2015《精神分裂症防治指南》第2版解读(郭中孟)
苯丙胺类所致精神障碍的诊治问题(郭中孟20150326更新)
F1x.5 精神病性障碍
这是在使用精神活性物质期间或之后立即出现的一 类精神现象。
其特点为生动的幻觉(典型者为听幻觉,但常涉及 一种以上的感官)、人物定向障碍、妄想和/或援 引观念(常具有偏执或被害色彩)、精神运动性障 碍(兴奋或木僵)以及异常情感表现,后者可从极 度恐惧到销魂状态。
感觉往往清晰,有某种程度的意识混浊,但不存在 严重的意识障碍。
17:25:46
22
苯丙胺类兴奋剂(Amphetamine-type stimulant,ATS)
ATS是指以(甲基)苯丙胺为代表的具有相 似化学结构和药理作用的一类化合物,其主 要药理毒理学作用有:
影响中脑边缘区欣快中枢,产生欣快体验; 中枢兴奋作用,使活动增加、疲劳感消失、
睡眠减少; 刺激延髓呼吸中枢,使呼吸频率和呼吸深度
挥发性溶剂(solvents)
中枢作用类似于中枢抑制剂 苯类、汽油、亚硝酸类、丙酮等
17:25:46
11
药物类型不同,精神/躯体依赖性和耐受性不 同
药物类型
吗啡类
精神依赖 躯体依赖 耐受性
强
强
强
酒和巴比妥类 较强
强
较强
种类
阿片、吗啡、海洛因、度冷丁 、可待因、美沙酮、镇痛新 酒类、巴比妥、BZD
可卡因类
强
不明显 不明显 COCA叶、可卡因
大麻类
较强
不明显 不明显 北美印度大麻、四氢大麻酚
苯丙胺类( 强 ATS)
致幻剂类
有
Khat类
有
17:25:46
次强 不明显 不明显
较强 较强 不明显
麻黄素、(甲基)苯丙胺、 MDMA、芬氟拉明、利他林
中国双相障碍指南第二版2015
Company Confidential
3
6/1/2019 © Eli Lilly and Company
编委会
• 主编: 于 欣 方贻儒
• 编者: 于 欣 方贻儒 王刚郝伟 胡 建 吕路线
• 秘书: 马燕桃 汪作为
• 其他参与编写人员: 胡昌清 孙 静 卞清涛 朱 玥
赵靖平 徐一峰 杨海晨
辛凤
马燕桃 李涛 陈俊
16
6/1/2019 © Eli Lilly and Company
诊断原则
• 症状学诊断与病程诊断并重原则 双相障碍是一种长期、慢性的精神障碍,其症状及病程非 常复杂,除了上述提到的共病、伴精神病性症状之外,另 外还有躁狂症状与抑郁症状不同程度混合、不同患者的发 作或循环模式不同等因素。 • 共病诊断原则 大量的研究表明,共病现象时双相障碍的突出表现之一。 双相障碍患者共病其他精神障碍非常常见。
Company Confidential
12
6/1/2019 © Eli Lilly and Company
双相障碍的临床评估——精神检查
一般描述 感知觉 心境和情感 思维 认知功能 意志 自知力
一般原则 观察 晤谈 症状记录
Company Confidential
郭万军
汪作为 张宁
徐佳军
刘铁榜 杨甫徳
潘苗
Company Confidential
4
6/1/2019 © Eli Lilly and Company
再版特色
• 传承 • 发展 • 精研 • 以国外高质量的RCT研究结果以及meta分析的资料作
为主要参照,以国内注册临床研究资料和符合条件的 RCT研究结果为佐证
精神分裂症指南解读演示课件
? 另外,针对 药物治疗安全性及耐受性 的评估同样 重要。
7
药物治疗分期
? 针对精神分裂症药物治疗程序,新版指南从以下 各个方面进行了阐述:
? 1、急性期治疗; ? 2、非自愿住院患者的处理及治疗原则; ? 3、慢性精神分裂症患者的急性期药物治疗; ? 4、难治性精神分裂症的药物治疗; ? 5、精神分裂症的长期治疗; ? 6、阴性、认知、抑郁症状的辅助治疗; ? 7、抗精神病药的不良反应与防治。
14
谱系
? DSM -5 中精神分裂症首次以谱系分类,称为精神分裂症谱系及其他精 神病性障碍,包括:
? 分裂型(人格) 障碍、妄想障碍、短暂精神病性障碍、精神分裂症 样障碍、精神分裂症、分裂情感性障碍(双相型/ 抑郁型)、物质 / 药物所致的精神病性障碍、由于其他躯体疾病所致的精神病性障 碍、紧张症、与其他精神 障碍有关的紧张症、由于其他躯体疾病所致的紧张症、未定的紧张症、 其他特定的精神分裂症谱系及其它他精神病性障碍、未定的精神分裂 症谱系及其他精神病性障碍。
2015《中国精神分裂症防治指南》 第二版解读
莱芜市精神病院 莱芜市荣军医院
杨秀成 副主任医师
2018.03.25
1
本指南目录
? 第1章 精神分裂症概述 ? 第2章 精神分裂症的病因与发病危险因素 ? 第3章 精神分裂症的临床评估和诊断分类 ? 第4章 精神分裂的治疗策略 ? 第5章 精神分裂症的治疗方法 ? 第6章 精神分裂症的药物治疗程序 ? 第7章 特殊人群精神分裂症 ? 第8章 精神分裂症的共病与治疗 ? 第9章 精神分裂症的康复 ? 参考文献(58篇) ? 附件1 精神分裂症国际最新治疗指南 ? 附件2 缩略语一览表
《精神分裂症防治指南》编写说明
度 。许 教授 对抗 精神 病药 物处 方过滥 的担 心不 是没
将那些初次来诊 、症状不典型的年轻患者诊断为精
神分 裂症 ,以免对他 们 的一生 带来 不 良影 响 。在 不
能确诊 的情 况下 ,可 以先 作 出症状 学诊 断 。有 个 患 者是个 十 几 岁 的学 生 , 因为 学 习 压 力 和 青 春 期 萌 动 ,出现短 暂 的幻 觉 并伴有 明显 的紧张 和恐惧 ,除
避免 发生 的问题 。下 面就相 关 问题做 一些 说 明和解
释。
2关于诊 断和鉴别诊 断的 内容单薄
许 教授 的这 个 问题可 谓一 针见 血 。导致 目前精 神分裂 症 防治指 南 不 尽 如 人 意 的原 因有 二 ,其 一 ,
最 初 的设想 是 只写药 物治 疗规 范 ,所 以把 大量 的精
精 神 科 医生 提 供 一 些 建 议 和 参 考 。2 0 0 0年 6月 , 国际精神 药物 治疗 规程 委 员会 ( 称 IAP 组 织 简 P )
3关 于有 关 可 疑 和 不 典 型 病 例
首先 要说 明 的 是 ,本 书 的 名 为 《 神 分 裂症 精 防治指南 》,所 以只 针对 已确 诊 的患 者 ,并 不 涉及
【 键词 】 精神分裂症 ;规范 ;指南 关
中 图分 类 号 :R 4 .0 文 献标 识 码 :A 文 章 编 号 :10 7935 0 0—62 (0 1 0 — 0 8— 2 7 9 2 1 )0 1 0 2 0
