2015职称英语理工教材
职称英语2015版 课文详解 第十五课
15. Conventional（常规） Petroleum Reservoir <New>常规油气藏1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物、烃类） contained in permeable（可渗透的）, porous or fractured（裂隙） rock formations, with most reservoir rocks（储集岩） being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of（事物的综合） these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas? and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into（被分成） four stages（阶段）:1. 油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。
大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。
油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。
油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:1) With burial（埋葬） of plankton, algae and other protein（蛋白质） rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation （积累）of sand, the buried material heats up（升温）at 50°C to 70°C.1) 浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。
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注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes t he information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at o ne chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enoug h to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means B extra.2．Which of the following does not move throug h a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for dis tance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more unde rstanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately w orking to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by li ghtning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” mean s B extra.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intende d to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, ro cks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.。
13-15年职称英语理工ABC出自教材文章汇总
2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。
2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。
2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。
2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。
在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。
预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。
职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。
有原题。
没有跨题型出题。
难度级别低。
2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。
阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。
完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。
属于跨题型出题。
2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。
2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。
两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。
两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。
完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。
2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。
值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。
所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。
预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)第1 页：词汇选项第2 页：阅读判断第3 页：概括大意与完成句子第4 页：阅读理解第一篇第5 页：阅读理解第二篇第6 页：阅读理解第三篇第7 页：补全短文第8 页：完形填空第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。
mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。
6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类，只替换了一篇2014年职称英语考试理工类考到的一篇文章——The Magic of Sound。
其他2014年职称英语考试理工类考到的文章，并没有进行替换。
2015年职称英语教材理工新增文章的对比目录如下：理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata ofmost plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
2015职称英语_教材精讲_理工_王霞_补全短文_第11讲
学派网2015年职称英语课程(理工类)第九篇Lightning strikesLightning Strikes1. Three years ago a bolt(道) of lightning all but(几乎) destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm(暴风雨),” she says, recalling the terrifying(可怕的) experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately(绝望地) working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang(巨响). ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble(碎石), but we forced(强行) our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a D. When I picked myself up, the roof andthe entire upper storey(楼层) of thehouse had been demolished(毁坏).考点:自然承接(依次出现)的两个动作/状态Lightning Strikes ….In fact, it’s calculated at one chancein 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys ofAER Technology, an organization thatmonitors the effects of lightning, thinksyou should be sensible(明智的). “Iwouldn’t go out in a storm—but then (但是另一方面) I’m quite a careful person.”He advises anyone who is unluckyenough to be caught in (被卷入…) astorm to get down (俯下, 趴下) on theground and curl up(蜷缩) into a ball,making yourself as small as possible.Lightning Strikes2. Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome(可怕的) displays of sheer(绝对的) power. ___2___ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman(政治家), proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.A. No wonder the ancient Greeksthought it was Zeus(宙斯), father ofthe gods, throwing thunderbolts(雷电) around in anger.考点: 上下文之间特殊逻辑关系: 因果关系Lightning Strikes3. ____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming(流动) upwardsfrom(= along) trees or church spires(尖塔) may glow(发光) and make a buzzing(发出嗡嗡的) noise, and people’s hair can stand on end(竖立). And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to(直到) 70 kms away, sound(发出) a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach(到来). E. Occasionally there are warning signs.考点: 上下文之间特殊逻辑关系:概括+ 列举提示: 空格如果在段首处出现,则空格处填入的可能是段落主题句(观点句, 定义句, 概括句, 疑问句等)或承上启下的句子(转折句等)Lightning Strikes4. Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt(道) of lightning. Mrs. Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated(使复苏) and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for burns to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit(健康的) again. Since that time, she has been a strictly fair(晴朗的) weather golfer. ___4___ The best place to be is inside a car! B.In fact,a golf course is one of themost dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm(雷雨).考点:上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系:转折对比关系Lightning Strikes5. The largest number of people to bestruck by lightning at one time was inSeptember 1995 when 17 players on afootball pitch(场地) were hitsimultaneously(同时地). The mostextraordinary(特别的) aspect of thestrike was the fact that 11 of thevictims—seven adults and fourchildren—had burn patterns of tiny holesat 3 centimetre intervals(间隔) on eachtoe(脚趾) and around the soles(脚底) oftheir feet.Lightning Strikes6. Harold Deal, a retired electrician(电器技师) from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently(看起来) unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____F. Since then the freezing(极冷的)South Carolina winters haven’tbothered Harold, since he iscompletely unable to feel the cold.Lightning Strikes7. Animals are victims(受害者) oflightning too．Hundreds of cows andsheep are killed every year, largely(主要地) because they go under trees. In EastAnglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously(突如其来地) by thesame bolt(道) of lightning that hit theground and travelled through the entireflock(群). Lightning is also responsiblefor(对…负责)starting more than 10,000forest fires each year world-wide.。
