跨文化交际中的认知差异

4 Perception Differences
From above on ,Culture influences the selection, organization/categorization and interpretation of perception process, so people from different cultural backgrounds tend to have different perceptions that will result in misunderstandings in intercultural communication. How can we reduce misunderstandings caused by perception differences ?
For instance, ”dog” ----狗腿子”，“丧家之犬”，“狗仗人势.” ------“Love me， love my dog.” “Every dog has its day.”
3)Cultural Influence on Interpretation
People from different cultures will perceive and interpret others’ behaviors in different ways. We can take people’s different interpretations of smile as an example,
3 Cultural Influence on Perception
It is not difficult to notice that our responses and interpretations are different in our contact with the outside. This is due to the fact that perception is culturally determined. That is to say, culture influences the way people perceive the world . cultural influence on the three stages of perception—selection, organization and interpretation
1. Definition
In intercultural communication studies, a lot of researchers and scholars have given definitions or description of perception. according to Gamble and Gamble’ definition,“ Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables people to make sense of our world.” 感知是应用感觉器官把外部刺激转变为有意义的 经验知识的过程。这一过程包括选择、组织和阐 释三个阶段。
2 Perception Process
The perception process consists of three stages: selection, organization/categorization, and interpretation. 1) Selection Selection is the first stage in the perception process.
In other words, it refers to the ability to view a situation from another’s point of view. It is the process of reaching beyond the self and understanding and feeling what another person understands or feels.
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Perception Differences in Intercultural Communication

Leading-in
Gudykunst, Samovar,William B etc.have all discussed perception in their works or papers, giving definitions of perception, describing the perception process, as well as analyzing the cultural influence on perception and so on. With detailed illustration, they have proved that perception is of great significance in the intercultural communication study.
3) Interpretation The third stage in perception is interpretation, which refers to the process of attaching meaning to the selected stimuli. But different people may give different interpretations of the same stimulus. For instance, a kiss or a big hug in public is a common way of greeting each other in western countries, functioning as saying“ Hello,” whereas in many other countries they are always considered to be “lovemaking” behaviors.
2)Cultural Influence on Organization/Categorization
Cultural factors such as one’s past categories, languages, values, prejudices directly influence the organization/categorization stage of perception. People put selected stimuli into categories and these categories are formed depending on their past experiences, languages, or values etc.
5 a solution to avoid misunderstandings caused by perception differences -empathy
We can take empathy as a solution to avoid misunderstandings caused by perception differences so as to achieve desirable communication results.
In daily life we are flooded constantly by such a large variety of information however, we can not perceive all the information. We perceive only part of the information .we limit our attention to those aspects of strangers or the situations that are essential to what we are doing.
For instance, when asked what a human being is, some people may describe it from the perspective of skin color, others from that of race or nationality.
1)Cultural Influence on Selection
People are exposed to large quantities of outside stimuli, but they are able to perceive only part of these stimuli. They pay special attention to some stimuli, and in the meantime neglect some other stimuli. This selective process of perception is determined by one’s Cultural background. For example: She is a professional.
a Japanese athlete,after being terribly defeated, will force a smile on his face, because the smile is interpreted by him as a painful expression to cover his embarrassment of being defeated. But most American audience may interpret it as an expression indicating that the Japanese athlete doesn’t care about losing the game.
2) Organization/Categorization The second stage in the perception process is organization/categorization.
After selecting information from the outside world, we need to organize it in some way by finding certain meaningful patterns. This organization stage is accomplished by putting things or people into Categories. In this stage of perception, the social and physical events or objects we encounter will immediately have shape, color, texture, size etc.