d i 0 36 /.s .0 0— 7 9 2 1 . 107 o :1.9 9ji n 10 6 2 .0 0 .0 s 1
碍 ,以及神经症与精神分裂症 的鉴别诊断在临床工 作 中的确很 重要 ,也 是很 复杂 的 问题 。再 版 时 ,编
2012WFSBP精神分裂症生物学治疗指南解读(江西郭中孟20141019)
比较FGAs与SGAs针对认知症状疗效的研究结论 并不一致:部分研究显示后者优于前者,而其他 一些研究则显示两者无显著差异。然而,并无研 究显示FGAs更优。因此,基于有限的证据,推荐 主要使用SGAs。
WFSBP(2012) 精神分裂症的 生物学治疗指南解读
江西省精神卫生中心
郭中孟 主任医师
2014.10
概述
本次更新基于 2005年WFSBP(世界生物精神病学联合会 )精神分裂症生物学治疗指南第1版。 本次修订中,制定者系统地回顾了所有与精神分裂症生物 学治疗相关的可用文献,力求基于循证学进行指南的修订 工作。 本指南提供了具有临床及科学意义的循证学实践建议,旨 在为所有诊断及治疗精神分裂症患者的医生所用。
除经肾清除的氨磺必利和帕利哌酮之外,几乎所有抗精神 病药均可导致肝酶升高及其他肝脏副作用,但直接肝毒性 较少,且主要发生于低效价吩噻嗪类抗精神病药。
鉴于人们在使用喹硫平的猎兔犬中观察到了白内障,针对 使用该药的患者,精神科医师应询问其远距视觉的质量及 有无视觉模糊,每年或每两年接受一次视觉评估。 所有存在抗胆碱属性的抗精神病药均可导致泌尿道问题、 口干及眼干,便秘及肠梗阻也或与抗胆碱效应相关。 唾液过多、流涎及牙齿问题常见于使用氯氮平的患者。
急性期治疗的重点在于药物(或其他躯体的)干 预手段。
因此,抗精神病药应作为全面治疗计划的必备组 分,治疗计划应强调患者本人的临床、情感及社 会需要。
特别提示
将抗精神病药划分为所谓第一代抗精神病药 ( FGA )和第二代抗精神病药( SGA )或较为主观 ,医生需要针对具体的临床情况选择合适的药物 ; 然而照顾到内容结构,尤其是几乎所有的临床试 验均使用这种划分方法,本指南制定者遂予以沿 用。 医生自己应清楚,这些术语所代表的实际上是一 种伪分类方法,而非具有临床及科学意义的分类 。
精神分裂症防治指南第二版解读
精神分裂症防治指南第二版解读来源: SCH通讯背景:2003年9月《精神分裂症防治指南》第一版已经推出试行,2007年正式出版,在《精神分裂症防治指南》第二版推出更新之前,第一版指南已经在临床中推广使用10多年。
在这10多年中,新型抗精神病药物品种在不断地增加,包括临床中经常使用的药物,特别是对于慢性、复发性的精神分裂症患者长效针剂的使用等,也包括一些新型抗精神病药物,比如阿塞那平、布南色林等。
这新型抗精神病药物的出现,满足了目前抗精神病药的治疗现状。
除此之外,目前贴近于临床实践的治疗研究的循证证据不断增多,特别是样本量多、大型基于真实世界的研究。
既往对于精神分裂症的认知是一种慢性疾病,甚至有人称之为精神科的“慢性癌症”。
当然这是因为大家对精神分裂症的治疗、预后及现状并不乐观,或者悲观。
随着近年来,精神药理学的不断发展和临床实践治疗研究的循证证据的不断增加,对于精神分裂症首发患者和病程早期患者的疗效不断得到了改善,所以基于国内外一些治疗实践指南的更新,进行了《精神分裂症防治指南》的更新,也就是《中国精神分裂症防治指南(第二版)》。
与第一版相比,《中国精神分裂症防治指南(第二版)》更新的重点内容主要为以下四个方面:国内外新上市的抗精神病药物(包括临床上已经使用的药物如氨磺必利、阿立哌唑长效针剂等等)、新的临床研究证据与Meta分析结果、更为完善先进的治疗理念(首发/病程早期精神分裂症患者治疗理念更新等)、增加国外治疗指南的更新建议和内容(特别是欧美发达国家,如新西兰、澳洲、加拿大等更新的指南内容)。
《中国精神分裂症防治指南(第二版)》强调首先精神分裂症需要全程的长期治疗,其次精神分裂症急性期药物选择是至关重要的,再就是推荐使用安全性高且耐受性好的抗精神病药物,这些药物可以提高患者药物治疗的依从性。
因为根据既往研究可知,大约70%的精神分裂症患者依从性较差,能够出院后巩固治疗2年以上的患者不足30%,临床治疗现状不容乐观。
中国双相障碍指南第二版2015
编写进度
• 2014.4.27 《中国双相障碍防治指南》修订筹备会议 • 2014.8.24 《中国双相障碍防治指南》(第二版)审稿会 • 2014.12.21 《中国双相障碍防治指南》(第二版)定稿会 • 2015.3正式提交中华医学会精神医学分会常委会讨论
编委会
• 主编: 于 欣 方贻儒
• 编者: 于 欣 方贻儒 王刚郝伟 胡 建 吕路线
指南架构
第一版 1.双相障碍的概念 2.双相障碍的流行病学及防治现状 3.双相障碍的危险因素及发病机制 4.双相障碍的临床评估与诊断分类 5.双相障碍的治疗 6.双相障碍治疗规范化程序 7.特殊人群中双相障碍的处理 8.双相障碍的人群防治 9.双相障碍防治指南的推广和实施 附录(量表)、参考文献
第二版 1.双相障碍概要 2.双相障碍临床评估 3.双相障碍诊断与鉴别 4.双相障碍治疗建议 5.特殊类型、人群与治疗鉴别 6.双相障碍治疗循证医学证据 7.双相障碍疾病管理 8.参考文献 9.附录 (ICD-10和DSM-5、国外指南简介和量表 等)
指南重点
• 强调全病程管理的理念 • 以循证证据作为指南的编写依据 • 关注了双相障碍的早期识别 • 重视双相障碍的复杂性和共病处理 • 强调并确立了心境稳定剂的一线治疗地位 • 提示了新型抗精神病药物单药治疗双相障碍的作用
强调全病程管理的理念
分期
治疗目的
急性治疗期 控制症状、 缩短病程
治疗时间
一般原则 观察 晤谈 症状记录
量表评定与辅助检查
诊断量表 症状量表 自评量表 • 32项轻躁狂症状清单(HCL-32) • 心境障碍问卷(mood disorder questionnaire, MDQ) • 双相谱系诊断量表(bipolar spectrum diagnostic
精神分裂症全病程干预全面降复发:指南解读2.0ppt课件
目前主要的精神分裂症治疗指南
美国长效抗精 神病药物治疗 指南
APA指南
英国精神药理 学会指南
NICE指南 PORT共识
提纲:指南关于预防复发的几个重要问题
• 预防复发需要长期维持治疗
• 预防复发从首次发作做起
• 预防复发药物的优势选择 • 长效针剂问与答
指南为什么这样认为?
指南有哪些共同理念?
指南有哪些观点值得推敲?