2015职称英语理工A(2015年3月30日更新)
参加了2015年的职称英语根据自己考试回忆以及买的辅导材料上的一些原文及翻译整理。
一些选项是否正确不确定，同时，一些填空的地方也是根据自己回忆想起来的，如果有谁记得更全的可以留言，我来补充。
毕竟我也不能全记住。
谢谢！ckof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth（阅读理解3×5=15分）Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what aboutthebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and ch romium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosp here, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。
2015年新教材全国职称英语考试理工a重要文章字典版
34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virusbuilt batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
职称英语等级考试用书理工类(精华版含16年新增)
第四部阅读理解第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet第十八篇 Thirst for Oil第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience第二十篇 Explorer of the Extreme Deep第二十一篇 Plant Gas第二十二篇 Snowflakes第二十三篇 Powering a City? It's a Breeze.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires -- a Looming Catastrophe第二十五篇 Eat to Live第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories第二十九篇 Food Fright第三十篇 Digital Realm*第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina*第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇 Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive*第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十五篇 Putting Plants to work*第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning*第三十七篇 "Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning*第三十八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第三十九篇 Clone Farm*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming+第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources+第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods+第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+第四十五篇 Small But Wise+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"+第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong+第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright+第四十九篇 U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities第一篇至第三十篇为C级，第三十一篇至第四十篇为B级，第四十一篇至第五十篇为A级第五部分补全短文第一篇 Mobile phones第一篇The World’s Longest Bridge第二篇Reinventing the Table第三篇Don’t Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet第四篇The Magic of Sound第五篇Dung to Death第六篇Time in the Animal World第七篇Watching Microcurrents Flow第八篇Heat Is killer 第九篇High Dive第十篇*Virtual Driver第十一篇*Musical Training Can Improve CommunicationSkills第十二篇+Sleeping Giant第十三篇+Robotic Highway Cones第十四篇+The Arctic Ice Is Thawing第六部分完型填空第六篇 Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely第七篇 An Intelligent Car第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures第九篇 Wonder Webs第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort FoodFights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks forUnprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food CouldNeutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, MoreLight+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of JapaneseEarthquake Damage1、Common Questions about Dreams2、Baby Talk3、The Apgar Test4、Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job5、Primer on Smell第十七篇A Sunshade for the PlanetEven with the best will1in the world, reducing ourcarbon emissions is not going prevent global warming.It has become clear that even if we take the most strongmeasures to control emissions, the uncertainties in ourclimate models still leave open the possibility ofextreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time,resistance by governments and special interest groupsmakes it quite possible that the actions suggested byclimate scientists might not be implemented soon enough./Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2,scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves3.For the most part they have strongly resisted discussingthese options for fear of inviting a sense ofcomplacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the rootof the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number ofresearchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale“geoengineering” projects that might be used tocounteract global warming. “I use the analogy ofmethadone4,” says Stephen Schnei der, a climateresearcher at Stanford University in California who wasamong the first to draw attention to global warming.“If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment ishospitalization, and a long rehab. But if theyabsolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin./Basically the idea is to apply “sunscreen” to thewhole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radicalplan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-lightdiscs into space, where they would form a vast cloud thatwould block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, butrecent studies suggest there are ways to deflect justenough of the sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface tocounteract the warming produced by the greenhouseeffect. Global climate models show that blocking just1. 8 p er cent of the incident energy in the sun’s rayswould cancel out the warming effects produced by adoubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Thatcould be crucial, because even the most severeemissions-control measures being proposed would leaveus with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of thiscentury, and that would last for at least a century more.练习: 1. According to the first two paragraphs，theauthor thinks that C despite the difficulty, scientistshave some options to prevent global warming.2.Scientists resist talking about their options becausethey don’t want people to C think the problem has beensolved.3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroinaddict and methadone? A Methadone is an effective wayto treat a hard heroin addict.4. What is StephenSchneider’s idea of preventing global warming? C Toapply sunscreen to the Earth.5. What is NOT true of theeffectiveness of “sunscreen”, according to the lastparagraph? D It decreases greenhouse gases in theatmosphere.