言壮语激励鼓舞着几代人的成长，促成了几代人不怕苦、不怕累的美好品格，由此形成了大庆精神。

若想让外国友人更好地了解此精神，了解“铁人”的由来及其背后的故事，英语翻译就显得尤为重要。

不同的地域有着不同的人文历史，而当交流对象是外国人，我们就要将母语译成目的语言，以此来推动文化的传播，乃至促进经济的进一步发展。

大庆铁人纪念馆就是铁人精神的具体体现，也是地方特色文化的具体体现。

本文结合当前实况，以大庆铁人纪念馆为例，就【摘要】文化的翻译不能脱离本土文化，也要使接收文化者明白文化所传递的精神。

在文化传播的过程中，英语翻译起到了桥梁的作用，但由于地方文化大多都没有官方翻译，这给文化对外传播增加了难度。

本文基于国家文化软实力和“走出去”话题讨论，以大庆铁人纪念馆为例，就地方特色文化的宣传与发展与英语翻译的关系，以及地方特色文化发展的必要性作一剖析；另外，还讨论了铁人纪念馆内已有译本中所存在的问题，并结合功能目的论的两大原则进行文化的传播与创新。

【关键词】地方特色文化外宣；英语翻译；传播【作者简介】华丽萍，大庆师范学院外国语学院。

【基金项目】2018年国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目成果，项目编号：201810235006。

地方特色文化的英语外宣翻译与对外传播路径作一探讨。

一、地方特色文化传播的意义铁人纪念馆在大庆市，大庆有“油城”“百湖之城”的别称，素有“天然百湖之城，绿色油化之都”之城，这是很不错的旅游之地，更有着积极向上的精神支柱：大庆精神铁人精神。

这是独特的地方特色文化，文化产业的蓬勃发展也会为地方特色经济起到积极的拉动作用。

浓郁的地方特色文化是最具有价值和吸引力的旅游资源。

对于外国人来说，一旦提到铁人，他们并不知道铁人指的是一种铁人精神、一种不畏牺牲、艰苦奋斗的无私奉who is infirm and incapable to manage an undertaking. The turtle has exceedingly abundant connotational meaningswhile inother countries, the turtle is simply a creature without any special attached meaning.The connotational meaning is quite multiple while the denotation is the same.4. Lexical and meaning deficiencies in cultureLexical and meaning deficiency is easily understandable and exists in every culture. Because every culture varies a greatdeal and has its distinctive history and path.Therefore, there must be some lexis and vocabulary which just exist exclusively in this culture. Thus there must the phenomenon of word deficiencies accordingly.To be more specific, “the Legend of Zhen Huan” can’tbe a better example to illustrate. The various status and roles can’t findcounterparts even in Korea and Japan which share a highly similar cultural background. How to translate “Guifei” and “Pin”? It’sthorny for lexical and meaning deficiencies exist in culture. And this phenomenon is morecommon in China, because it ‘s the only ancient country that didn’t experience culture dislocation and discontinuityamong others.5. Conclusionthe semantic differences between the denotation andconnotation are far more than what I’ve mentioned above, there are also some circumstances where the connotation and denotation are the same, and connotation is different while the denotation is the same. All these language phenomena display the broad horizon of the intercultural communication.And grasping denotation and connotation willcontribute to the overall improvement of language learning and benefit us a lot.References：[1]Guo-Ming Chen and William J. Starosta. Foundation of Intercultural Communication[M]. Shanghai, China. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2007.[2]Dou weilin. Introduction to Intercultural Communication (Second Edition)[M]. Beijing,China. University of International Business and Economics Press,2017.[3]黎晓曦.浅析跨文化交际中的中西方语义误解[D].广西南宁:广西经贸职业技术学院,2011.[4]刘彦峰.跨文化交际中词汇层面的语义探究[D].广东深圳:深圳大学英语部,2000.Copyright©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.2542020年07期总第499期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS献精神，在他们的心中，有可能是指漫威人物里的钢铁侠。

international journal of intercultural relations

international journal of intercultural relationsInternational Journal of Intercultural Relations是一本国际性的跨文化研究期刊，旨在促进跨文化交流和理解。

该期刊涵盖了广泛的主题，包括跨文化沟通、跨文化适应、多元文化主义、国际教育等。

该期刊的目标读者是研究和实践跨文化交流的学者、教育工作者、社会科学家和政策制定者。

它提供了一个平台，让这些人可以分享他们的研究成果和经验，并探讨如何更好地促进跨文化理解和合作。

International Journal of Intercultural Relations每年出版四期，每个问题都包含多篇文章。

这些文章由来自世界各地的专家撰写，他们在自己领域内拥有广泛的知识和经验。

这些文章经过同行评审后才被接受发表，确保了其质量和准确性。

该期刊涵盖了多种类型的文章，包括原始研究、综述文章、评论文章等。

其中原始研究是最常见的类型，它们通常介绍新的理论或方法，并提供实证数据支持。

综述文章则对某一领域的研究进行总结和分析，评论文章则对某一特定问题进行探讨和评价。

International Journal of Intercultural Relations的文章主要涉及以下几个方面：1.跨文化沟通跨文化沟通是该期刊的一个重要主题。

