王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第10堂_否定结构
英语否定前缀的构词特点及语义特征_高学群
英语否定前缀的构词特点及语义特征高 学 群(怀化职业技术学院, 湖南 怀化 418000) 摘 要:英语否定前缀在构词上各有特色。
精确地把握否定前缀的语义特征是学习和应用的关键。
同根异缀词的词义规律表现为:不同的前缀蕴涵着不同的词义,词性的变化有时会导致前缀的变异。
关键词:否定前缀;构词法;语义特征中图分类号:H31文献标识码:A文章编号:1671-1785(2006)03-0065-03 在繁多的英语前缀中,表示否定含义的前缀非常多。
如: a-,an-,ab-,anti-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,des-,dis-,dy s -,mal-,mis-,no n-和un-等。
这些否定前缀构词能力极强。
据笔者统计,《英汉大词典》一书中共收集了以un-开头且有否定含义的词约3200之多。
如果把所有带否定前缀的词都加起来,其数量可想而知。
肯定和否定是人们用得最多最广的两种截然相反的表达方法。
有肯定必有否定,如“喜欢、不喜欢;高兴、不高兴;同意、不同意;赞成、不赞成”等。
不过中文和英文表示否定的方法有所不同,汉语是通过添加否定词,如“不、非、反、逆、无、未,没有、对立、缺乏”等来达到否定的目的。
而英语则是通过否定前缀来表达相反的概念和动作。
如;“like喜欢,dislike不喜欢;agr ee赞成,disagr ee不赞成;no rmal正常的,abnor mal反常的,异常的;polit ical政治, apolitical非政治的,无政治意义的,不关心政治的; emplo yment就业,unemplo yment失业。
由于语源不同,这些否定前缀具有各自不同的构词特点和语义特征,给初学者造成了极大的障碍和困惑。
一、否定前缀的构词特点由于英语否定前缀的语源不同,发音不同,语义不同,因此在构词上各有特色。
a-,源于希腊语,一般加在形容词之前,构成意思截然不同的形容词,其基本含义是“无,非,没有”。
王长喜PEST考试历年试题解析
词汇PETS1-5级的词汇要求是1000-7500词。
学习这些词汇时应掌握大纲词汇表所列词汇的音标,词素分析,词性,英文例句,相关词组和短语以及派生词。
语言记忆规律告诉我们,对语言加工的程度越深记忆就越深刻。
所以学习词汇时要学习每一个单词的方方面面从而加深记忆;一切语言输入必须是有意义的,音必须在词中学,词必须在许多不同的句子语境中去学。
因此我们学习的例句不仅能让我们了解单词的用法还可以帮助记忆单词本身。
个人兴趣也会影响人的记忆,我们学习的例句应与我们的现实生活紧密联系,这样可以提高学习兴趣,接触活的语言。
2、大纲中规定的考试项目包括听力、语言知识应用、阅读理解、写作和口语等五部分。
这五部分内容就是PETS书面考试的四种题型和口试。
听力部分要求掌握考试大纲所列的功能意念表和语言技能表,详细了解各种听力能力的标准和培养方法,然后进行相应的练习;考试前做一些与PETS考试出题形式和试题结构一致的模拟训练题。
平时应利用一切机会多听,包括对教材内容的精听和各种英语广播节目的泛听;了解时事、关注社会热点,扩大知识面等对提高听力能力都有帮助。
总的来说,语言知识运用部分体现在完形填空这种题型上。
它是综合考查应试者英语水平的题型。
针对此种题型,我们应分别从词汇、语法和语篇层次上学习应对方法,提高对连贯性和一致性等语段特征的掌握和对一定语境下规范的语言成分的掌握。
每部分复习完后应做一些相应的练习题。
个别级别的本部分还保留有语法填空题,那是我国的英语学习者的拿手好戏。
阅读理解部分全面介绍了大纲规定的阅读能力的构成和培养,包括(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中具体信息;(3)根据上下文推测生词的词义;(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;(5)理解文中的概念性含义;(6)理解文章的结构以及单词之间、段落之间的关系;(7)快速阅读较长的文字材料,获取有关信息;(8)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;(9)区分观点、论点和论据;(10)与作者形成有意识的交流。
专八真题点评2009年(王长喜)
2010年试排回来真题点评一些修改说明:(注意2010年的根据纸稿标注结合下面说明修改,后面5套排版时直接修改)1)左栏适当加宽,左栏与中间栏之间留距2.2cm即可。
2)直接在左栏中(1)与后面下划线内容处加底纹,并与中间栏中相应序号的地方连线,线上文字为每题解析上面的4个字“信息辨认,信息转述”等。
3)中间栏与右栏间距1cm。
1)此部分目前只排两栏,但因为左栏中原文内容较长,因此不必两栏平分,左栏可以比右栏比例大一些,这样右栏各题中间的空距就会缩小。
视各套题文章长短比例可以不一。
2)两栏之间的间距不变,都为2.2cm,留待中间加划线与文字。
前两栏之间要加下划线,中间留距2.2cm,后两样之间不加线,留距1cm即可。
1)左样的大括号变为方括号。
2)视文章长短,中间栏文章所占比例可以加大,不要使右栏各题之间留下太多空白(此空不能超过一行)3)两栏之间留划线空距2.2cm。
4)【语境记忆】部分按两列排,注意词条加粗,词性符号变斜体。
1)排成两栏,即目前的左右栏合成一栏,上面为问题,下面为四个选项。
四个选项依据选项长短选择是否能两个合一行排。
2)两栏之间留距1cm。
3)右栏的解析各题之间稍微留点空距。
1)左栏必须严格按照电子版分行,2010年的排版就有误,没有严格按照电子版中的分行。
2)中间栏与必须对照电子版将下划线加在与左栏对应的一行。
(不是像目前排版一样平均分配,该是哪一行对应就是哪一行)3)前两栏之间间距为2.5cm,中间备加划线。
后两栏之间间距为1cm。
参考Writng部分加表框,三栏之间均留距1cm。
中间不再划线。
第二栏与第三栏之间按序号连线后将序号删除。