John Kane The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009 195: 63-67
对首次发作患者的5年随访研究
• 104例首次发作患者 • 目的:了解首发患者的复发情况和影响因素
Robinson D,Am J Psychiatry 156:4, April 1999
– 药物治疗 – 家庭干预 – 工疗
Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 36 no. 1 pp. 48–70, 2010
PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia(APA指南)
急性期的治疗目标除了控制阳性症状,还需要了解患者 此次发作的诱因,尽快使患者回到正常的社会功能,以 及制定长期的维持治疗计划
对首次发作患者的5年随访研究
• 5年随访研究显示,不持续治疗是复发唯一的、强烈的预 测因素! • 中断治疗患者的首次和第二次复发风险是维持治疗者的5 倍 • 精神分裂症患者应坚持长期维持治疗!
Robinson D,Am J Psychiatry 156:4, April 1999
提纲:指南关于预防复发的几个重要问题
首次发作的患者需要维持治疗多久?
分裂症的防治指南治疗2课件
〔一〕前驱期病症
心境变化: 抑郁、焦虑、激越、情绪不稳等
认知改变: 奇怪或模糊观念, 学习工作退化
感知觉改变〔对自身或外界〕
行为改变:如退缩,兴趣改变、猜疑、角色 功能退化等
生理功能改变:睡眠、食欲、精力、动机 等 绝大局部病人从出现轻度异常到病症 明朗化常可持续数月甚至数年之久
国家汽车产业政策的相继出台和落实 ,势必 对汽车 消费起 到了拉 动作用 ;而银 行汽车 消费信 贷的推 出和实 现,则 是汽车 消费市 场快速 成长和 发展不 可或缺 的重要 手段。
三、分裂症发病的有关因素-神经生化假说
DA学说 中枢谷胺酸功能缺乏 5HT假说:LSD-25〔5-HT抗代谢物〕,可以
引起类似精神分裂症的病症。 Ach假说; 血小板MAO活性降低假说;
国家汽车产业政策的相继出台和落实 ,势必 对汽车 消费起 到了拉 动作用 ;而银 行汽车 消费信 贷的推 出和实 现,则 是汽车 消费市 场快速 成长和 发展不 可或缺 的重要 手段。
国家汽车产业政策的相继出台和落实 ,势必 对汽车 消费起 到了拉 动作用 ;而银 行汽车 消费信 贷的推 出和实 现,则 是汽车 消费市 场快速 成长和 发展不 可或缺 的重要 手段。
2.思维障碍〔核心病症〕
思维内容障碍:包括病人的观念、信念、对外部 事物的认知等方面。最主要的表现是妄想。
思维形式障碍:包括思维散漫、思维破裂、思维 不连贯、词的杂拌、语词新作、模仿语言、重复 语言、刻板言语、内向性思维和沉默症等。
2.2目前的严峻形势和我们的任务 在21世纪,精神病已经列为中国疾病负担的
第一位; 精神分裂症的终身患病率有上升的趋势; 大多数农村精神分裂症未承受治疗的原因是
经济水平低和认识缺乏; 以社区为根底的康复〔CBR〕开展的还很不够
2015国家临床指南:成人精神分裂症患者和复杂心理卫生需求的治疗
NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2015;EARLY ONLINE:1–10/10.3109/08039488.2015.1074285Treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs –A national clinical guidelineLone Baandrup 1,Jesper Østrup Rasmussen 2,Louise Klokker 3,Stephen Fitzgerald Austin 4,Thomas Bjørnshave 5,Vibeke Fuglsang Bliksted 6,Anders Fink-Jensen 7,Allan Hedegaard Fohlmann 8,Jens Peter Hansen 9,Malene Kristine Nielsen 10,Karl Erik Sandsten 11,Vilhelm Schultz 7,Susanne Voss-Knude 7,and Merete Nordentoft 121Danish Health and Medicines Authority and Mental Health Centre Glostrup,Denmark,2Danish Health and Medicines Authority,Denmark,3Danish Health and Medicines Authority and the Parker Institute,Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital,Denmark,4Mental Health Centre Nordsjælland,Denmark,5General Practice,Aars,Denmark,6Aarhus University Hospital,Risskov,Denmark,7Mental Health CentreCopenhagen,Denmark,8Frederiksbergpsykologen,Frederiksberg,Denmark,9Mental Health Services,Region of Southern Denmark and Institute of Regional Health Research,University of Southern Denmark,Odense,Denmark,10Danish Health and Medicines Authority,Copenhagen,Denmark,11Mental Health Centre Hvidovre,Denmark,and 12Danish Health and Medicines Authority,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen and Institute of Clinical Medicine,Faculty of Health Science,University of Copenhagen,DenmarkABSTRACTBackground and aim :The Danish Health and Medicines Authority assembled a group of experts to develop a national clinical guideline for patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs.Within this context,ten explicit review questions were formulated,covering several identified key issues.Methods :Systematic literature searches were performed stepwise for each review question to identify relevant guidelines,systematic reviews/meta-analyses,and randomized controlled trials.The quality of the body of evidence for each review question was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation (GRADE)system.Clinical recommendations were developed on the basis of the evidence,assessment of the risk-benefit ratio,and perceived patient preferences.Results :Based on the identified evidence,a guideline development group (GDG)recommended that the following interventions should be offered routinely:antipsychotic maintenance therapy,family intervention and assertive community treatment.The following interventions should be considered:long-acting injectable antipsychotics,neurocognitive training,social cognitive training,cognitive behavioural therapy for persistent positive and/or negative symptoms,and the combination of cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing for cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse.SSRI or SNRI add-on treatment for persistent negative symptoms should be used only cautiously.Where no evidence was available,the GDG agreed on a good practice recommendation.Conclusions :The implemen-tation of this guideline in daily clinical practice can facilitate good treatment outcomes within the population of patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs.The guideline does not cover all available interventions and should be used in conjunction with other relevant guidelines.KEY WORDSClinical guideline,GRADE,meta-analysis,quality of evidence,schizophrenia,strength ofrecommendationsA national clinical guideline is a set of systematically prepared,evidence-based scientific recommendations describing specific features of the diagnostic evaluation,the treatment,the care,or the rehabilitation for specific patient groups.Consequently,a national clinical guide-line does not cover the entire spectrum of relevant interventions from diagnosis across treatment and care.The Danish government decided in 2012to launch a programme with the aim of developing 50national clinical guidelines within various disease areas.The medical associations and other relevant stake-holders were given the opportunity to suggest relevant areas characterized by a lack of knowledge of evidence-based approaches,or with pronounced regional vari-ation in choice of intervention.The Danish Health and Medicines Authority (DHMA)was responsible for orga-nizing and developing the national clinical guidelines and for deciding on the broad topics amongst the incoming suggestions.This national clinical guideline examining interventions for patients with schizophreniaCorrespondence:Lone Baandrup,Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR),Mental Health Centre Glostrup,Ndr.Ringvej 29-67,DK-2600Glostrup,Denmark.lone.baandrup@regionh.dk !2015Taylor &FrancisD o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015and complex mental health needs was developed from June 2014to April 2015.It was published online by the DHMA in Danish on 22May 2015(the full report is available from http://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/udgivel-ser/2015/nkr-skizofreni).This article summarizes the contents of this guideline.AimsThe aim of this study was to develop an evidence-based national clinical guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs.The guideline comprised the following 10explicit review questions:Pharmacological treatment(1)What are the consequences of reducing the cloza-pine dosage in schizophrenia patients with satisfac-tory symptomatic improvement,but with plasma clozapine levels above the upper limit in the therapeutic range?(2)What is the effect of long-acting injectable anti-psychotics in schizophrenia patients with poor medication adherence and persisting positive symptoms?(3)What is the effect of SSRI/SNRI add-on therapy totreat persistent negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia?(4)What is the effect of discontinuing antipsychotictreatment in patients with schizophrenia and insuf-ficient response to previous antipsychotic treatment (provided adequate dosing and duration of several antipsychotic compounds including clozapine)?Psychosocial and psychotherapeutic treatment(5)What is the effect of family intervention in patientswith schizophrenia and functional impairment?(6)What is the effect of neurocognitive training inpatients with schizophrenia and functional impairment?(7)What is the effect of social cognitive training inpatients with schizophrenia and functional impairment?(8)What is the effect of cognitive behavioural therapyin patients with schizophrenia and functional impairment?