文章介绍了如何在不同文化背景下有效地进行沟通，并探讨了不同文化间存在的语言、行为和价值观差异对沟通的影响。

2.跨文化适应跨文化适应是指在不同文化环境下生活和工作时，个人需要适应新的文化环境。

该期刊的文章介绍了如何更好地适应新环境，并探讨了跨文化适应对心理健康和幸福感的影响。

3.多元文化主义多元文化主义是指尊重不同文化、宗教、种族和性别等差异，认为这些差异是社会丰富性和多样性的来源。

该期刊的文章探讨了多元文化主义理论、实践和政策，并介绍了如何促进社会包容性和平等性。

Summaries of Intercultural Communication in Englis

Summaries of Intercultural Communication in English注：①以下黄色和红色标注为重点②橙色标注为例子○3单词及术语在每单元的最后Intercultural Communication：An Introduction(ReadingⅠof Unit 1)1.What is intercultural communication?Communication among people from different cultures, and it began very early.In the ancient time ,such as Greek.2.Although intercultural contact has a long history, today’s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any previous time in the past.○1New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact. Supersonic transports○2Innovative communication systems have also encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction. Digital switching network electronic devices○3Globalization of the economy has further brought people together. Joint ventures, licensing agreement○4Changes in immigration patterns have also continued to the development of expanded intercultural contact. American3.What is Culture?Here a culture is regarded as the tradition of a society, including mainly its ways people live, the ways of thinking, moralities, religious beliefs,values, habit, aestheticideas, etc..4.The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication.○1cultural values○2worldview(religion)○3social organizations(family and state)5.We are all products of our own culture.6. We inherited everything of our culture: Languages,foods, dressing styles, living styles, manners, historical senses, literature, etc.6. Culture influences us and dominates our behaviors in communication. Because we accept all cultural elements instinctively and become part of the culture. ○1different cultures can both different symbols and different responses. example: the word ‘dog’ stands different meanings in different countries.○2foods and cultures: certain animals are taken as foods in some cultures, but the same animals may be forbidden as food in other cultures.7.The meanings of for some actions (gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch,concepts of time, and space) often shift from culture to culture.8.Why should we study intercultural communication?The globalization. Like it or not, it is approaching. How if the people dislike one another for the sake of cultural difference? The present-day world has too many cultural misunderstandings. They are causing prejudice, hatred even wars.Words: Culture’s orientation 文化导向Intercultural communication 跨文化交际Innovative communication system 创新的通信系统Missionary传教士Transgression 侵越，违犯Joint ventures合资企业licensing agreement 特许权协议Supersonic transports超音速运输机Homogeneous 同族的，同种的Catholic 罗马天主教徒Taoist 道教徒Jew 犹太教徒atheist 无神论者Reincarnation 再生What Is Culture (ReadingⅠof Unit 2)1. There are many ways we all commonly think of culture,and each may be more or less useful to help us understand a certain process, event, or relationship.2. Culture is really a large and evasive concept, very complex and difficult to define. It says that there have been at least over 150 definitions of culture. Thus the conclusion seems to be no proper definition for culture at all.3. What is culture?○1Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share.○2Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals.○3 A people’s culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.4. A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.And all human beings have certain basic needs.The physiological needs fundamentalThe safety needThe belongingness needsThe esteem needsThe self-actualization needs very fewEach culture offers its people a number of options for satisfying any particular human need.5.Every culture has its ways of doing things in daily life(eating, drinking,dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, dealing with death.)These ways are not instinctive behavior (a pattern of behavior that ananimal is born with), so people must learn the cultural ways of theircommunity to satisfy these basic human needs. 6. Culture embodies in people ’s habitual orientation.Taking eating as an example.，snails, white ants, evenrats as delicious foods.7. We have to remember that ,most of the time, the different ways that arethe customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It ’s sim-ply that different people do the same things in different manners.PS ：Mainstream culture ＆ SubcultureMainstream culture: the culture of majority of the population in a society.(Mainstream Culture of the U.S. is based on WASP)Subculture: a subculture is a group of people within a culture that differe- ntiates itself from the larger culture to which it belongs.Words: Evasive 难以捉摸的，不易把握的Anthropology 人类学Etymology 语源学Actualize 实现The belongingness needs 归属需要The self-actualization needs 自我实现的需要Mainstream culture 主流文化Subculture 亚文化Latitude (语言、行为）自由度Elements of Communication (ReadingⅡof Unit 2)Communication is the essential human connection.Communication is our link to the rest of the humanity.Having a meetingIt pervades everything we do Traveling in a compartment on trainEven reciting a poemThe six essential elements of communication.ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedback1. Context:the interrelated conditions of communication.(1)Physical settingsIncluding location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any setting arrangements.(2) Historical backgroundsWhether the topic has been mentioned before.When you say,“In doing this, we must follow the example of Anna.”The historical problem may exist to some people:- Who is Anna and what example she has set to us?(3) Psychological conditionsThe manne r in which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicate will affect the meaning that is shared.(4) CultureNorms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context. Formal, more polite in a public speech.Forms of address: a Chinese or an American uses to address his boss.Taboo.Subculture be taken into reckoning.2. Participants: Sender and receiver of the messages. In a communication, we play both roles of sender and receiver.(1)RelationshipFriends (you can talk more freely)Adversaries (competitor，in a public lecture: more formal, more carefully prepared) Relationship affects the participants.(2) GenderMales and females approach the world with different perspectives and life experiences.Males: more open, even bold. He may speak straight forward.Females: more prudent. She might speak less and would like to let you guess.(3)CultureThe cultural backgrounds make the sender perform differently.A man from U.S.A. is often frank, he would fix his talk on the direct result.Yet a Arabian receiver would think the U.S. man too urgent, or too pressing. In this way they might feel pushed.(4) How they affect the participants?They affect communicators’perception of the ideas and the feelings communicated.3. Messages are always complex. They have many layers.(1)Meanings. (pure ideas and feelings)Pure ideas and feelings, the true ideas you want to send.The meanings are sent by the symbols.(2)Symbols (words, sounds and actions)Words, sounds and actions are symbols that you use to stand for what you mean. Symbols are often multi-layered.With words you say, “no, it’s impossible.”With gestures you shake your head or wave your hands.Still you can find certain object to suggest your meaning.(3)Encoding.(The process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them.）You may choose words, gestures, or other symbols to show your idea.Example: the clever gesture language of the park manager.