第十八篇Thirst for OilWorldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent ofabout 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy onEarth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from theSun hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover ourneeds for an entire year, we just need to find anefficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil hasbeen cheaper and easier to get at. But as suppliesdwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure ouraddiction to oil.Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until thesteam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-densecoal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of ourenergy needs, but its use has been declining since westarted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossilfuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are stillplentiful: its reserves are five times larger thanoil’s.Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below thesurface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, dieseloil and various other chemical substances, providesaround 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuellingautomobiles. The US consumes n quarter of all oil, andgenerates a similar proportion of greenhouse gasemissions.The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, whichhas half of known reserves. But other significantsources include Russia, North America, Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska’s Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge1could be a major new US source, to reducereliance on foreign imports. Most experts predict wewill exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reachan energy crisis in the next few decades, when demandexceeds supply. As conventional reserves become moredifficult to access, others such as oil shales and tarsands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtainedfrom coal. Since we started using fossil fuels, we havereleased 400 billion tonnes2of carbon, and burning theentire reserves could eventually raise worldtemperatures by 130 C. Among other horrors, this wouldresult in the destruction of all rainforests and themelting of all Arctic ice.练习: 1. “… we will need tocure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so?D Oil supply is decreasing. 2. Which of the followingstatements is NOT meant by the author, according to thesecond paragraph? C Coal is the most environmentallyunfriendly fuel next to oil. 3. Which country is thebiggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States.4.What do experts say about the earth’s fuel reserves?B There will soon be an energy crisis. 5. What is NOTthe result of consuming fossil fuels according to thelast paragraph? D The sea level will go up.第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances ListenerExperienceShimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’sCenter for Music Technology, recommends songs, dancesto the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listenerfeedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robotis billed as an i nteractive “musical friend”./“Shimiis designed to change the way that people enjoy and thinkabout their music，”said Professor Gil Weinberg, therobot’s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band ofthree Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing insync with music created in the lab and composedaccording to its movements./Shimi is essentially adocking station with a “brain” powered by an Androidphone. Once docked, the robot gains the sensing andmusical generation capabilities of the user’s mobiledevice. In other words, if there’s an “app” for that,Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone’scamera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow alistener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognitionfeature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user tapsa beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musicallibrary and immediately plays the song that best matchesthe suggestion. Once the music starts，Shimi dances tothe rhythm.“Many people think that robots are limited by theirprogramming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D.candidate Mason Bretan. “Shimi shows us that robots c anbe creative and interactive. ’’Future apps in theworks will allow the user to shake their head indisagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimito skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume.The robot will also have the capability to recommend newmusic based on the user’s song choices and providefeedback on the music play list./Weinberg hopes otherdevelopers will be inspired to create more apps toexpand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities.“I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution thatwill see more robots in homes.” Weinbergsaid./Weinberg is in the process of commercializingShimi through an exclusive licensing agreement withGeorgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot availableto consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots aregoing to arrive in homes, we think that they will be thiskind of machines一 small, entertaining and fun，，，Weinberg said. “They will enhance your life and pavethe way for more intelligent service robots in ourlives.”练习：1.Which of the following is NOT trueaccording to the first three paragraphs?B Shimi is thecreator of the musical companion.2.What does Shimi doif the user taps a beat?D It selects a perfectly-matchedsong and plays it in sync with that beat.3.Which of thefollowing about Shimi is true?DShimi can be creative andinteractive.4.What does the author want to tell us?A Theresearch center is developing a stronger and moreversatile Shimi.5.Which of the following is Weinberg’sassertion?B human lives will be filled with more fun ifShimi is going to arrive in homes.第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme DeepOceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Yet,just a small fraction of the underwater world has beenexplored. Now, Scientists at the Woods Hole 1 Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle that will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible orhuman-operated vehicle (HOV), will replace another onenamed Alvin 2, which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). It’s about time for an upgrade, WHOI researchers say. /Alvin was launched in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year, says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives. A newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries, Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. “We take so much for granted on land,” Fornari says. “We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are. We can see colors, special arrangements.”Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin . It’ll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin , it’ll carry a pilot and two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable. In most other ways, it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvi has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing.Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is 2 knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. It’ll reach speeds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour.练习: 1. What is Alvin? C A submersible. 2. Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin? A It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters. 3. “… a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to D Shape. 5. In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different? D Both A and B. 第二十一篇 Plant GasScientists have been studying natural sources of methane for decades hut hadn’t regarded plants as a producer, notes Frank Keppler, a geochemist at the MaxPlanck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heldelberg,Germany 1. Now Keppler and his colleagues find that plants, from grasses to trees, may also be sources of the greenhouse gas. This is really surprising, because most scientists assumed that methane production requires an oxygen-free environment.Previously, researchers had thought that it wasimpossible for plants to make significant amounts of thegas. They had assumed that microbes 2 need to be in environments without oxygen to produce methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to global warming. In its experiments, Keppler’s team used sealed chambers that contained the same concentration of oxygen that Earth’s atmosphere has. They measured the amounts of methane that were released by both living plants and dried plant material, such as fallen leaves. /With the dried plants, the researchers tookmeasurement at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, they found,a gram of dried plant material released up to 3 nanograms of methane per hour. (One nanogram is a billionth of a gram.) With every 10-degree rise in temperature, the amount of methane released each hour roughly doubled. /Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370 nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour. Methane emissions tripled when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight. Because there was plenty of oxygen available, it’s unlikely that the types of bacteria that normally make methane were involved. Experiments on plants that were grown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions. That’s another strong sign that the gas came from the plants and not soil microbes. /The new finding is an “interesting observation,” says Jennifer Y.King, a biogeochemist at the University of Minnesota inSt. Paul 3. Because some types of soil microbes consume methane, they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching the atmosphere. Field tests will be needed to assess the plant’s influence, she notes. 练习: 1. What was scientists’ understanding of methane? C It was produced in oxygen-free environments. 2. To testwhether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created B an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has. 3. Which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment? D The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane emissions. 4. Which of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the passage? D Microbes in plants produce methane. 5. What is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced methane? CLess methane reaches the atmosphere.第二十三篇 Powering a City? It’s a Breeze.1The graceful wooden windmills that have broken up the flat Dutch landscape for centuries — a national symbol like wooden shoes and tulips — yielded long ago to ungainly metal-pole turbines.2 Now, windmills are breaking into a new frontier. Though still in its teething stages, the “urban turbine” is a high -tech windmill designed to generate energy from the rooftopsof busy cities. Lighter, quieter, and often moreefficient than rural counterparts 3, they take advantageof the extreme turbulence 4 and rapid shifts in direction that characterize urban wind patterns. Prototypes havebeen successfully tested in several Dutch cities, andthe city government in the Hague 5 has recently agreed to begin a large-scale deployment in 2003. Current models cost US$ 8,000 to US$12,000 and can generate between 3,000 and 7,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. A typical Dutch household uses 3,500 kilowatt hours per year, while in the United States, this figure jumps to around 10,000 kilowatt hours. But so far, they are being designed more for public or commercialbuildings than for private homes. The smallest of the current models weigh roughly 200 kilograms and can be installed on a roof in a few hours without using a crane. Germany, Finland and Denmark have also been experimenting with the technology, but theever-practical Dutch are natural pioneers in urban wind power mainly because of the lack of space. TheNetherlands, with 16 million people crowded into acountry twice the size of Slovenia 6, is the most denselypopulated in Europe. Problems remain, however, forexample, public safety concerns 7, and so strict standards should be applied to any potential manufacturer. Vibrations are the main problem in skyscraper-high turbine. Peop le don’t know what it would be like to work there, in an office next to oneof the big turbines. It might be too hectic. Meanwhile,projects are under way 8 to use minimills 9 to generate power for lifeboats, streetlights, and portable generators. “I think t he thing about wind power is that you can use it in a whole range of situations,” said Corin Millais, of the European Wind Energy Association. “It’s a very local technology, and you can use it right in your backyard, I don’t think anybody wants a nuclear p ower plant in their backyard.”练习： 1. What are the symbols of the Netherlands according to the first paragraph? B Wooden shoes and wooden windmills. 