国际法

INTERNATIONAL LAW

国际法

Definition of International Law 国际法的定义

Refer to a body of rules governing international relations

指的是管理国际关系的主体规则

Terms术语: a. Jus Gentium and Grotius (1583-1645)

万民法和雨果·格劳修斯

b. Law of Nations 万国公法

c. International Law and Bentham (1748-1832)

国际法和杰拉米·边沁

d. Law of Mankind 人类法

e. World Law 世界法

f. Transnational Law 跨国法

Features of international law compared with municipal law

国际法与国内法相比的特征

A. Subjects 对象

B. Law-making process 立法过程

C. Law enforcement 执法

Relationship Between International Law and Municipal Law

国际法与国内法之间的关系

Theories 理论

Monism一元论: One single legal system. 单一法律系统。

Which prevail? 哪个优先？

Dualism二元论: Two independent legal systems. 两个独立的法律系统。

How to transfer? 如何转换？

Practices 实践

1. US 美国

Treaties条约: Supreme law of the land; 国家的至上法律；

Distinguish self-executing treaty and non-self-executing treaty;

区别自动执行条约和非自动执行条约；

Customs习惯: Viewed as common law; 视作习惯法；

Can be applied directly by courts. 可以直接由法院实施。

2. UK 英国

UK does not permit treaty to take effect in domestic society without the legislative enactment.

英国不允许条约在国内社会没有立法性法规的情况下生效。

UK denies the existence of self-executing treaty.

英国否认自动执行条约的存在。

Custom is viewed as common law and can be applied directly by courts.

习惯被视作习惯法并且可以直接由法院实施。

3. Russia 俄罗斯

Russian Constitution provides that“the commonly recognized principles and norms of the international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation shall be the component part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation stipulates other rules than those stipulated by the Russian Federation law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply”.

俄罗斯宪法规定：“普遍公认的国际法原则和准则及俄罗斯联邦国际条约是俄罗斯联邦法律体系的组成部分。如果俄罗斯联邦国际条约确立了不同于法律所规定的规则，则适用国际条约规则。”

4. Germany 德国

In Germany duly ratified or accepted treaty has effect over German law and can create rights and obligations for Germans.

在德国，被正式批准和认可的条约有高于德国法律的效力，并且能够创制适用于德国人的权利和义务。

5. China 中国

No related provisions in Constitution. 在宪法中没有相关的条款。

Some domestic laws provide that treaties prevail.

一些国内法规定条约优先。

Some domestic laws provide that international usage can merely be applied when treaties and domestic laws of China both failed to provide rules.

一些国内法规定，只有在条约和中国国内法都没有作出规定的时候，国际惯例才能适用。

Classic criteria for statehood国家地位的传统标准

Permanent Population固定的居民

Defined Territory确定的领土

Government (with actual control over the territory)

政府（具有对领土的实际控制力）

Capacity to Enter Into Relations With Other States

参加同其它国家间关系的资格

Five Fundamental Principles 和平共处五项原则

1. Principle of mutual respect for sovereignty and integrity of territory

互相尊重主权和领土完整

2. Principle of mutual non-aggression互不侵犯

3. Principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs互不干涉内政

4. Principle of equality and mutual benefit平等互利

5. Principle of peaceful co-existence和平共处

Sources of International Law 国际法的渊源

Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice

《国际法院规约》第三十八条

1. Strictly speaking, constitutes a standing directive to the court as to what to apply in deciding cases brought before it.

严格地说，关于在裁决案件前应该提交怎样的申请，《国际法院规约》第三十八条对法院制定了一个长期的规章。

2. However, has exercised an enormous influence in the sources field, and frequently cited as an authoritative enumeration of the sources of international law.

然而，《国际法院规约》第三十八条已经在渊源领域发挥了重大影响，并且屡次被引证为国际法渊源的权威性例证。

—not exhaustive enumeration, more practical

不是权威性的例证，却更具有实际价值

Court Shall Apply 法院应当遵守

1. Three sources 三个渊源

a. international conventions 国际协约

b. international custom 国际习惯

c. general principles of law 一般法律原则

2. Subsidiary means of determining rules of law 确定法律原则的辅助方法

a. judicial decisions 司法判例

b. writings of most highly qualified publicists (i.e. scholarly writings)

大多数权威公法学家的著作（即学术著作）

3. At the request of the parties to a dispute, Court may decide a case ex aequo et bono (“in justice and fairness”, or “according to what is just and good”).

在各方争论的需求下，国际法院会根据“公平和善意”原则裁决案件。

Treaties 条约

Nature of Treaties 条约的本质

1. Essential features 必要特征

a. intention of parties to create binding obligations

各方意图创立有约束性的契约

b. agreement to be governed by international law

协议以国际法为准

2. Distinction is sometimes drawn between law-making treaties and treaty-contracts

区别有时存在于造法性条约和契约性条约之间

a. Law-making treaties codify, define or interpret international law