(9)What is the effect of combining cognitive behav-ioural therapy and motivational interviewing in the treatment of schizophrenia patients with co-morbid cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse?Access and engagement(10)What is the effect of assertive community treat-ment (ACT)in schizophrenia patients with difficul-ties retaining contact with outpatient mental health care facilities?Materials and methodsThe clinical guideline was developed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Develop-ment and Evaluation (GRADE)system ().The DHMA assembled a guideline development group (GDG)comprising professionals in psychiatry,clinical psychology,nursing,general practice,and academic experts in psychiatry and psychology.Mental health care users were not represented in the GDG.The chair of the GDG was appointed by the DHMA,and the members of the GDG were appointed by an open recruitment process during which relevant organ-izations were asked to nominate candidates.An aca-demic review team was appointed by the DHMA.This review team undertook the systematic literature searches,reviewed and presented the evidence to the GDG,managed the process,and drafted the guideline.The academic review team produced the GRADE evi-dence profiles and the Summary of Findings Tables using GRADE profiler (GRADEpro)software (version 3.6).These tables were used to summarize the evidence for each outcome in addition to the quality of the evidence,which was evaluated according to the presence and severity of methodological limitations,inconsistency,indirectness,imprecision and publication bias (1).The quality of the evidence was graded according to the GRADE system as high (ÈÈÈÈ),moderate (ÈÈÈ*),low (ÈÈ**),or very low (È***).The definitions of each grading level were as follows:‘‘high quality’’,further research is very unlikely to change our confi-dence in the estimate of effect;‘‘moderate quality’’,further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate;‘‘low quality’’,further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate;very low quality ,we are very uncertain about the estimate (1).In advance of the first assembly of the GDG,the chair and the review team decided on a more narrow definition of the plex mental health needs were defined in this context as:1)functional impairment due to persisting symptoms despite relevant treatment with antipsychotics,2)co-morbid cannabis and/or cen-tral stimulant abuse,or 3)difficulties establishing and2L.BAANDRUP ET AL.D o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015maintaining a stable contact with the mental health care services.Because of the time and work frames of the project,other relevant topics,e.g.co-morbid medical disorders,physical health and alcohol abuse were not covered.Furthermore,alcohol abuse in people with mental disorders will be covered in a future national clinical guideline.After defining the focus of the guideline,the chair,in collaboration with the review team,suggested ten explicit interventions to be evaluated.These suggestions were revised at the first meeting with the GDG and again after feedback from a reference group.The reference group represented various stakeholders including governmental institutions,regional and local mental health care organ-izers,and representatives from national service user groups.The interventions which were finally selected were formulated according to the PICO principle with specific definitions of the patient population (P),the intervention (I),the comparison (C),and the outcomes of interest (O)as defined by the GDG.For each review question a systematic literature search and an evaluation of the literature retrieved was performed.The literature search was carried out from 3July to 5December 2014.The following databases were searched:Guidelines International Network,NICE,National Guideline Clearinghouse,Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,HTA database,SBU (Sweden),Socialstyrelsen (Sweden),Helsedirektoratet (Norway),Kunnskapssenteret (Norway),MEDLINE,Embase,PsycINFO and CINAHL.Detailed search strategies for each review question and each database are available from http://sundhedsstyrel-sen.dk/da/udgivelser/2015/nkr-skizofreni.The literature search was organized into three con-secutive steps.First,existing international guidelines were retrieved and scrutinized for any relevant content according to the defined review questions.All relevant guidelines were evaluated using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Instrument (AGREE II),which systematically assesses all aspects of guideline quality (2).The next step involved searching for systematic reviews and meta-analyses from the date where the relevant retrieved guideline(s)(if any)ended their literature search.All relevant materials according to the specified review questions at this step were assessed for quality using the tool AMSTAR that systematically assesses the methodological quality of systematic reviews (3).During the final step,literature searches for relevant primary literature (randomized controlled trials)were performed from the date where the relevant retrieved systematic reviews and meta-analyses (if any)ended their literature search.All relevant materials were assessed for quality using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias (4).Each step of bothliterature selection and evaluation was performed inde-pendently by two reviewers:one person from the academic review team and one person from the GDG.For each review question and at each step of the literature search,as much material as possible was extracted,on the condition that the material was of sufficient methodological quality.For each outcome in each review question,a meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model due to expected heterogeneity among studies.For binary outcomes,the risk ratio (RR)was calculated,and for continuous outcomes measured on different scales,the standar-dized mean difference (SMD)was reported.If a continu-ous outcome was measured on only one scale,the mean difference between the intervention groups was calcu-lated.Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I 2statistics.The risk of publication bias was estimated by visual inspection of funnel plots.After having retrieved and assessed the body of evidence of each review question,the review team presented this evidence to the GDG.The GDG then formulated recommendations for each intervention examined,taking into account the quality of the evidence,the balance between desirable and undesirable effects,and the perceived patient preference with regard to the intervention (1,5,6).In the absence of evidence,a group discussion and consensus process was adopted,and the GDG decided on a good practice recommendation.Various stakeholders had the opportunity to com-ment on the draft guideline during a consultation period preceding the publication of the guideline.Following the consultation,all comments from the stakeholders and two specifically appointed expert peer-reviewers were discussed by the review team and the GDG,and the guideline was revised accordingly by the anizational and health economic issues were per definition not considered in the development of this national clinical guideline.ResultsEach review question was explicitly defined,including identification of key outcome(s)and other important outcomes.The selection of outcome variables was in accordance with the views of the GDG,and included both efficacy,safety and tolerability variables as well as patient related outcomes.The meta-analytic results for each review question are presented in detail in the summary of findings tables available as online supple-mentary material to this article.The findings are summarized below together with the subsequent clinical recommendations.A summary of the recommendations is provided in Table 1.NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 3D o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015Pharmacological treatmentReview question 1addressed the clinical situation characterized by a satisfactory response and acceptable tolerability to clozapine treatment,but with plasma levels above the upper limit in the therapeutic range (defined as the range that includes 80%of patients treated with recommended or regular doses).This review question addressed the effects of lowering the dosage,as a response to the increased plasma level,compared with continued treatment with unchanged dosage.In clinical practice,clozapine dosage is often hastily reduced or the treatment is withdrawn as a sudden response to measurements of increased plasma levels.Such behaviour may contribute to psychotic relapses in patients previously well treated on clozapine.We found no literature that directly addressed this question,but we included in the GDG’s discussion a systematic literature review examining the evidence