页眉写“2009年真题点评”PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREWriting Experimental ReportsI. Content of an experimental report, e.g.— study subject/ area— study purpose—II. Presentation of an experimental report— providing details— regarding readers asIII. Structure of an experimental report—feature: highly structured and— sections and their content:INTRODUCTIONMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found outwhat you think it showsIV. Sense of readership——reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study— tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:— introduction to relevant area— necessaryν background information— development of clear arguments—definition ofν technical terms—V. Demands and expectations in report writing— early stage:— understanding of studyν subject/area and its implications— basic grasp of the report‟s format— later stage:— things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:— inadequate material—ν justification for the studyGood morning, everyone. Today we‟ll discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports.When you first signed up for a course in university, like a psychology course, chances are that you didn‟t really expect what was coming in your study, particularly, the course emphasis on methodology and statistics. For a few of you, this may have come as a pleasant surprise, provided that you would‟ve already known something about the course. For most, however, I dare say, it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the system. No doubt in other parts of your course study, you will read books and journals, examining critically, models and theories, assumptions and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists. My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially experimenting.(1)Then what is an experimental report? All the report is, really, is a place in which you tell the story of your study, like what you did, why you did it, what you found out in the process and so on. In doing this, you‟re more like an ancient story teller, whose stories were structured in accordance with widely recognized and long established conventions than a modern novelist who is free to dictate form as well as content. Moreover, like the story teller of old, although you will be invariably telling your story to someone who knows quite a bit about it already, you are expected to present it as if it had never been heard before. (2)This means that you will need to spell out all the details and assume little knowledge of the area on the part of your audience.Then, perhaps, you may ask, what is the nature of the conventions governing the report? A clue, I think, can be found in its basic structure. (3)A highly structured and disciplined report is written in sections, and these sections, by and large, follow an established sequence. What this means is that, in the telling, your story is to be cut up into chunks. Different parts of the story are to appear in different places in the report. (4)What you did and why you did it appear in the section called introduction. How you did it is in the method section. And what you found out is in the result section. (5)And, finally, what you think it shows appears in the discussion part. As you can see, the report, therefore, is a formal document composed of a series of sections in which specific information is expected to appear. We will discuss the precise conventions governing each section as we go along, for example, what are the subsections in the method.But today, I will introduce to you certain general rules straight away. The first of these concerns: the person to whom you should address your report, whom I should call your reader.