2. Which statement best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph? A It is a windmill put on rooftops of buildings for energy generation. B It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people. 3. The smallest models of an urban turbine C can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane. D can he installed with a crane. 4. Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology becauseD the Netherlands is a small country with a large population. 5. According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology? D Both A and C.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires — a Looming Catastrophe1 Coal burning deep underground in China ， India andIndonesia is threatening the environment and human life,scientists have warned.2 These large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and killsurrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases andcan even ignite forest fires, a panel 3 of scientists toldthe annual meeting of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science in Denver 4. The resulting release of poisonous elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned. “Coal fires are a global catastrophe,” said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East GeorgiaCollege in Swainsboro , USA. But surprisingly few peopleknow about them. Coal can heat up on its own 5, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous oxygen supply. The heat produced is not caused todisappear and under the right combinations of sunlightand oxygen, can trigger spontaneous 6 catching fire and burning. This can occur underground, in coalstockpiles 7, abandoned mines or even as coal istransported. Such fires in China consume 8 up to 9 200 million tones of coal per year, delegates were told. In comparison, the U. S. economy consumes about one billion tones of coal annually, said Stracher, whose analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted forpublication in the International journal of CoalEcology . Once underway,10 coal fires can burn for decades, even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes of greenhouse gases, poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere. /The members of the panel discussed the impact these fires may be having on global and regional climate change, and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to detect. One of the members of the panel, Assistant Professor Paul Van Dijk of the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation in the Netherlands, has been working with the Chinese government to detect and monitor fires in the northern regions of the country. /Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method of containing 11 the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a beat-resistant grout (athin mortar 12used to fill cracks and crevices) , whichis designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off 13 the oxygen supply.练习: 1. According to the first paragraph, one or the warnings given by the scientists is that C poisonous elements released by the underground fires can pollute water sources. 2. According to the third paragraph, what will happen when the underground heat does not disappear? A Coal heats up on its own and catches fire and burns. 3. What did Stracher analyze in his article published in the International Journal of Coat Ecology? D Coal fires can have an impact on the environment. 4. Which of the following statements about Paul Van Dijk is NOT true? B He has detected and monitored underground fires in the Netherlands. 5. According to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to control underground fires? D Cutting off the oxygen supply. 第二十五篇 Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, butit’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to 1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can he made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, butcould help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid oftoxins.2 /Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet fortheir whole lives, and fed another three onhalf-rations 3. Three more mice were switched from thenormal diet to half-feed 3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years. /The researchers checked the activity of 11, 000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age inthe normally fed mice. The changes were associated withthings like inflammation and free radical production 4 — probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted nil their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent ofthese gene changes. /“This is the first indication thatthese effects kick in 5 pretty quickly.” say Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work ,” he says. /If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug iseffective. /But Spindler isn’t sure the trade -off isworth it 6. “The mice get less disease, they live lo nger, but they’re hungry,” he says, “Even seeing what a diet does , it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only cat half of that’.” Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of caloric restriction.练习: 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? D We have to begin dieting since childhood. 2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. 3. What can he inferred about completely normally fed micementioned in the passage? D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? A The mice that started dieting in old age. 5. According 10 the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause AccidentsDifferentlyMale pilots flying general aviation 1 (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are results of a study fly researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.The study identifies difference between male and femalepilot in terms of circumstances or the crash and the typeor pilots error involved 2. “Crashes of general aviationaircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths 3in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots,as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that 4 of crashes of female pilots.” explains Susan P. B aker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. “Because pilotyouth and inexperience are established 5 contributors toaviation crashes 6, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.” The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanicalfailure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane withthe landing gear up 7 were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. /The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent ). Males, however,appeared more likely to be guilty of 8 poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness,examples of whichinclude misjudging weather and visibility 9 or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft,were generally more careful than their malecounterparts 10. 