base for operating with an upper limit in the therapeutic range (7).The GDG concluded that there was no evidence for a safety-based upper limit of recommended clozapine plasma levels,but that increased plasma levels indicate that the responsible physician should reconsider whether dosage reduction is possible in order to minimize adverse reactions.However,if dosage reduc-tion is impossible or considered to be impossible fromprevious experience,measurements of increased cloza-pine levels should not by itself be considered a sufficient reason to reduce or even discontinue clozapine treat-ment.Consequently,the GDG concluded that it is good practice to adjust clozapine dosage according to the clinical response and the individual tolerability,even if this implies exceeding the upper limit in the defined therapeutic range.The GDG emphasized that in patients suffering from considerable adverse reactions,an increased level of plasma clozapine should always indicate a need for dosage reduction.Review question 2examined whether treatment with long-acting injectable (LAI)antipsychotics should be preferred above oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia who do not use their prescribed anti-psychotic medication regularly.The body of evidence for this question consisted of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)examining the efficacy of LAI antipsychotics compared with oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia (8)supplemented by add-itional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (9–11).There were no differences in investigated parameters of efficacy (including relapse,hospitalization,and all-cause discontinuation)or adverse events between LAI and oral antipsychotic use (supple-mentary Table 1).However,the quality of the evidenceTable 1.Summary of the clinical guideline recommendations.Pharmacological treatment ˇIt is good practice to adjust clozapine dosage according to the clinical response and the individual tolerability,even if this implies exceeding the upper limit in the definedtherapeutic range.However,clozapine levels above the upper limit in this range always indicate a need to reconsider whether the patient could be managed on a lower dosage.ˇFor patients with no previous or current response to several antipsychotic compounds,including clozapine,it is good practice to gradually taper any on-going antipsychotic treatment,paying particular attention to the risk of aggravated psychotic symptoms.""Maintenance antipsychotic treatment should be used routinely for non-remitted schizophrenia patients with a previous antipsychotic drug response."Long-acting injectable antipsychotics should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with poor medication adherence.#SSRI/SNRI add-on therapy for persisting negative symptoms should be used only cautiously and after careful consideration.Psychosocial and psychotherapeutic treatment ""Family intervention should be offered routinely to schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning."Neurocognitive training should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning."Social cognitive training should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning."Cognitive behavioural therapy should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with persisting positive and/or negative symptoms."The combination of cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with co-morbid cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse.Access and engagement ""Assertive community treatment should be used routinely for schizophrenia patients who cannot comply with usual outpatient mental health care settings.ˇGood practice (in the absence of any relevant evidence).""Strong recommendation for the experimental intervention."Weak recommendation for the experimental intervention.#Weak recommendation against the experimental intervention.4L.BAANDRUP ET AL.D o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015was downgraded due to indirectness,because a sub-group analysis suggested that the adherence rate was similar between the LAI and the oral group.As such,the patients included in the meta-analysis were considered not to be representative of the clinical population that is believed to benefit the most from LAI treatment,i.e.patients with poor adherence.Thus,there is a lack of RCTs to inform the treatment choice in patients with poor adherence,who will,for the most part,not be able to participate in regular RCTs with strict eligibility criteria and demands for multiple and extensive examinations.A better indication of the effectiveness of LAI antipsych-otics compared with oral antipsychotics in the relevant clinical population may be found in observational studies (cohort studies and mirror-image studies).The effectiveness outcomes in observational studies (12,13)point very strongly to a substantial benefit of LAI antipsychotics;the relative risk of hospitalization was more than halved for LAI compared with oral antipsych-otics (supplementary Table 1).However,the results from these studies must generally be considered with a potentially high risk of bias,and the quality of the evidence is generally rated lower than for RCTs.Thus,the GDG recommended considering the use of LAI anti-psychotics for treatment of schizophrenia patients with evident or suspected poor medication adherence.Review question 3investigated the efficacy of add-on treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI),or serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)to treat persisting negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.The patient population in this question did not include patients with depression (as verified clinically)nor substantial depressive symptoms (as verified by a Hamilton Depression Scale score below 15).The body of evidence for this question consisted of 15RCTs identified during the literature search (14–28).The current meta-analysis indicated a therapeutic bene-fit in favour of SSRIs regarding negative symptoms,but the effect size was small (SMD 0.31;95%CI 0.10–0.51)and the clinical relevance questionable (supplementary Table 2).The reporting of adverse events was poor and inconsistent across the studies.There was no difference between the groups regarding neurological adverse events,and psychotic symptoms did neither worsen nor improve with SSRI therapy.Obvious adverse reactions such as serotonergic and sexual side effects together with suicidal ideation were poorly reported in only a few of the studies.Neither absence nor presence of suicide or suicide attempts was mentioned in any of the studies.Hence,the GDG concluded that the risk–benefit ratio was uncertain and recommended that SSRI/SNRI add-on therapy for persisting negative symptoms should only be used cautiously.The evidence base for the use ofadd-on SNRI pointed in the same direction but consisted of only one smaller study and was thus very weak (supplementary Table 3).Review question 4examined the consequences of discontinuing antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients who have not responded to previous antipsych-otic drug treatment including at least two different second-generation agents AND clozapine (all of suffi-cient dosage and duration).The body of evidence for this question comprised a meta-analysis comparing antipsychotic maintenance treatment with discontinu-ation in schizophrenia patients who were stabilized on antipsychotic medication prior to discontinuation (29).Only trials including non-remitted patients were included in the current body of evidence to match the a priori defined patient population for this national clinical guideline.The body of evidence was supple-mented by additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (30,31).There was strong evidence for a relapse preventing effect (RR 0.38;95%CI 0.32–0.46)of antipsychotic maintenance treatment in schizophrenia patients who had previously responded to antipsychotic drug treatment (only trials with such ‘‘enriched’’design were identified)(supplementary Table 4).For patients who have not previously shown any or very little response to antipsychotic treatment there was no evidence available to inform the choice of treatment.As is well documented,antipsychotic drugs are associated with numerous adverse reactions,and in the current