(4)Decoding (The process to get the ideas and feelings through a series of symbols) If a symbol is decoded in a wrong way, misunderstanding happens.A good dog deserves a good bone.4. Channels are the route traveled by the message. (carriers of message.) And certain channels are more effective than others.(1)Sound(2)Sight (people prefer generally)→Words are but wind, but seeing is believing.(3) Smell We may use these to carry a message.(4) Taste(5)Touch5.Noise interferes the communication. It is a barrier in the communication.(1) External noiseSights, sounds and other stimul i in the environment that draw people’s attention away. Try to avoid the interference.(2)Internal noiseThe thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Daydreaming.Nervous, Angry or anxiety.How to reduce noises?Try with efforts to concentrate yourself.(4) Semantic noise.Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.Example:He is looking for the glasses．“Call me a cab!”6. Feedback is the response sent by the receiver.(1) SenderThe sender must observe carefully the feed back. (to evaluate the possibly result.)(2) ReceiverIf you see the receiver puzzled，you must adjust your speech.Words：Variable 变量Encoding 编码Decoding 解码Channel 通道，频道Multichanneled 多通道的，多途径的Semanic 语义的；语义学的Elements of Communication 交流元素Communication norms交流标准Different Lands, Different Friendships (ReadingⅠof Unit 3) What is friendship?A relationship of mutual affection between two or more people. American friendshipFrench friendship Different cultures reflect the different values German friendship of friendshipEnglish friendshipChinese friendshipAmerican FriendshipAmericans always like to make new friends. Friendly, actively.To Americans “Friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship.To them, friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring. They usually help a friend without the expectation of the possible repay.French friendshipFriends generally are of the same sex. Friendship is seen as basically a relationship between men.Copains（伙伴）, like English pals or buddies, are not friends.Friendship is a one-to-one relationship, demanding a keen awareness of the intellect, temperament and particular interests.Friendship heightens the sense of each person’s individuality.Out of families.German FriendshipTo Germans friendship is rather a matter of feeling.Friends usually are brought into the family.（最先从家庭开始）Uncle and Aunt.Like ties of kinship（亲属关系）, ties of friendship are meant to be irrevocably binding. (never change)English FriendshipThe basis of English friendship is shared activity. (a common interest in school, in Army, etc.)(Australian friendship the similar way.)The sense to fall into steps (步调一致) in the activities.（coincidently）Durable(持久的):“you can take up just where you left off.”A break in English friendship is not necessarily irreconcilable, but as a friend’s serious misjudge.English friendships are formed outside the family circle.English Friendship and English Privacy“Private Property No Trespassing!”Strong consciousness of privacy.“Good Fences(栅栏) Make Good Neighbors”Long durable: Nixon，1972，1976Confidant: Friendship in certain special aspect of spirit. (伯牙子期)Iron: devotion emphasized:”Iron Pakistan”(more than friendship;comrade-in-arms) Materials valued: In reality, people sometimes over-value materials.Expectation and responsibility:1.Calculation of the material values may damagefriendship;.Mr. Zhao and Mr. Qian.(p76)Calculation of balanced give-and-repay:1.Cherish friendship; 2.Insist on your independence; 3.Respect intercultural difference; Avoid the mechanical ways of give-and-repay balance.From these different friendships, we can draw a conclusion.Conclusion: Proper Expectation of FriendshipCherish friendshipInsist on your independence.Respect intercultural difference.Avoid the mechanical ways of give-and-repay balance.Words: Particularized 予以特别区分和对待的Confidant 知己，密友Compartmentalize 分割成独立的各个部分Resistance groups （二战时期）反法西斯抵抗组织Kinship 家族关系，亲属关系Fall into steps 步调一致Cultural Dimensions( Further ReadingⅠ)Greet Hofstede’s studies of cultural differences in value orientation offer another approach to understanding the range of cultural differences.base onmental programscontainthe ideas of culture and are expressed through its dominant values Hofstede identify five dimensions along which dominant patterns of a culture can be ordered:Uncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityIndividualism versus collectivism1.Variations: encourage people to be ○1unique;○2independent or conforming; ○3 interdependent.2.Index: IDV:assessing a culture’s relative location on the individualism-collectivism dimension.○1High IDVs: Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and the USA.→their decisions are based on what is good for the individual, not for the group.○2Low IDVs: Guatemala Indonesia, Pakistan and West Africa→their decisions are based on what is good for the group and these cultures require an absolute loyalty to the group.3.ContrastCollectivistic cultures tend to be group-oriented.Individualist cultures train their members to speak out as a means of resolving difficulties.Uncertainty avoidance:how they will adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties.UAI:is to assess a culture’s relative location along the uncertainty avoidance dimension.○1Low UAIs: Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland, and Singapore→have a high tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.○2High UAIs: Greece, Guatemala, Portugal, and Uruguay→-they do not tolerate dissent or allow deviation and they try to ensure certainty and security through a set of rules and regulations.Power distance1.Variations: all cultures have particular value orientations about the ○1appropriate appropriateness; ○2importance of status differences; ○3social hierarchies.2.PDI: to assess a culture’s relative location on the power distance dimension.○1Low PDIs: Austria,Denmark,Israel,New Zealand→believe in the importance of minimizing social or class inequalities○2High PDIs: Arab,Guatemala,Malaysia,Philippines→believe in each person has a rightful and protected placeMasculinity versus femininity1.Variations: They prefer ○1achievement and○2assertiveness or nurturance and ○3 social support.2.MAS: to assess a culture’s relative location along the masculinity-femininity dimension.○1High MAS: Austria,Italy,Japan,Mexico→believe in achievement and ambition in judging people on their performance and the right to display the material goods. Also believe in ostentation manliness,special behaviors and product.○2Low MAS: Chile,Portugal,Sweden,Thailand→believe less in external achievements and shows of manliness and more in the importance of life choice.Long-term versus short-term orientation: relates to its orientation to time. ○1Long-term orientation: life value social order and long-range goals/admire persistence thriftiness,humility...○2Short-term orientation: change events have a deep appreciation fortradition,personal steadiness and stability,maintain the face of self and others...Words: Assertion 断定，主张Caste （印度的）种姓制度，阶级Juxtapose 并列，并置Cultural Dimensions 文化维度，文化层面individualism versus collectivism 个人主义与集体主义uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避power distance 权利差距masculinity versus femininity 男性化与女性化Long-term versus short-term orientation长期与短期时间定向An Overview of Nonverbal Communication(ReadingⅠof Unit 6)Beyond voice communication,there are the messages our bodies sent out constantly.Quality of a voiceThe same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic, or angry, depending on how they are said.Signal our own authority: talking in a loud and overbearing way.Or humility: softly and hesitantly.Different intonations (P192)"Gravy?"question intonation = "Would you like gravy?