练习 : 1. What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about ？ B Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes. 2. Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph? C It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inexperienced pilots.3. How did the researchers carry out their study? A They studied the findings of several previous research projects. 4. What is the most common circumstance of crash with femalepilots? B Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling. 5. In the comparison of female and male pilots. D male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.第二十七篇 Driven to DistractionJoe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up thecar and heads 1 to town. The empty stretch of interstategives way to urban congestion 2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstratinga computerized driving simulator that is helpingresearchers at Old Dominion University 3 (ODU) examinehow in-vehicle guidance systems affect the personbehind the wheel.4 /The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, aretoo distracting — or whether any distractions areoffset 5 by the benefits drivers get from having helpfinding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 /“We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involvesmeasuring drivers reaction time and brain activity asthey respond to auditory and visual cues 7.The researchers just completed a study of the mentalworkload 8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs, light traffic.Preliminary results show that as p eople “get into more challenging driving situations, they don’t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment.” Baldwin said.But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. The next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload. /“Is it best if they seea picture… that shows their position, a map kind of display?9”Baldwin said. “Is it best if they hear it?” /Navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. “They’re very unforgiving,” Baldwin said. “If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.” /That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions. Baldwin said. Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choosethe style of directions they want, or modify systems topresent some information in a way that makes sense 10 for people who prefer the survey style, she said.Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.练习: 1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? C Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman. 2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? D All of the above. 3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? C In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else. 4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers D want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system. 5. What kind of directions do menand women prefer? B Men prefer more general directionand women prefer route directions.第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories 1To sleep. Perchance to file?2 Findings published online this week by the Proceedings 3 of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brainorganizes and stows memories formed during the day whilethe rest of the body is catching zzz’s 4. /Gyorgy Buzsakiof Rutgers University 5 and his colleagues analyzed thebrain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating from 6the somatosensory neocortex 7 (an area that processessensory information) and the hippocampus 8, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles(bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followedtens of milliseconds 9 later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published onlinethis week by the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, links age-associated memory decline 10 to high glucose levels. /Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend toincrease with age, affect memory in healthy people aswell. The scientists administered 11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body’s tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects betterable to absorb blood sugar. /“Our study suggests thatthis impairment 12 may contribute to the memory deficits 13 that occur as people age.” Convit says. “And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucosetolerance could reverse some age-associated problems incognition.14” Exercise and weight control can help keepglucose levels in check 15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.练习： 1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? 2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University? C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation. 3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance. 4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage? B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory. 5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? D To control glucose levels. 第二十九篇 Food FrightExperiments under way in several labs aim to create beneficial types of genetically modified (GM) foods, including starchier potatoes and caffeine-free coffee beans. Genetic engineers are even trying to transfer genes from a cold-water fish to make a frost-resistant tomato. A low-sugar GM strawberry now in the works might one day allow people with health problems such as diabetes to enjoy the little delicious red fruits again. GM beans and grains supercharged with protein might helppeople at risk of developing kwashiorkor.1Kwashiorkor,a disease caused by severe lack of protein, is common in parts of the world where there are severe food shortages. /Commenting on GM foods, Jonathon Jones, aBritish researcher, said. “The future benefits will beenormous, and the best is yet to come.2” /To some people, GM foods are no different from unmodified foods. “A tomato is a tomato,” said Brian Sansoni, an American food manufacturer.Critics of GM foods challenge Sansonis opinion. They worry about the harm that GM crops might do to people, other animals, and plants. /In a recent lab study conducted at Cornell University, scientists tested pollen made by Bt corn, which makes up one-fourth of the U. S. corn crop. The scientist sprinkled the pollen onto milkweed, a plant that makes a milky juice and is the only known food source of the monarch butterfly caterpillar. Within four days of munching on the milkweed leaves, almost half of a test group of caterpillars had died. “Monarchs are considered to be a flagship species for conservation,” said Cornell researcher Linda Ray nor. “This is a warning bell.”