meta-analysis a 2.8times higher risk of substantial weight gain as compared with placebo was documented (supplementary Table 4).Based on the current evidence,the GDG recommended the use of maintenance antipsychotics for non-remitted schizo-phrenia patients with a previous antipsychotic drug response as routine treatment.For patients with no previous or current response to several antipsychotic compounds,including clozapine,the GDG gave a good practice recommendation to taper gradually any on-going antipsychotic drug treatment paying close atten-tion to the risk of worsened psychotic symptoms.Psychosocial and psychotherapeutic treatmentReview question 5investigated the efficacy of family intervention as add-on to treatment as usual (TAU)in patients with schizophrenia and functional impairment,which was defined as diminished ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).IADL are self-care activities enabling the individual to live independ-ently in a community,i.e.shopping,housekeeping,accounting,food preparation,telephone and transpor-tation.The body of evidence for this question consistedNORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 5D o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015of a meta-analysis (32),supplemented by additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (33–44).The results of the current meta-analysis indicated a substantial beneficial effect of family inter-vention on risk of relapse (RR 0.55;95%CI 0.47–0.65),length of hospitalization (mean difference 3.20;1.86–4.54),carer satisfaction (SMD 0.34;0.05–0.63),quality of life (SMD 0.50;0.25–0.75)and social functioning (SMD 0.42;0.15–0.70)(supplementary Table 5).The GDG therefore recommended that family intervention should be offered routinely to schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning,despite the evidence of low quality.Review question 6evaluated the efficacy of neurocog-nitive training as add-on therapy to TAU in patients with schizophrenia and functional impairment,which was defined as diminished ability to perform IADL.The body of evidence consisted of a meta-analysis (45)and the most recent NICE guideline (46),supplemented by additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (47–63).The current meta-analysis did not find any effect on the global cognition score,but the intervention seemed to improve working memory (SMD 0.66;95%CI 0.27–1.04),social functioning (SMD 0.56;0.16–0.96),and to a lesser extent verbal learning (SMD 0.23;0.09–0.55)(supplementary Table 6).No adverse events were identified.Consequently,the GDG recom-mended that compensatory neurocognitive training (scaffolding)should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning.Review question 7evaluated the efficacy of social cognitive training (including social skills training)as add-on therapy to TAU in patients with schizophrenia and functional impairment,which was defined as diminished ability to perform IADL.The body of evidence comprised the latest NICE guideline (46)and a meta-analysis (64),supplemented by additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (65–71).The current meta-analysis identified a substantial therapeutic benefit of social cognitive training on emotion processing (SMD 0.81;95%CI 0.50–1.12)and social functioning at longest follow-up (SMD 0.54;0.04–1.04),but no effect on theory of mind (supplementary Table 7).No adverse events were identified.Based on the current evidence,the GDG recommended that social cognitive training should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with impaired functioning.Review question 8evaluated the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)as add-on to TAU in patients with schizophrenia and functional impairment due to persisting positive and/or negative symptoms.The body of evidence was identified from the latest NICE guideline (46)and a recent meta-analysis (72),supplementedby additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (73,74).The current meta-analysis showed an effect of CBT on both positive and negative symptoms at the end of the intervention,but the effect sizes were small:SMD 0.34(95%CI 0.10–0.58)for positive symptoms and SMD 0.32(0.04–0.59)for negative symptoms (supplementary Table 7).These effect sizes were not considered large enough to justify a strong recommendation.There was no effect of the intervention on social functioning or other pre-defined important outcomes,and no effect on symptomatology 4–6months after the intervention.No adverse events were identified.Reflecting these findings,the GDG recommended that CBT should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with persisting positive and/or negative symptoms.Review question 9examined the efficacy of combining CBT and motivational interviewing (MI)compared with TAU for the treatment of cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse in patients with schizophrenia.The body of evidence consisted of a recent meta-analysis (75).No further RCTs were identified during the updated literature search.According to the current meta-analysis,there were no differences in key outcomes (cannabis or central stimulant abuse)or other important outcomes (e.g.symptoms,social functioning)between CBT/MI and TAU (supplementary Table 9).These results were based on only a few studies for each outcome,and for this reason it was not possible to draw any firm conclusions about the efficacy of CBT/MI versus TAU.However,as there is evidence for efficacy of both CBT and MI in treatment of substance abuse in general (i.e.not addressing patients with psychosis)(76,77),the GDG recommended that CBT/MI should be considered for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with co-morbid cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse.Access and engagementReview question 10investigated the efficacy of ACT compared with TAU in schizophrenia patients with difficulties retaining contact with outpatient mental health care facilities.The body of evidence was identified from the most recent NICE guideline (46)and a meta-analysis (78),supplemented by additional relevant RCTs identified during the updated literature search (79,80).The current meta-analysis showed substantial effects of the intervention with regard to preventing loss of contact (RR 0.40;95%CI 0.27–0.61)and reducing length of hospitalization (mean difference 0.86;0.35–1.38)(supplementary Table 10).In addition,the patients were more satisfied with ACT than TAU (SMD 0.75;0.11–0.38)and experienced fewer symptoms,albeit the effect6L.BAANDRUP ET AL.D o w n l o a d e d b y [P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y ] a t 23:28 27 O c t o b e r 2015。
分裂症药物治疗进展(6.2郭中孟院内讲课)
• 研究结果 • 分析共纳入了167项随机双盲对照研究,共 28,102名受试者,平均年龄为38.7(SD 5.5)岁, 平均病程为13.4(SD 4.7)年; • 出现频率较高的药物包括氯丙嗪(36项研究)、 氟哌啶醇(28项研究)、奥氮平(20项研究)、 利培酮(15项研究)等。 • 70项(42%)研究由药企赞助,72项(43%)研 究并非主要由药企赞助,25项赞助情况不明。
1.Kandet ER et al. Principles of Neural Science 2.Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology
抗精神病药物受体作用及潜在临床意义
抗精神病药通过阻断/激动神经递质受体发挥作用(包括疗效及副作用) 受体作用
拮抗D2受体 拮抗5-HT2A受体 拮抗5-HT2C受体 激动5-HT1A受体
精神分裂症药物治疗需要说明的 几个问题
• 强调在临床实践中,精神科医生治疗的是临床症 状,而非某种疾病。 • 精神分裂症并非一种精神病,而是一组精神病性 症状构成的。其临床症状并不具有特异性。 • 精神分裂症的疾病基础并不十分清楚,但抗精神 病药物的确能通过减少或消除症状来缓解痛苦。 • 我们将精神分裂症和精神疾病的综合症分解到症 状的维度,以便针对特定的临床症状来进行治疗。
• 副作用 • ▲ 相比于安慰剂,抗精神病药导致运动障 碍、镇静、体重增加、催乳素升高、QTc间 期延长的风险均更高。
• 介导因素 • ▲ 研究者共发现了16个随时间变化的研究特征; 然而,多变量meta回归分析显示,仅有药企赞助 及安慰剂效应的增强是抗精神病药相比于安慰剂 治疗效应值的调节因素。 • ▲ 令人意外的是,相比于非药企赞助研究,药企 赞助研究中的抗精神病药效应值反而更低,幅度 为0.16。 • ▲ 多年来,抗精神病药治疗的应答情况保持稳定。
中国精神分裂症防治指南的部分简介专家讲座
1987年全国残疾人抽样调查:精神残疾占各类 疾病所形成残疾4.4%。
1994-1996在四川新津县精神分裂症流行病学调 查,510例精神分裂症病人中,有156例从未接 收过任何治疗(30.6%);354例接收过治疗。 前者临床痊愈率为9.6%,后者为31.1%.
在缺乏治疗情况下,自然好转及痊愈率为17.9%;
中国精神分裂症防治指南的部分简介
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2.2.2当前严峻形势和我们任务 在21世纪,精神病已经列为中国疾病负担第
一位; 精神分裂症终生患病率有上升趋势; 大多数农村精神分裂症未接收治疗原因是经
济水平低和认识不足; 以小区为基础康复(CBR)开展还很不够。 2.2.3对策:
中国精神分裂症防治指南的部分简介
大约2/3精神分裂症病人保留有显著精神病症状, 社会功效严重损害,残疾率高。
中国精神分裂症防治指南的部分简介
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2.2 精神分裂症防治现实状况
2.2.1中国精神分裂症防治回顾 (1)建国早期:工作重点是对重性精神病收容、管
理和治疗; (2)20世纪70年代以来,已经基本完成城镇基层卫
生组织建设,建立了精神病三级防治网;医院建立 防治科,开展了大规模精神病普查及流调;培训了 基层医务人员,在农村建立了家庭病床,大大降低 了以精神分裂症为主精神病复发率和社会肇事率; (3)20世纪80年代,精神卫生工作得到重视。
MZ同病率是6-73%;DZ为2.1-12.3%
寄养子研究
中国精神分裂症防治指南的部分简介
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相关遗传原因当代研究主要是在精神分裂症高 发家族中寻找染色体和基因异常.