(6)A very common mistake, especially early on, is to assume that your reader is the person who will be marking the report. (7)In reality, however, the marker will be assessing your report on behalf of someone else —an idealized, hypothetical person who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your study and the area in which it took place. Your marker will, therefore, be checking to see that you have written your report with this sort of reader in mind. So you need to make sure that you have, 1) introduced the reader to the area relevant to your study; 2) provided the reader with the background necessary to understand what you did and why you did it;3) spelt out and developed your arguments clearly; 4) defined technical terms; (8)and 5) provided precise details of the ways in which you went about collecting and analyzing the data that you obtained. In short, you should write for someone who knows little about your area of study, taking little for granted about your reader‟s knowledge of your area of study. So when in doubt, spell it out.This is my advice to you. If you find this difficult to do, then a useful approach is to write the report as if it would be read by someone you know who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your subject. A friend of yours, say. Write it as if this person were going to have to read andunderstand it. Indeed, it is a good idea, if you can, to get just such a person to read your report before handing it in. The demands and expectations placed upon you will of course, vary with your experience of report writing. Early on in your study, as an author of experimental reports, less will be expected of you than later. At this early stage, you will be expected mainly to show that you understand what you did in your report and its implications, together with evidence that you have, at least a basic grasp of the demands of the report‟s format. (9)Later on, however, you will be expected to pay more attention to this research significance of what you did. The “why you did it” part will become more important because in being responsible for the choice of topic and design, you will be expected to be able to justify this choice. So you must be able to tell us why it is, that given the options available to you, you decided to conduct your particular study. You will need, therefore, to develop the habit of thinking of how the ideas that you‟re entertaining for your experiment or study will look in the report, paying particular attention to how they will fit into the part of introduction.Specific dangers that you must watch out for here are, first, a lack of adequate material to put in the section; (10)and second, the undertaking of a project that lacks any research justification, because it is based on assumptions that are contradicted by existing findings in the area. Thinking clearly in advance will help you to avoid making these mistakes.OK. Today we‟ve had a brief look at the format of an experimental report, what each section is about and some of the basic issues like reader awareness so on and so forth. Next time, we will discuss how to write up the introduction section.1. 