“ A friendly attitude."Gravy."falling intonation ="this is gravy. take it or leave it." Nonchalant.Body language: gesturesreinforces the words1.Sometimes ,body lanuage contradicts the wordswe speak in alone2.How and whether people use it depends on their cultural background?Italians are great hand movers,also Russians, Latin AmericansEnglishmen are stingy about their hand movements.In the U.SEtiquette books: waving hands and gesticulating is ill-mannered and distasteful. Unrefined.Refined behavior is always tight and formal. Control and discipline.An Anglo-Saxon, over controlled culture3.A Cultural mix makes men more eloquent than oA limited amount of hand movement indicates things like solidity, reliability and confidence.They used body language to emphasize the spoken language.4.However, hand gestures can change the meaning.Clasped-hands-over-the-head gesture:used in sports meet.Russian – international brotherhood.Americans – prizefighter use after defeating an opponent.3. Body language: eyes.1.Eyes: a major source of communication. The windows of hearts.2.Eyes behavior: two aspects:○1Eyes behavior in conversation○2Eyes behavior to strangersEyes Behavior in ConversationAmerican white parents:“Look at me when I talk to you!”Anglos:“If he doesn’t look at me in the eyes he may have something to hide from me.”However, in some cultures it is polite not to look at people in the eyes in a conversation.Misunderstanding: Respect becomes dishonesty.In-Conversation Eye Behavior in different culturesIn Japan, people don’t look another in the eyes. At a position around the Adam’s apple.Chinese, Indonesians, rural Mexicans: eye lower as deference. Too much eye contact is a sign of bad manners.Arabs look directly into the eyes of the person.American blacks look at the other’s eyes when speaking, but not when listening. Eyes Behavior to strangers The U.S. visual moresNever stare at strangers.They don’t like to be stared at.American women visiting Europe often feel embarrassed, where men always look at them.To Strangers: DistanceIn cities, in recognition distance (16-32 feet), there’s mutual avoidance of eye contact. Beyond the distance you can look at people.Inside this sacred zone, you can only steal a glance at strangers.To stare too fixedly is rude and hostile.Yet in small towns people are much more likely to look at and greet one another, even if they’re strangers.4.Smile and laugh1.Smile is polite.2.Smile and laugh cut across cultural lines.3.Different cultures have different senses on smile.Americans smile at strangersThey think smile is the commonest nonverbal behavior expected to bridge gaps.In eastern Asia countriesThey don’t smile at strangers.The author thinks that people are conditioned to use the face to conceal rather than reveal their feelings.In Korea“We never talk or smile at strangers.”ArabsThey don’t smile at strangers.In America he felt embarrassed when people smile at him and doubted if there’s anything wrong with himself.VietnameseAmericans are superficial because they talk and smile too much.They think theirs’ is of placid cultures.5.Touching behaviorEg:Shake hands, hug, kiss, …1.High contact culture: “close” as positive;Low contact culture: “close” a s negative.2.High ~ include: Latin America and Mediterranean countries.Moderate ~: The U. S.Low ~: mainly the far East countries.Example I: Handshaking.2.In other cultures, handshaking may be more sophisticated.In parts of Europeshaken instead of your hand.Americans: firm, pumping, and continuing.Germans: firm but quite stiff.3.Handshakes only for men: Africa, India, and the Middle East. And In Korea, women and men use entirely different forms of handshakes.4.Handshaking: between men and women.In East Europe, a woman must extend her hand before the man offers his,But in France and Russia, men must reach out first.5.More sophisticatedIn Germany, a man shakes a woman’s hand before the shakes the hand of another man.In Austria, Poland, and Romania, handshaking between women and men is sometimes accompanied by a kiss of the woman’s hand by the man.Example II: Kissing1.Sexual kissingBut sexual kissing is unknown in many societies.Balinese, Chamorro, Manus, Tonga of Africa:“look at them –they eat each other’s saliva and dirt.”2.Many Middle Eastern and Asian countriesDiscourage physical affection in public between unmarried males and females.(body douches affectionately)Though kissing on both cheeks is popular (Nonsexual kissing).3.Nonsexual kissingIn Western cultures the number of nonsexual uses of the kiss is staggering.(令人惊讶的)Greeting and farewell, affection, religious or ceremonial symbolism, deference to a person of higher status.Kisses make the hurt go away...Fairy tales:Sleeping BeautyWord: Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际overbeaing傲慢的Former Soviet前苏联Adam’s apple 喉结Anglo 英裔美国人Maniac 躁狂者Stingy 小气的The Language of Space (Reading Ⅱof Unit 7)The language of space is powerful,and space in many ways becomes anextension of us,and we feel uncomfortable with people who play bydifferent rules.So space consciousness is very important in social life.Space consciousness in social life.Private garden in the U.K.1.It is private space that no one is supposed to enter without invitation.2.Space consciousness is decided by people ’s living styles.Babies they began to have their own rooms,it ’s the beginning of their spaceconsciousness. →The reason of Western people have stronger sense of space.3.Space consciousness exists not only in vision but also in other senses.-“He enjoys playing a guitar.”- “But I don’t enjoy listening to it.”listening space.smell spaceSound and vision trespass others’ private spacesPrivate space1.Some invisible boundaries begin with the individual ’s personal space.And in oursocial life, it is necessary to keep the proper distance from one another.2. the reason why one ’s invisible bubbleof personal space expand or contract. ○1 the relationship to people nearby ○2 the person ’s emotional state ○3 cultural background○4the activity being performed3.Different sizes of bubbles.Bubble in United States is the length of an arm. (arm-length relationship)Smaller in FranceMuch smaller in Latin countries and Middle East.Larger in Netherlands and GermanEven larger in JapanNorthern :large;In EuropeIn Southern countries it gets smaller and smaller.↓Southern France, Italy, Greece and Spain.4.The difference of the arrangement of dwellings.Germany: fences on the property line/and garden is in the front/always closing and locking the doorAmerica: fences surrounding the backyard/garden is behind the house/the front yards are wide openMiddle Eastern and Latin :1. has few or no windows to the street2. all windows opens into an inner courtyardHowever, Japanese create their privacy sphere in the much more crowding circumstancesJapanese connect privacy with mental space.Public space1. The way people arrange and use public spaces also reflects cultural towards space and privacy.2.The consideration about private space of different countries.Japan:there is a job to push people into the train so thatdoors can close.A way of coping the overcrowded space of subway system do not really exist in his space.(Chinese is same as it)American: people carry idea of individually over into public spaces, and they consider it their right to walk and play in the grass in the park.America: right to access is considered important。