最少有二分之一染色体被报道过与精神分裂症 相关
其中报道较多有第5、11、21和8号染色体长臂 及第19号染色体短臂和X染色体
精神分裂症指南解读PPT演示课件
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概述部分的变化
新版指南强调:精神分裂症需要全程的长期治疗。 抗精神病药物的维持治疗对预防疾病复发非常重 要,是决定疾病预后和社会功能损害程度的关键 因素,一定要保持急性期治疗获得的临床治愈疗 效,避免疾病复发与症状的波动。
维持治疗的时间为: ★首发患者:至少需要2年 ★一次复发的患者:需要3-5年 ★多次复发者:需要维持治疗5年以上
多次发作,目前在急性发作期;多次发作,目前为部分缓 解;多次发作,目前为完全缓解。
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症状群
近年来,有些学者根据症状的聚类分析结果, 将 精神分裂症患者的临床表现分为以下5个症状群 (5维症状):
阳性症状、阴性症状、认知症状、攻击敌意、焦 虑抑郁。
该描述对加深对精神分裂症的认识以及探讨药物 治疗的靶ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ状有一定的价值。
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谱系
DSM -5 中精神分裂症首次以谱系分类,称为精神分裂症谱系及其他精 神病性障碍,包括:
分裂型(人格) 障碍、妄想障碍、短暂精神病性障碍、精神分裂症 样障碍、精神分裂症、分裂情感性障碍(双相型/ 抑郁型)、物质 / 药物所致的精神病性障碍、由于其他躯体疾病所致的精神病性障 碍、紧张症、与其他精神 障碍有关的紧张症、由于其他躯体疾病所致的紧张症、未定的紧张症、 其他特定的精神分裂症谱系及其它他精神病性障碍、未定的精神分裂 症谱系及其他精神病性障碍。
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关于超说明书使用
指南同样就药物的超说明书使用(off-label use of medications) 进行了说明。
指南中介绍的药物中有一些药物仅在国外获得了精神分裂症的适应证 许可,但在国内尚未获得精神分裂症的适应证许可;
有一些药物在国内外均未获得精神分裂症的适应证许可(药品说明书 上未标明精神分裂症为适应证),但经常被临床用于精神分裂症的增 效治疗或辅助治疗。
精神分裂症防治指南
精神分裂症防治指南《精神分裂症防治指南》2007版中国精神障碍防治指南精神分裂症防治指南主编单位中华医学会前言由卫生部疾病预防控制局、中国疾病预防控制中心精神卫生中心和中华医学会精神病学分会牵头,编写《中国精神障碍防治指南》(以下简称《指南》)。
现已完成的是:精神分裂症、抑郁障碍、双相障碍、老年期痴呆和儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)。
它们是《中国精神卫生工作规划,(2002~2010年)》(以下简称《规划》)中规定的重点疾病。
精神分裂症及双相障碍(旧称躁狂抑郁症),无疑是目前我国精神科服务的重点,而且在今后一段时间内仍然是我国专科服务的重点病种。
抑郁障碍,则包括一组以情绪低落为主要表现的精神疾病或精神障碍,患病率相当高,正在日益引起人们的重视。
以上三类精神疾病,均被世界卫生组织列为造成主要劳动力年龄段(15~45岁)的十大主要致病病种。
随着人口的老龄化,老年期痴呆将为今后一段时期中,致残率增长最快的精神障碍。
ADHD(旧称多动症),则为儿童最常见的精神障碍。
本《指南》参考和借鉴了国内外最新研究成果和指导建议,国际精神药物治疗规程委员会(IPAP)以及美国哈佛医学院的专家也多次提出咨询建议。
在格式方面则参照卫生部和高血压联盟制定的《中国高血压防治指南》(试行本)。
本《指南》的指导思想之一是:精神分裂症、抑郁障碍、双相障碍和ADHD 的发生和发展,都是生物一心理一社会因素综合作用的结果,它们的防治必须采取生物一心理一社会的综合措施。
.合适的精神药物治疗对上述疾病有肯定的效果,但是不能忽视也不能偏废心理社会干预。
老年期痴呆虽以生物学因素为主,但在干预方面,社会心理干预仍占重要地位。
本《指南》的另一指导思想是上述各类精神障碍,都呈慢性或慢性发作性过程,因而需要全病程防治。
在病程的不同阶段,采用以人为本的不同措施。
在《指南》的编写中,还考虑到我国的国情和现实的社会经济发展水平,特别是与我国情况相应的卫生经济学原则。
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★ 阴性症状为主患者的目标治疗剂量相对较低: 氨磺必利200-300mg/d、阿立哌唑10-20mg/d、
利培酮2-4mg/d、帕利哌酮3-6mg/d、
奥氮平5-10mg/d、喹硫平100-300mg/d和齐拉西酮 40-80mg/d 的剂量范围更有利于阴性症状的改善;
或者谨慎使用小剂量氯氮平50-100mg/d。
概述
《中国精神分裂症防治指南》第一版自2003年9月起使用, 2007年正式出版,使用已有12年。在临床中推广使用已近 10 年, 成为精神分裂症最佳合理临床治疗选择的重要参 考依据。 较前一版相比,2015年第二版指南的主要变化包括: 1、增补了国内外新上市的抗精神病药物,包括氨磺必利、 帕利哌酮、洛沙平、阿塞纳平、鲁拉西酮、布南色林等, 以及一些非典型抗精神病药物的长效注射剂; 2、增加了国内外新的临床研究证据与 Meta分析结果及先 进的治疗理念; 3 、参考了包括 APA ( 2010 )、 WFSBP ( 2012 )及 NICE (2014)等机构发布的国外精神分裂症治疗指南的更新建 议和内容。
复发及多次发作患者药物治疗的注意点
★ 选药原则:抗精神病药物的选择应参照以下信息:患 者既往药物治疗的症状变化和不良反应、合并的疾病,可 能与同时使用其他药物产生的相互作用; ★ 尽快加量:药物剂量应尽快增加至可耐受的目标剂量, 同时监测患者的临床状态; ★ 不良反应:特别关注抗精神病治疗相关的不良反应; ★ 依从性问题:多次发作患者常见诱因是依从性差,治 疗不规范,应激性生活事件等;如患者治疗依从性差,应 进一步加强。
首发精神分裂症患者药物治疗的注意点
★ 个体化选药:首次初次用药对药物敏感(疗效 与不良反应),抗精神病药物的选择应注意个体 化,综合考虑患者的精神症状和躯体状况,特别 关注药物的不良反应,包括长期不良反应; ★ 低剂量起始:对于首次发作的精神分裂症患者, 无论是第一代抗精神病药(FGA)还是第二代抗精 神病药(SGA),均应从标准剂量的最低剂量开始 用药; ★ EPS风险:对于首次发作的精神分裂症患者, 抗精神病药物更容易引起锥体外系不良反应,应 格外引起重视; ★ 代谢问题:治疗过程中应对代谢相关的指标加 以注意。
精神分裂症激越症状的治疗建议