信息转述【解析】文章在提出“What is an experimental report?”之后,回答到实验报告应包含:what you did, why you did it及what you found out三个方面,即研究的主题、研究的目的以及研究结果。
2019考研英语语法讲解:五种否定式应用
2019考研英语语法讲解:五种否定式应用第一,最基本的否定自然不用说,那是否定谓语部分来实现对全句的否定,这种情况往往是在系动词、助动词或情态动词之后加否定词not 来实现。
第二,部分否定。
说这个之前同样先来一个句子。
Fitzgerald有一部经典著作《了不起的盖茨比》中第一句话是这样的:…just remember that, all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you have had.很多同学包括名家在翻译这部小说时,第一句都译成了“世界上的所有人都不曾拥有你所拥有的优越条件。
”但事实上这句话应该是由“all…not” 所构成的部分否定,应该译成“并非世界上的所有人都拥有你所拥有的优越条件。
”所以否定的轻微变化使得很多中国学生不太习惯。
绝大部分同学对于部分否定 notall都比较了解,但是对于all….not却知之甚少,但是我相信大家都知道另外一个句子,那就是“All that glitters is not gold.””并非所有发光的都是金子”,记住了这句话,就记住了这个否定。
第三,半否定。
通过一些否定词,比如:hardly,scarcely, barely, little, few等半否定词来实现。
翻译当中只要翻译其本来意思即可。
比如在01年阅读第四篇中The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higherprices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.像世界通讯这样的通讯公司的合并,似乎不太可能给消费者带来价格上的增长,也不会导致技术发展步伐的放慢。
第四,否定转移。
这个点就跟我们刚开头所说的形式一样。
否定转移是指形式上否定谓语,但在逻辑语义上是否定句子的其他部分。
最新小学英语语法详解
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在此深表感谢!祝您天天快乐!万分感谢!语法专题| 疑问句的使用规则疑问句用来提出问题,询问情况的句子,末尾用问号。
1、一般疑问句:一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实,通常以be动词,助动词或情态动词开头,用yes或no来回答,因此又叫是非疑问句,通常读升调。
—Is Mr Green from the UK?—Yes,he is. / No,he isn’t.—Do you have any hobbies?—Yes,I do. / No,I don’t.—Can you play the guitar?—Yes,I can. / No,I can’t.2、特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词引导,要求回答具体问题,不能用yes或no来回答。
—How do you go to work every day?—I go to work by car.3、选择疑问句:提供两种或两种以上情况,让对方选择,往往用or连接。
—Would you like some tea or coffee?—Some coffee, please.4、反意疑问句:反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。
—It’s a fine day, isn’t it?—Yes ,it is.陈述句改一般疑问句1、有be动词或情态动词的,把be动词或情态动词提前。
Mary was at school yesterday. —> Was Mary at school yesterday?I can make a model plane. —> Can you make a model plane?2、不含be动词或情态动词的句子,借助助动词开头,动词还原成原形。
初级英语语法第10讲特殊疑问句提高课件 王衡英语 小升初英语四轮复习法
2020/11育/30 英视频学习网:
5
Who(主/宾)谁
指代 “人”
Whom(宾)谁 Whose(定)谁的
2020/11育/30 英视频学习网:
6
指代“物”What 什么
指代
Which
“哪一个” 哪一个
指代 Where “地点” 哪儿
2020/11育/30 英视频学习网+我…现:w.在w不教w书
2
陈述句 主+will + V原+…
12
He will go home.他准备回 家
疑问句 will+主+ V原 +…?
1
2
一 般 将 来 时
否定句
Will he go home? 他准备回家吗?
主+ will not+ V原 +…
2020/11育/30 英视频学习网:
8
与How搭 配的特殊
疑问词
How many+(可数n) How much+(不可数n)
易错点: A:必须和其后n
一起使用构成主语
B:区分可数与 不可数
指代
How long
“距离时间长度” 1:多长 2:多久
指代 “年龄”
How old 多大岁数
2020/11育/30 英视频学习网:
7
指代 Why “原因” 为什么
指代 When What time
“时间” 何时
几点
how
How do you go to school? By bike.(方式)
How deep is the river? 100 meters.(程度)
考研英语备战:长难句中的否定
考研英语备战:长难句中的否定否定并不是考研英语中高频的考点,但是却是难点之一。
否定的错误理解,导致了整个句子的错误翻译,是非常常见的。
实用英语语法英语中的否定句1) 一般否定句I don’t know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house。