中美思维方式差异

• （2）思维差异被近年来的心理学所验证 • The differences of thinking patterns have been testified by psychologists in recent years • 理查德•尼斯贝特、彭凯平侯玉波理查德、 90年代以来的研究表明：“亚洲人和欧洲人的思维过程在本质上确实存在巨大差异” • The data suggested that European American organization of the world is based, to a substantial degree, on taxonomic categories, whereas Chinese organization is based more on relationships. These findings are consistent with the view that Westerners reasoning is relatively analytic (including a tendency to focus on categories) and that Chinese reasoning is relatively holistic (including a tendency to focus on relationships).
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5 pages on logic and reasoning
Authors
Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung Guo-Ming Chen & William J. Starosta Ting-Toomey William J. Starosta & Guo-Ming Chen Ge Gao and Stella Ting-Toomey

Benefits of Intercultural Communication

Benefits of Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a vital aspect of our globalized world, offering numerous benefits that contribute to personal, professional, and societal growth. By engaging in intercultural communication, individuals can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives, traditions, and values. This not only fosters mutual respect and empathy but also promotes inclusivity and harmony within communities. Furthermore, intercultural communication can lead to enhanced creativity and innovation, as exposure to different cultural norms and practices can inspire new ideas and approaches. In the professional sphere, intercultural communication skills are increasingly valued as businesses and organizations seek to expand their global reach and collaborate with partners from diverse backgrounds. Additionally, individuals who are adept in intercultural communication are better equipped to navigate the complexities of our interconnected world, thereby fostering peaceful and mutually beneficial relationships across borders.One of the primary benefits of intercultural communication is the opportunity for individuals to broaden their perspectives and develop a more comprehensive worldview. By engaging with people from different cultural backgrounds, individuals can gain insights into alternative ways of thinking, living, and problem-solving. This exposure can challenge preconceived notions and stereotypes, leading to increased tolerance and open-mindedness. As individuals learn to navigate cultural differences and find common ground, they develop a more nuanced understanding of the human experience, which can be incredibly enriching on a personal level.Moreover, intercultural communication plays a crucial role in promoting inclusivity and social cohesion within diverse communities. By actively seeking to understand and appreciate different cultural practices and beliefs, individuals can create an environment of respect and acceptance. This, in turn, fosters a sense of belonging for individuals from various cultural backgrounds, reducing the likelihood of discrimination and marginalization. In a world that is becoming increasingly interconnected, the ability to communicate effectively across cultures is essential for building harmonious and cohesive societies.In addition to its societal impact, intercultural communication also holds significant professional benefits. As businesses and organizations continue to expand globally, the demand for employees who possess strong intercultural communication skills is on the rise. Individuals who can navigate cultural nuances and communicate effectively with international partners are highly sought after in the global job market. Moreover, these skills are not only valuable in international contexts but also in diverse workplaces where employees from different cultural backgrounds collaborate on a daily basis. By fostering an inclusive and culturally sensitive work environment, intercultural communication can enhance teamwork, creativity, and overall productivity.Furthermore, intercultural communication has the potential to drive innovation and creativity by exposing individuals to new ideas and perspectives. When people from different cultural backgrounds come together, they bring with them unique experiences and ways of thinking. This diversity can spark creativity and inspire innovative solutions to complex problems. By embracing a variety of viewpoints, individuals can break free from conventional thinking patterns and develop novel approaches to challenges. In this way, intercultural communication not only enriches personal and professional experiences but also contributes to the advancement of society as a whole.Beyond its immediate benefits, intercultural communication also plays a crucial role in promoting global understanding and cooperation. In an era marked by geopolitical tensions and cultural divides, the ability to communicate across cultural boundaries is essential for fostering peaceful and mutually beneficial relationships. By engaging in intercultural dialogue, individuals can bridge gaps in understanding and work towards common goals. This is particularly important in addressing global issues such as climate change, poverty, and human rights, which require collaborative efforts across borders. Intercultural communication can serve as a powerful tool for building connections and finding common ground, ultimately contributing to a more peaceful and prosperous world.In conclusion, the benefits of intercultural communication are far-reaching, encompassing personal, professional, and societal realms. By embracing diversity and seeking to understand different cultural perspectives, individuals can cultivate empathy,tolerance, and open-mindedness. This, in turn, contributes to the creation of inclusive and harmonious communities. From a professional standpoint, intercultural communication skills are increasingly valuable in a globalized job market, where collaboration across cultural boundaries is the norm. Furthermore, intercultural communication has the potential to drive innovation and creativity by exposing individuals to new ideas and perspectives. Finally, intercultural communication plays a crucial role in promoting global understanding and cooperation, offering a pathway towards a more peaceful and interconnected world. As such, the cultivation of intercultural communication skills is not only beneficial on an individual level but also holds the potential to bring about positive and transformative change on a global scale.。