★ 劳拉西泮和FGAs治疗急性期攻击行为和精神运 动激越的疗效相当(C级证据,4级推荐); ★ 氯丙嗪因其疗效和耐受性不佳,不推荐用于激 越和兴奋症状(C级证据,4级推荐); ★ 若患者的激越行为明确与精神症状有关,可以 联合使用抗精神病药物和劳拉西泮(C级证据,4 级推荐); ★ SGAs的肌注剂型(奥氮平、阿立哌唑、齐拉西 酮)的疗效并不优于氟哌啶醇的肌注剂型,但运 动不良反应较后者更少(A级证据,1级推荐)。
维持期治疗的时间需要依据个体化原则; 维持期治疗推荐使用急性期获得临床治愈的抗精 神病药物,以一种抗精神病药物为主,并使用适 宜的个体化剂量; 维持治疗中推荐使用安全性高且耐受性好的抗精 神病药,减少药物不良反应并及时处理药物不良 反应,提高患者药物治疗的依从性。 治疗依从性差导致疾病多次复发的患者可以考虑 使用长效剂型。 另外,针对药物治疗安全性及耐受性的评估同样 重要。
此外,指南还建议积极进行家庭教育,争 取家属重视,建立良好的医患联盟,配合 对患者的长期治疗; 定期对患者进行心理治疗、康复和职业训 练。
抗精神病药物治疗原则
1、一旦确定精神分裂症的诊断,尽早开始抗精 神病药物治疗。根据临床症状群的表现,可选择 一种非典型药物如利培酮、奥氮平、喹硫平、齐 拉西酮或阿立哌唑等;也可选择典型药物如氯丙 嗪、奋乃静、氟哌啶醇或舒必利等。 2、急性发作病例,包括复发和病情恶化的患者, 根据既往用药情况继续使用原有效药物,剂量低 于有效治疗剂量者,可增加至治疗剂量继续观察; 如果已达治疗剂量仍无效者,酌情加量或考虑换 用另一种化学结构的非典型药物或典型药物。疗 效不佳者也可以考虑使用氯氮平,但应该严格定 期检查血液白细胞与中性粒细胞数量。
针对精神分裂症药物治疗程序,新版指南从以下 各个方面进行了阐述:
1、急性期治疗;
2、非自愿住院患者的处理及治疗原则;
3、慢性精神分裂症患者的急性期药物治疗; 4、难治性精神分裂症的药物治疗;
5、精神分裂症的长期治疗;
6、阴性、认知、抑郁症状的辅助治疗;
7、抗精神病药的不良反应与防治。
复发和多次发作精神分裂症部分治疗药物的 治疗剂量推荐
精神分裂症阴性症状的治疗建议
★ SGAs治疗原发性阴性症状优于FGAs(B级证据,3级推 荐); ★ 治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者,氨磺必利/奥 氮平证据充足,推荐级别较高(A级证据,1级推荐); ★ 利培酮、喹硫平、齐拉西酮也可应用于以阴性症状为 主的患者,但证据强度不及上述两种SGAs(B级证据3级推 荐); ★部分抗抑郁药(如西酞普兰)对精神分裂症阴性症状的 增效治疗无明显效果,若使用抗抑郁药,可酌情选择氟西 汀、曲唑酮或米氮平、米安舍林(B级证据,2级推荐)。 ★ rTMS对精神分裂症阴性症状具有巨大潜力(B级证据, 2级推荐)
2015《中国精神分裂症防治指南》 第二版解读
江西省精神病院
江西省精神卫生中心
郭中孟 主任医师
2015.10.26
本指南目录
第1章 精神分裂症概述 第2章 精神分裂症的病因与发病危险因素 第3章 精神分裂症的临床评估和诊断分类 第4章 精神分裂的治疗策略 第5章 精神分裂症的治疗方法 第6章 精神分裂症的药物治疗程序 第7章 特殊人群精神分裂症 第8章 精神分裂症的共病与治疗 第9章 精神分裂症的康复 参考文献 附件1 精神分裂症国际最新治疗指南 附件2 缩略语一览表
新版指南强调:精神分裂症需要全程的长期治疗。 抗精神病药物的维持治疗对预防疾病复发非常重 要,是决定疾病预后和社会功能损害程度的关键 因素,一定要保持急性期治疗获得的临床治愈疗 效,避免疾病复发与症状的波动。 维持治疗的时间为:
★首发患者:至少需要2年 ★一次复发的患者:需要3-5年 ★多次复发者:需要维持治疗5年以上
3、以单一用药为原则。治疗个体化,因人而异。 从小剂量起始, 逐渐加至有效剂量。药物滴定速 度视药物不良反应及患者症状改善而定。维持治 疗期,剂量可酌情减少,足疗程治疗。 4、定期评价疗效,指导治疗方案。定期评定药 物不良反应,并对症处理。 5、注重药物不良反应,因为药物不良反应既影 响医生选药,也影响患者是否停药。药物不良反 应可引起或加重精神症状,影响患者的生活质量。
并且排在神经发育障碍之后, 这提示精神分裂症谱系障 碍的发病存在一定的神经发育(障碍)基础。
DSM-5精神分裂症(295.90;F20.9)的诊断标准 A.症状标准 存在2项( 或更多)下列症状,每一项 症状均在1个月中相当显著的一段时间里存在( 如成功 治疗,则时间可以更短),至少其中1项必须是(1)、 (2) 或(3): (1) 妄想; (2) 幻觉; (3) 言语紊乱(例如频繁离题或不连贯); (4) 明显紊乱的或紧张症的行为; (5) 阴性症状(即情绪表达减少或动力缺乏)。
首发精神分裂症药物治疗的指南推荐
★ FGA 和SGA 治疗首发精神分裂症都有效(A级证 据,1级推荐) ★ 治疗首发精神分裂症患者的治疗剂量应低于慢 性精神分裂症患者(A级证据,1级推荐) ★ 鉴于SGA 引起神经系统不良反应风险更低,基 于有限的证据推荐SGA作为首发精神分裂症患者的 一线用药(C级证据,3级推荐)。 另外,有限的证据支持SGA在减少首发精神分裂症 患者治疗中断方面的优势。例如 EUFEST 研究显示, 氨磺必利、齐拉西酮、奥氮平及喹硫平的一年总 停药率分别为13%、14%、17%和19%,均低于氟哌啶 醇的30%。
急性期治疗目标
针对急性期治疗策略,指南强调早诊断,早治疗,针对 急性期患者宜采取积极的药物治疗,争取缓解症状,预防 病情的不稳定性。 积极按照治疗分期进行长期治疗,争取扩大临床缓解患者 的比例。 根据病情、家庭照料情况和医疗条件选择治疗场所,包括 住院、门诊、社区和家庭病床治疗; 当患者具有明显的危害社会安全和严重自杀、自伤行为时, 通过监护人同意需紧急收住院积极治疗。 根据经济情况,尽可能选用疗效确切、不良反应轻、便于 长期治疗的抗精神病药物。
本指南中的证据分级与推荐分级标准
精神分裂症的临床评估
①确认精神分裂症相关症状的存在, 其数量和严 重程度;
②了解精神分裂症发病情况、持续时间、病程特 点; ③了解对患者社会功能的影响;
④探索发病与影响预后的可能危险因素。
2014年5月正式公布的DSM-5根据精神分裂症临床 症状的演变,将临床分型取消,取而代之的是发 作的不同时期,分为: 初次发作,目前在急性发作期;初次发作,目前 为部分缓解;初次发作,目前为完全缓解; 多次发作,目前在急性发作期;多次发作,目前 为部分缓解;多次发作,目前为完全缓解。
证据显示,不同抗精神病药针对精神分裂症症状 的疗效不尽相同。
2009年,一项发表于《柳叶刀》的Meta分析对 SGAs和FGAs对症状的控制效果进行了比较,共纳 入了150项短期研究、21533例患者。 该研究显示,氨磺必利、阿立哌唑、氯氮平、奥 氮平、喹硫平、利培酮、舍吲哚、齐拉西酮和佐 替平中,仅有氨磺必利、氯氮平、奥氮平及利培 酮对总体症状及阳性症状的控制优于氟哌啶醇。