2)特指否定He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don’t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right。
3)部分否定I don’t know all of them. I can’t see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right。
(并非所有答案都对。
) All is not gold that glitters. (闪光的不一定都是金子。
) Both of them are not right。
(并非两人都对。
)4)全体否定None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is right。
5) 延续否定You didn’t see him, neither/nor did I. You don’t know, I don’t know either. He doesn’t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French。
6) 半否定句We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people。
王长喜老师2014年考研英语问题答疑最新
2014王长喜老师考研英语答疑第一部分:单词记忆问题 (1)第二部分阅读理解问题 (5)第三部分真题问题 (10)第四部分长难句、完形填空、翻译问题 (12)第五部分写作问题 (13)第六部分综合问题 (15)第一部分:单词记忆问题考研英语怎样才能成功?这个问题令很多老师头痛,不好回答,问题太大。
我的回答是:考研英语的成功=1、背单词+2、单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略+3、句际关系+4、篇章阅读+5、答题技巧。
这5个环节,一环扣一环。
答题技巧is based on读懂文章;读懂文章is based on句际关系;句际关系is based on单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略;单词在文章中的复现、同现、替代、指代和省略is based on背单词。
另外,老师还有一个问题:现在做考研真题,我最近做做做错错错,十分沮丧,该怎么办呢?根据上边的公式,你只注重了第5项“答题技巧”,而答题技巧是建立在前4项之上的。
没有前4项的基础,所以你“做做做,错措错”,你是本末倒置了。
考研复习从单词开始王老师好,单词背了又忘怎么办?每天应该花多少时间背单词啊。
好头疼嘿嘿老师好~我又来提问啦,在这几天的复习过程中发现了几个问题,求老师指教:1、这几天在背单词,可是背了之后第二天就差不多忘了,感觉效率好低,求破解之法啊。
王老师,单词背了又忘啊!各阶段单词复习应着重注意什么呀王老师好,单词背了又忘怎么办?每天应该花多少时间背单词啊。
王老师,您好!请问用什么方法记单词最好呢?老师你好,现在背单词效率很差,怎样能高效率的背单词呢?老师您好!我是14i年的考生。
请问老师单词有没有什么突破的方法?三四月份计划背单词,但效果不是很好,王老师您好,我背英语单词的时候倍的很慢,背完之后第二天又忘了,有什么好的办法吗王老师,您好,背英语单词的时候为什么总记不住?一会儿就忘掉了……王老师记单词总忘记怎么办?有什么好方法吗??老师您好!和大多数同学一样,怎样才能高效地记单词?往往是今天记住了,过几天又忘了。
【考研英语辅导班】考研英语语法之否定句
【考研英语辅导班】考研英语语法之否定句得英语者得考研,想超越80分,关注启道英语考研辅导班。
全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为英语(一)和英语(二)。
英语(一)即原研究生入学统考“英语”,所有学术型硕士研究生(十三大门类,110个一级学科)和部分专业型硕士(法律硕士、临床医学硕士、口腔医学硕士、建筑学硕士、护理硕士、汉语国际教育硕士、公共卫生硕士等)必考英语(一)。
英语(二)主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收不考英语(一)的专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
对于很多考生来说,考研英语是一门比较难的科目,很多同学为了取得更好的分数都会选择报考研英语辅导班!那么多的考研英语辅导班那,究竟哪个考研英语辅导班比较好呢?哪个才是适合自己的呢?小编只推荐启道考研英语辅导班.在这里,不需要每天不停的刷阅读,刷阅读,刷阅读。
更不需要毫无目标的做真题,做真题,做真题。
掌握有效的学习方法,完成事半功倍的学习效率。
对于大部分考研的学生来说,英语中最难的莫过于记单词。
单词不仅量大,还经常出现记不住或者单词混淆的状态。
但是在记单词时对大脑皮层的刺激是有助于使脑细胞的突触连结数目的增加,所以,我们的记忆力就是以大批脑细胞突触连结的产生而形成的。
重要的是,保持我们的大脑处于受刺激兴奋状态。
只要有可能,就应尽一切努力为单词的记忆保持和回忆创造必要的条件,从而提高单词的记忆效率。
考研英语语法是将词汇与文章大意搭连在一起的一座桥梁,掌握了语法,就相当于打通了英语学习的任督二脉。
英语的否定结构是英语语法中较常见又容易被忽视的一个知识点。
但是,由于中英文的区别,许多考生对于否定结构还存在着困惑。
因此,启道小编这次带你们吃透否定结构。
由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异,尤其在表达否定概念上,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。
有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式,而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第13堂_省略结构
LECTURE 13省略结构本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构,了解各种情况下的结构现象,完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。
基础预习一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉,这样的句子可以称为省略句。
省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种普遍的现象,因为它有助于语言的简洁。
一、单句中的省略二、并列句中的省略并列结构中,尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too 时,后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。