跨文化交际智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下广东外语外贸大学南国商学院

跨文化交际智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下广东外语外贸大学南国商学院广东外语外贸大学南国商学院第一章测试1.“Culture is like the water a fish swims in.” This metaphor implies that ourculture is so much a part of who we are, and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.As of March 2022, what is the region with the most Memorandum ofUnderstanding with China? （）A:East Asia and Pacific B:Middle East and North Africa C:Sub-Saharan Africa D:Europe and Central Asia答案:Sub-Saharan Africa3."Telling Chinese story well" is a necessary way to let the world know aboutChina's development. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.The Walled Village is a representative of （）.A:Teochew culture B:Guangzhou culture C:Hakka culture D:Chaoshan culture 答案:Hakka culture5.Which of the following is not part of the intercultural competition? （）A:Telling Chinese story B:Impromptu case performance C:Casedemonstration and analysis D:IC-related quick quiz答案:Impromptu case performance第二章测试munication has taken place, regardless of whether our behavior isconscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.Which of the following is not a characteristic of communication? （）A:Communication is dynamic. B:Communication is symbolic.C:Communication is reversible. D:Communication is interactive.答案:Communication is reversible.3.Intercultural communication can be considered as the communicationbetween people from different cultural backgrounds. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.Which of the following is not the general factors of Michael Byram’s model ofICC? （）A:attitudes B:critical cultural awareness C:ability D:knowledge答案:knowledge5.Which of the following is incorrect in terms of the description of ICC? （）A:ICC development is an on-going and lengthy, often lifelong process. B:The general constructs of ICC include knowledge, attitudes, awareness and skills.C:To appreciate other cultures or values is also important. D:Rely onassumption to judge the behavior of a message, both verbal or nonverbal.答案:To appreciate other cultures or values is also important.第三章测试1.Social Identity Theory (SIT) may provide a basis for how people from othercultures perceive and interact with us. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.Social identity is the portion of an individual’s self-concept derived fromperceived membership in a relevant social group. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.“Ingroups’ favoritism” and “outgroups’ discrimination” is the psychologicalbasis for ethnocentrism and stereotypes in IC. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.Gender identity is not only personal and biological but also socially andculturally constructed. It is natured as well as nurtured. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Which of the following does not belong to the characteristics of masculinitymentioned in Geert Hofstede’s theory? （）A:modest B:concentrated on material achievements and wealth-buildingC:assertive D:distinct gender roles答案:modest第四章测试1.In individualistic societies, people are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. （）A:对 B:错答案:错2.Which of the following countries or regions does not score highly forindividualism? （）A:China B:Canada C:the United States D:Australia答案:China3.( ) is not a country with collectivistic cultures. （）A:Malaysia B:China C:Serbia D:Netherlands答案:Netherlands4.Which countries have High Power Distance Index (PDI) scores? （）A:Philippines B:Malaysia C:Russia D:Slovak Republic答案:Philippines;Malaysia;Russia;Slovak Republic5.People pursue job and life security and opt for stiff laws, guidelines andcodes of behaviour. There is a low tolerance for risk-taking and uncertainty in culture with High Uncertainty Avoidance. （）A:对 B:错答案:对6.In a Masculine society, people have preferences for: Assertiveness,Achievement, competitiveness, and Material reward for success. Japan is a typical country with masculine culture. （）A:对 B:错答案:错7.The culture Short-term Orientation tends to focus on the past and present.The emphasis is on quick and fast results. For example, ( ) are countries with such culture. （）A:Iran B:Venezuela C:Morocco D:Colombia答案:Iran;Venezuela;Morocco;Colombia8.People from indulgent cultures tend to have relatively weak control overtheir impulses; while people from restrained cultures tend to have strong control over their impulses. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第五章测试1.Vocabulary is considered to have the most prominent influence on language,and also has a direct and close connection with culture. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.It is commonly thought that Chinese people are used to indirectcommunication styles, preferring to be more euphemistic and stay on theside of caution, and Chinese people admire the virtue of modesty. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.Silence is also a kind of communication. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.Being 30 minutes or even an hour late is considered acceptable in somecountries expect for （）.A:Canada B:some southern European countries C:some Latin Americancountries答案:Canada5.You can arrive late a little when attending a party in some countries. （）A:对 B:错答案:对6.People in China and Western countries have a very different understandingof personal and privacy space. In Western countries, people can be verysensitive to infringements on personal space. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第六章测试1.Some of the cyber buzzwords can also become a part of the mainstreamculture and enter the general lexicon. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.Which of the following does not belong to the four stages of interculturaladaptation? （）A:adaptation stage B:negotiation stage C:honeymoon stage D:interactionstage答案:interaction stage3.Not all sojourners experience culture shock. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.People living in high context cultures are expected to pay more attention tothe words used in communication than to the context in which things aresaid. Nevertheless, people in low context cultures pay much attention tointerpreting what others mean; they often give more weight to the contextthan to the actual words said. （）A:错 B:对答案:错5.( ) does not belong to the country with principles-first culture? （）A:Canada B:Italy C:Russia D:France答案:Canada6.Which of the following countries does not have a typical hierarchical culture?（）A:Denmark B:Japan C:China D:South Korea答案:Denmark7.China is a typical “relationship-based” culture. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第七章测试1.In countries with low power distance index values, it tends to be more equalbetween parents and children. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.Americans are strongly monochronic, while French have a much greaterpolychronic tendency. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.Which of the following does not belong to the 4 steps of IC interviewproposed by Holmes and O 'Neil? （）A:Reflecting. B:Evaluating. C:Preparing D:Organizing答案:Organizing4.( ) refers to a preconceived idea about a person’s gender, profession, race,religion, or culture. （）A:Stereotype B:Prejudice C:Discrimination答案:Stereotype5.Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is nottrue? （）A:We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.B:During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s ba ck on one’s own culture. C:We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.答案:During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s back on one’s own culture.。

跨文化交际能力的培养———论孔子学院的教学取向

跨文化交际能力的培养［作者简介］李承先（1970-），男，浙江浦江人，浙江师范大学教师教育学院教授，教育学博士，主要研究方向是教育哲学与大学文化。

一、孔子学院与跨文化交际孔子学院自创立以来在很短时间内取得了惊人的发展，目前已在世界各国建立了三百多所，为汉语和中国文化的传播做出了重要贡献，促进了中国与世界各国的文化交流。

《孔子学院章程》第一条指出，“孔子学院致力于世界各国（地区）人民对汉语学习的需要，增进世界各国（地区）人民对汉语的了解，加强中国与世界各国教育文化交流合作，发展中国与各国人民的友好关系，促进世界文化多元化发展，构建和谐世界。

”可见，孔子学院的宗旨在于培养外国人与中国人交流的能力，是汉语和中国文化走出去战略的重要步骤。

“礼闻来学未闻往教”，而这次我们抛弃了这样的原则，主动往教，主动走出去，这是为何呢？在当今时代，全球化已成为既定趋势，随着经济全球化已是既成事实，世界各国在政治、文化等领域的交流和冲突日益频繁。

美国著名学者亨廷顿在二十世纪末指出，二十一世纪世界冲突的主要形态是文化冲突。

著名国际战略专家小约瑟夫·奈指出，软实力是决定国际竞争的重要因素。

在全球化背景下，外国人需要同中国人进行交流，希望对中国文化有所了解；中国人则需要让世界了解自己，并增强自身的文化吸引力，促进文化多元化。

由此，孔子学院应运而生。

客观上说，全球化同时促进了本土化，造成了今天在文化上占据主流的多元主义。

孔子学院力图促进和谐世界，这也必然是一种基于多元共存共荣的和谐。

多元意味着差异和区别，并因之产生误解和冲突。

在多元世界的前提下促进和谐，交流和理解便成为重要任务。

孔子学院作为中国与世界进行交流、促进理解的平台，培养李承先，宫香（浙江师范大学教师教育学院，浙江金华321004）［摘要］孔子学院偏重于汉语普通话的教学，对中国文化的传播不足，这不利于全球化背景下跨文化交际能力的培养。

语言是用于交际的，传递的是一定文化背景中生成的意义。

跨文化交际复习题及答案

判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。

然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科静态的实体while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a perso n’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

我国跨文化传播研究的文献综述——以2000-2011年中国跨文化传播研究为背景

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的成果，包括跨文化传播对中国在全球化时代可持续发展的重要性．以及跨文化传播能力的内涵研究，如改善国家形象、争取国际话语权、提高对外传播力等方面。然而，第三个层面的研究仍处于探索阶段，大量的研究仍然属于思辨型而非实证型．缺乏对传播效果的实际考察。并缺乏对跨文化传播中影响要素的具体量化分析。所以．我国跨文化传播研究存在的不足，从本质上来说，是过多地以自我为中心．从“我”的角度去看待“他者”的文化现象和文化行为，这必然导致对“他者”的理解产生一种虚而不实的理论观点。因此，为了使跨文化传播研究做到“实处”，现有的研究必须做到“务实”，要进入“他者”环境，综合运用量化和质化研究方法搜集到最直接的数据，这样我国的跨文化传播研究方能更进一步，突破现有的研究瓶颈，填补亟待解决的研究空白。跨文化传播的研究范式亟待转变。我国现有的跨文化传播研究表现出较强的“媒介中心论”取向，这种单一的研究范式，例如倾向将某种“文化形象”约等于“媒介中的文化形象”，限制了研究视野，也削弱了研究的理论价值与现实意义。其研究程式是：首先对重大媒介事件的新闻文本的内容进行分析：其次通过内容分析媒体的构建作用，如报道的框架、“刻板成见”或“意识形态”等：最后．提出一些策略性的建议。国内的学者与研究人员常常“因为外国媒体‘他塑’过程中产生的误读或偏见，而强调中国媒体对自身文化的‘自塑’作用。这样的研究思路显然是有局限性的”。事实上，人际传播与大众传播在跨文化交流中扮演了同样重要的作用，因此国内很多研究简化了对跨文化传播的理解，高估了传播主体的重要性，同时低估了受众多样性和传播效果的复杂性。总之，我国跨文化传播学科的发展经过了引入、借鉴，直至今天的本土化发展历程。在西方原有跨文化传播学的理论

Foundations of Intercultural Communication

《Foundations of Intercultural Communication 》(《跨文化交际学基础》)By Guo-Ming Chen；William J.Starosta 上海外语教育出版社Chapter7 Intercultural Conflict ManagementTraditionally, communication scholars have treated conflicts or opposition as an inherent evil. They worry that conflicts or opposition are irrational confrontations that bring only destructiveness and weaken relationships. Our view, however, is that conflict is a practical necessity of intercultural interaction. Conflict and opposition pervade human life.Ⅰ. The Nature of ConflictConflict permeates relationship development. It refers to a disagreement between or among persons in an interdependent relationship in which they try to meet each other’s social needs while, in many cases, pursuing some instrumental goal. A disagreement can occur when the interdependent parties face incompatible goals, resources, decision making, and behaviors.In addition, conflicts usually engender negative feelings in the warring parties.1.Types of ConflictThe simultaneous presence of two or more “incompatible” factors that conflict may be felt at each of several levels: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intergroup conflict, and interorganizational conflict.Intrapersonal conflict, or intrasubjective conflict, refers to the different and incompatible or contradictory mental states or needs and desires existing in our mind.Interpersonal conflicts occur bet。

美国跨文化交际研究的历史发展及其启示

美国跨文化交际研究的历史发展及其启示内容提要intercultural communication在国内外语界通常译为“跨文化交际(学)”。

跨文化交际学是一门涉及众多学科的应用学科。

它诞生于50 年代末60 年代初的美国。

这门学科的奠基之作是1959 年霍尔著的《无声的语言》,60 年代出现了两部专门探讨文化与交际的专著,70 年代大量适用于大学本科生和研究生的教材相继问世,80 年代的新著更加重视学科理论建构。

跨文化交际学的理论来源大致有三个:一是以传播学理论为基础;二是综合利用其它相关学科的理论;三是主张以经验为基础,通过大量调查,从而建立一个独特的跨文化交际的理论体系。

学科名称“跨文化交际学”的英语名称是intercultural communication 或cross-cultural communica- tion , 偶尔还见有transcultural communication 的说法。

国外学者一般对intercultural 与cross-cultural 不加区分, 认为二者可以通用, 也有少数学者(比如Gudykunst 与Kim) 认为inter-cultural 强调“文化比较”, 而cross-cultural 强调“跨文化交往”。