【例】(08-翻译)三、不定式符号to 后面的省略重点讲解一、宾语从句中的省略当宾语从句由which, when, where, why 以及how 等疑问词引导时,只保留wh-疑问词,省略其余部分。
【例】由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where 及whether …nor 等引导的状语从句,也常常省略句中某些成分。
【例】(06-Text 1)【补充拓展】【例】(07-翻译)当遇到“when (或if ,where ,wherever,whenever ,as soon as ,as fast as ,than 等)+possible/necessary 等”时,可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。
【例】课堂练习难句分析1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (09-翻译)3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (06-Text 4)6. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn ’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (05-Text 2)7. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. (99-Passage 1)8. But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over.9. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.10. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.课堂讲评1. 【分析】复合句。
考研英语语法否定句解析(一)
考研英语语法否定句解析(一)一、用否定词表示否定结构常用的否定词有not,no,never,none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,nor,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,rarely,little,few等,否定词置于句首时,句子要倒装,但否定的名词词组或代词作主语放在句首时,则不需要倒装。
例句:Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. (选自1998年Text 4)分析:该句是简单句,nowhere置于句首引起倒装。
原句为:1980 Census statistics dramatize the American search for spacious living in nowhere more than the Far West.译文:1980年人口普查的统计数字淋漓尽致地表明,没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能凸显美国人想找寻更广阔的生存空间。
例句:Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.(选自2006年Use of English)分析:该句是复合句,who are homeless是修饰Americans的定语从句。
译文:人们对美国无家可归者的人数并不能达成共识。
例句:Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials says.(选自1998年Text 4)分析:该句是简单句。
译文:人口普查官员说,并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带地区。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第15堂_as专题
LECTURE 15 as专题本堂目标:学会识别as作介词、副词、连词、关系代词的用法,重点掌握as在否定结构中的译法以及与as相关的特殊结构。
基础预习一、as用作介词1.动词与as搭配用作介语的as,常常与一些动词搭配使用,比如define…as…“把…定义为…”,view…as…“把…看作…”,see…as…“把…看作…”,regard…as…“把…当作…”,think of…as…“把…看作…”,refer to…as…“把…称作…”,use…as…“把…用作…”,classify…as…“把…划规为…”等等。
需要注意的是这些动词也可以转化为名词与as 搭配,同时as后面除可以接名词或名词短语外,还可以接形容词。
【例1】(06-翻译)【例3】(06-Text 1)【例4】(06-Text 4)【例】(00-完形)3.as引导介词短语作后置定语as用在名词后面,作后置定语,在意义上相当于修饰名词的同位语。
【例1】(04-Passage 1)【例2】(94-翻译)二、as用作副词as…as结构中,第一个as是副词,其后常接形容词或另外的副词,第二个as则是连词。
【例】(99-翻译)三、as作连词的用法as作连词使用,可以引导一系列的状语从句,这一点在状语从句中我们已经讨论过,这里对各种状语从句中as的用法做一归纳。
1.引导时间从句【例】(04-Text 2)2.引导原因从句【例】(04-翻译)3.引导方式从句【例】5.引导比较从句【例】四、as用作关系代词引导定语从句关于as用作关系代词引导定语从句,我们在LECTURE 1定语从句中已经讲过,这里不再赘述。
重点讲解一、as在否定结构中的译法as引导方式状语从句时,as一般翻译成“正如…”。
但是,as还有一种比较特殊的用法,就是用于否定结构中,比时,as就不能译成“正如…”。
as用于否定结构,有以下两种句式:二、有关as的结构1.as much as结构在这一结构中,第一个as是副词,第二个as是连词,往往引导比较状语从句。
英语语法17之否定
二、否定句的类型
(五)转移否定
在英语否定句中,有时否定词not从原来所处的位置转移到句中的谓语动词 前或其他成分上。这种语法现象叫作转移否定。 1.“do not + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句”的结构。当主句的谓语是 think,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,imagine,guess,reckon,anticipate,deel等表示“看 法”,“相信”,“臆测”之类心理活动的动词的否定式后带有that引导的宾语从句 时,否定往往转移到从句中。这类句子形式上否定的时主句部分,但实际意义 否定的是从句部分。 举例:I don’t feel I can stand it much longer.
二、否定句的类型
(一)一般否定
通常用一般否定词not去否定句中谓语动词,全句的意义便受到否 定。几乎所有的肯定句都可加上not构成对应的否定句。这种否定句用 得很广泛,其构成方法:①在含有助动词、情态动词、be、have的句 子中,在这些词后面加上not;②在行为动词和除be外的其他系动词的 前面加do/does,did not。 举例:Indeed,I shall not fight someone like you.
Everything is not good in that country,but equally everything is not bad. 2.always,often,quite,entirely,wholly,altogether等副词和否定式谓语连用 也表示“部分否定” 举例:The rich are not always happy.
I am not afraid that he woll threaten me with death.
初中英语否定结构归纳
初中英语否定结构归纳
侯耀冰
【期刊名称】《山东教育:中学刊》
【年(卷),期】2006(000)012
【摘要】一、系动词be、有些情态动词、助动词以及动词have做“有”讲的时候。
可以直接在其后面加not。
构成否定句
【总页数】1页(P35)
【作者】侯耀冰
【作者单位】郓城县实验中学
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G633.41
【相关文献】
1.初中英语阅读教学读后活动归纳列举——以第十届全国初中英语教学观摩课为例[J], 王淑霞
2.浅谈初中英语中的否定结构 [J], 郭玉华
3.浅谈初中英语中的否定结构 [J], 郭玉华
4.初中英语阅读教学读后活动归纳列举——以第十届全国初中英语教学观摩课为例[J], 王淑霞
5.归纳领悟在初中英语教学中的应用 [J], 黄丹丹
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LECTURE 10 否定结构本堂目标:学会识别7种不同的否定结构,熟悉几种容易引起误解的否定结构与否定形式,熟练掌握各种否定结构的意义,准确翻译含有否定结构的句子。
基础预习英语中的否定结构根据其表达方式的不同,可以分为以下几类:一、一般否定指否定谓语部分来实现对全句的否定,构成形式是在系动词、助动词或情态动词后加否定词not来实现的。
Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may haveactually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【点睛】本句所包含的否定结构借助组动词did,在其后加not构成。
【译文】历史学和经济学方面的专家已经证明了两件事:从1650年到1750年期间以极度贫困为特征,而工业化显然没有使这种状况恶化;事实上却可能改善了绝大多数平民百姓的生活条件。
二、部分否定指否定词not和表示全体意义的代词(all,every,etc.)或副词配合使用,表示“并非…都是…”之意。
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) isespecially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relativelyquiet.【点睛】否定词not和表示全体意义的代词all搭配使用,表示部分否定.【译文】但并不是我们大脑所有部分的活动都是均等的;边缘系统(“感情大脑”)尤其活跃,而前额部分的脑皮层(理解和推理的中心部位)则相对安静。
三、全部否定用no, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, never, neither等否定词作主语或主语的定语,后面加否定式谓语构成,表示“一切…都不是…”。
【例】(02-Text 4)Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holdingthat an action having two effects —a good one that is intended and a harmful one that isforeseen —is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.【点睛】句中there is no...为存在句的否定形式,表示全部否定。
【译文】尽管裁定认为,宪法没有赋予医助自杀的权利,最高法院实际上却支持医疗的“双重效果”原则,这个已有好几百年历史的道德原则认为,某种行为具有双重效果——希望达到的好效果和可以预见到的坏效果——只要行为者想要达到好的效果,就予以许可。
通过hardly, scarcely, barely, seldom, rarely, few, little等半否定词表示的否定结构。
The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices forconsumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.【点睛】The mergers of telecom companies hardly seem to bring higher prices。
其中的hardly表示半否定。
【译文】像世界通讯这样的通讯公司的合并,似乎不太可能给消费者带来价格上扬,也不会导致技术发展步伐的放慢。