胡文仲曾提到, 早期有人称cross-cultural communication , 但现在多用intercultural communication. 就笔者阅读所及,“跨文化交际活动”可以是intercultural communication , 也可以是cross2cultural communication , 取决于一定的上下文与作者的个人偏好, 但作为一门学科的名称或一项专门性的研究, 似乎多用intercultural communication , 比如与跨文化交际相关的两个国际性组织是: The Society for Intercultural Education , Training and Research (跨文化教育、训练和研究学会) 与The International Association for Intercultural Communication Studies (国际跨文化交际研究协会) 。

大学英语跨文化交际chapter5 Intercultural Communicationppt课件

We use words to communicate with the outside world. share the past. exercise some control over the present. form images of the future.
Text A Significance of Verbal Communication
Personal / Contextual
Instrumental / Affective
Dialect and Sociolect
Pidgin and Lingua Franca
Taboo and Euphemism
jargon
Direct Plan
Indirect Plan
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
Eg. In the Amazon area snow is not a part of the environment; therefore, people in that region do not have a word for snow.
Most Americans use terms such as snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, and ice.
Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.
One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations. Eg. For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to

The Art of Communication

The Art of Communication Communication is an essential aspect of human interaction, serving as the foundation for building relationships, sharing ideas, and expressing emotions. The art of communication encompasses various forms, including verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual communication. Effective communication skills are crucial in both personal and professional settings, influencing our ability to connect with others, convey our thoughts and feelings, and achieve our goals. However, despite its significance, many people struggle with communication, leading to misunderstandings, conflicts, and missed opportunities. Therefore, it is important to explore the complexities of communication, its impact on different aspects of life, and strategies for enhancing our communication skills. One of the fundamental elements of effective communication is active listening. When engaged in a conversation, it is essential to not only hear the words being spoken but also to understand the underlying message and emotions. Active listening involves giving the speaker your full attention, maintaining eye contact, and displaying open body language to convey interest and receptiveness. Additionally, asking clarifying questions and providing feedback demonstrates genuine engagement and understanding. By practicing active listening, individuals can foster deeper connections, build trust, and minimize the risk of miscommunication. In addition to verbal communication, non-verbal cues play a significant role in conveying messages and emotions. Body language, facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice can often speak louder than words. For instance, a warm smile and a firm handshake can communicate friendliness and confidence in a social or professional setting. Conversely, crossed arms and a furrowed brow may signal defensiveness or discomfort. Understanding and effectively interpreting non-verbal cues can enhance communication by providing valuable insights into the thoughts and feelings of others. Written communication is another critical aspect of the art of communication, particularly in the digital age. With the prevalence of emails,text messages, and social media, the ability to convey ideas clearly and professionally through the written word is essential. Effective written communication involves proper grammar, punctuation, and tone, as well as theability to organize thoughts coherently. Whether composing a business proposal, anacademic paper, or a heartfelt letter, the written word has the power to inform, persuade, and evoke emotions. Developing strong writing skills can greatly impact one's ability to communicate effectively in various personal and professional contexts. Furthermore, the art of communication extends to visual communication, encompassing the use of images, graphics, and design to convey messages. Visual communication is prevalent in advertising, marketing, and multimedia platforms, where captivating visuals can capture attention and evoke powerful emotions. From logos and branding to infographics and web design, visual elements play a significant role in shaping perceptions and influencing behavior. Understandingthe principles of visual communication, such as color theory, typography, and layout, is essential for creating impactful visual content that resonates with an audience. The impact of effective communication is evident in various aspects of life, including personal relationships, professional success, and societal dynamics. In personal relationships, strong communication skills are vital for expressing love, resolving conflicts, and nurturing emotional intimacy. Couples who can openly and honestly communicate with each other are better equipped to navigate challenges and strengthen their bond. Similarly, effective communicationis essential in parenting, as it fosters understanding, trust, and a supportive family dynamic. By actively listening to their children and expressing themselves clearly, parents can cultivate healthy communication patterns that promote mutual respect and emotional well-being. In the professional realm, communication skills are highly valued and can significantly impact one's career advancement. Whetherin a leadership role, a team setting, or during client interactions, the abilityto articulate ideas, provide constructive feedback, and negotiate effectively can set individuals apart. Strong communicators often excel in leadership positions,as they can inspire and motivate others, build cohesive teams, and foster apositive work environment. Moreover, effective communication is crucial in customer service and sales, as it influences the overall customer experience and satisfaction. Clear, empathetic communication can help resolve issues, build trust, and cultivate long-term customer relationships. Societal dynamics are alsogreatly influenced by the art of communication. Public speaking, persuasive writing, and effective advocacy play pivotal roles in shaping public opinion,influencing policy decisions, and mobilizing social movements. Leaders who can effectively communicate their vision and engage with diverse audiences are often able to garner support and drive meaningful change. Additionally, media and mass communication channels have the power to shape public discourse and perceptions, making responsible and ethical communication practices essential for promoting accurate information and fostering constructive dialogue. Despite the evident significance of effective communication, many individuals struggle to develop and maintain strong communication skills. Factors such as cultural differences, language barriers, and personal insecurities can hinder one's ability to communicate effectively. Moreover, the widespread use of digital communication platforms has led to a shift in communication norms, with shortened attention spans and an emphasis on brevity posing challenges for meaningful, in-depth communication. In a fast-paced, interconnected world, it is crucial to recognize the barriers to effective communication and actively work towards overcoming them. Fortunately, there are various strategies and resources available for enhancing communication skills and navigating communication challenges. Communication workshops, public speaking courses, and interpersonal skills training programs can provide individuals with the tools and techniques to improve their communication abilities. Additionally, seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or communication professionals can offer valuable insights and opportunities for growth. Embracing cultural diversity and actively listening to different perspectives can also broaden one's communication skills and foster a more inclusive, empathetic approach to interaction. In conclusion, the art of communication encompasses a diverse range of skills and practices that are fundamental to human interactionand connection. From active listening and non-verbal cues to written and visual communication, the ability to convey ideas, emotions, and intentions effectivelyis crucial in personal relationships, professional success, and societal dynamics. By honing their communication skills and embracing diverse forms of expression, individuals can navigate communication challenges, build meaningful connections, and contribute to a more empathetic and understanding global community. Ultimately, effective communication is not only an art but also a powerful tool for positive change and mutual understanding.。