五、继续否定前面已经有一个否定结构,后面又追加一个或数个否定结构,这种追加的否定结构叫继续否定结构。
【例】(05-Text 4)He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.【点睛】He is not arguing…否定句式作句子的主干。
that引导宾语从句,其中否定结构no longer是对前面否定词not的追加,即继续否定。
【译文】和许多人不一样,他并不认为我们谈话不准确,就不能有条理地思考。
六、双重否定在一个句子中出现两次否定,表示“没有…就不…”或“没有…就没有…”。
【例】(04-Text 4)Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, theycannot fully participate in our democracy.【点睛】Without…为条件状语从句,译为“如果没有…”;情态动词can后加not构成否定,与前边的without 形成双重否定。
【译文】如果没有能力进行批判性思维,维护自己的观点,并理解他人的观点,他们就不能充分地参与到我们的民主政治中来。
七、排除否定在一个句子结构中,如果一部分被肯定,一部分被否定,那么这种否定结构就叫排除否定结构,常用词有except, but等。
Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots ofanti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to theAmerican distaste for intellectual pursuits.【点睛】句子主干为Ravitch’s latest book traces the roots of anti-intellectualism。
分词结构concluding…作伴随状语,其中的but表示“除…之外”,即排除否定。
【译文】拉维奇最新出版的一本书《落后:学校改革一个世纪的失败》追溯了我们的学校里反知识主义的根源,得出结论说它们根本不能平衡美国人对追求知识的厌恶。
重点讲解一、容易引起误解的否定结构与否定形式1. no more…than与not more…than结构例示no more…than意为“两者都不…”在意义上对比较的双方都给予否定;也可表示同一人或事物的两个方面择其一,意为“与其说…倒不如说”。
此外no more…than与not…any more than意思相近。
1)This book is no more interesting than that one.这本书和那本一样都没有趣。
2)He is no more a teacher than a worker.说他是个教师,倒不如说他是个工人。
3)He is not a poet any more tha n I am a novelist.他不是个诗人,正如我不是小说家一样。
not more…than意为“…比不上…”,在意义上对比较的双方都给予肯定。
This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本有趣。
(两本书都有趣)结构例示no more than强调“少”,译作“只有,不过,仅仅”。
He said no more than we had expected.他只是说了我们所预料的而已。
not more than是客观叙述,意为“不超过”。
He has not more than five dollars on him.他身上带的钱不超过五美元。
3. no less than,not less than与no less… than结构例示no less than用法上等于as much as或as many as,意为“竟有…之多,多达”。
A poor man is no less(as many)a citizen than (as) a rich man.穷人和富人一样都是公民。
not less than意为“不少于,至少”,是客观叙述There were no less than five thousand people at themeeting.到会的人和少于5000人。
no less…than前后均为肯定,意为“正如,恰好;和…一样”等,常含有惊奇等色彩。
No less an authority than Dr. James has spoken highly of the invention.连詹姆士这样的权威都高度评价这项发明。
4. no (/little) better than与not better than结构例示no (/little) better than意为“和…一样不…,和…差不多”,表示两者都不好。
I found him no better than an idiot.我发现她简直是个愚人。
not better than意为“并不比…好,还不如”。
His pronunciation is not better than hers.他的发音并不比她的好。
二、形式否定、意义肯定的结构结构例示cannot...too 意为“无论怎样也不过分”。
We can hardly praise his achievement too much.对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。
no(nobody)but 意为“只有…才…”。
There is no man but has his faults.人皆有过。
no other than 意为“正是,仅仅是”。