/Some insects that are not killed by GM foods might findthemselves made stronger 3. How so? The insecticides usedto protect most of today’s crops are spra yed on thecrops when needed 4 and decay quickly in the environment. But GM plants produce a continuous level of insecticide. Insect species feeding on those crops may develop resistance to the plants and could do so in a hurry, say the critics. Insects may also develop a resistance to the insecticide Bt. At the forum on GM food held last year in Canada, GM crops that have been made resistantto the herbicide might crossbreed with wild plants,creating “super weeds”5 that could take over whole fields. So where do you stand? Should GM foods be banned in the United States, as they are in parts of Europe? Or do their benefits outweigh any of the risks they might carry?练习: 1. Paragraphs 1、2 &. 3 try to give the idea that A GM foods may bring about great benefits to humans. 2. Why is the case of the pollen-sprayed milkweed cited in Paragraph 6? C It is cited to show GM foods also have a dark side. 3. What happens to those insects when not killed by the spray of insecticide? B They may have a higher ability to adapt to the environment. 4. Which of the following statements concerning banning GM foods is true according to the passage? D The United States has not banned GM foods. 5. What is the writer’s attitude to GM foods? A We cannot tell from the passage. 第三十篇 Digital RealmIn the digital realm, the next big advance will be voicerecognition 1. The rudiments 2 are already here but in primitive form. Ask a computer to “recognize speech,”and it is likely to think you want it to “wreck a nicebeach.”3But in a decade or so we’ll be able to chat away 4 andmachines will soak it all in 5. Microchips will be truly embedded in our lives when we can talk to them. Not onlyto our computers, we’ll also be able to chat with ourautomobile navigation systems, telephone consoles 6,browsers, thermostats. VCRs, microwaves and any otherdevices we want to boss around 7.That will open the way to the next phase of the digitalage : artificial intelligence 8. By our providing so many thoughts and preferences to our machines each day, they’ll accumulate enough information about how wethink so that they’ll be able to mimic our minds andact as our agents. Scary, huh 9? But potentially quite useful. At least until they decide they don’t need us。
2015年全国职称英语等级考试用书目录(字典打印版)
“Don't Drink Alone”Gets New Meaning“不要再就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义(177)“Life Form Found”on Saturn's Titan土卫六上发现了生命迹象(179)“Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage “液化”是日本地震破坏的关键(260)A Memory Drug? 记忆药物(227)A Record-Breaking Rover破纪录的漫游车(212)A Sunshade for the Planet地球防晒霜(137)Affectionate Androids深情机器人(224)An Essential Scientific Process一个至关重要的科学过程(122) An Intelligent Car智能汽车(242)Animal’s “Sixth Sense”动物的“第六感”(236)Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大(196) Avalanche and Its Safety雪崩和安全问题(232)Batteries Built by Viruses 病毒电池(171)Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光(255)Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity 比尔盖茨：发挥你的创造力(67)Captain Cook Arrow Legend库克船长弓箭的传说(230)Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely远程制止偷车贼(240) Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities手机增加交通行人死亡(204)Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感(248)Citizen Scientists公民科学家(110)Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险(251)Clone Farm克隆农场(181)Compact Disks光盘(82)Dangers Await Babies with Altitude 高海拔地区婴儿的风险(64) Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed捍卫净化论仍有必要(192)Digital Realm数码王国(163)Driven to Distraction分散注意力驾驶(157)Dung to Death施肥致死(214) Eat to Live为生存而食(153) Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔(119)El Nino 厄尔尼诺(52) Engineering Ethics工程道德(55) Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for RadioactiveWaste专家呼吁局部或区域控制放射性废物投放地点(169)Explorer of the Extreme Deep深海探索器(143)Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu 口罩也许无法预防感冒(99)Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击(127) Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles福特放弃电动汽车(106) Forecasting Methods天气预报的方法(190)Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险(253)Giant Structures巨型建筑(233)How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear如何让失聪的人更容易听见(219)How We Form First Impression对别人的第一印象是怎么形成的(86) Hurricane Katrina 卡特里娜飓风(165)I’ll Be Bach我也能成为巴赫(161)Icy Microbes冰冻微生物(80)Image Martian Dust Panicles观测火星上的尘粒(75)Inventor of LED LED发明者(51) Invisibility Ring 隐形环(130) Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车(131)Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth 日本人的地心旅行(135) Late-Night Drinking在深夜饮咖啡(114)LED Lighting 发光二极管(84)Lightening Strikes雷击(218) Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警(175) Listening to Birdsong倾听鸟鸣(198) Maglev Trains磁悬浮列车(103) Making Light of Sleep不要太在意睡眠(116)Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently 男女飞行员引起飞行事故的差异(155)Microchip Research Center Created 微芯片研究中心成立(58) Mind-reading Machine 读心机(167)Mobile Phones移动电话(207)Moderate Earthquake Strikes England 中度地震袭击英国(60) More Rural Research Is Needed需要进行更多的农业研究(91) More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事(77)Motoring Technology汽车技术(112)Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience 音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验(141)Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills音乐训练可以提高交流技能(223)Plant Gas 植物，沼气的又一来源(145)Powering a City ? It's a Breeze 风力发电？轻而易举(148) Putting Plants to Work植物效能(173)Real-World Robots现实世界中的机器人(147)Reinventing the Table重新发现元素周期表(210) Renewable Energy Sources可再生能源(187)Rescue Platform 救生平台(57)Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因(200)Robotic Highway Cones机器人高速路锥形路标(226)Screen Test透视检查(87)Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters鲨鱼有益于地球水系(258) Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind警报器救盲人(238) Sleep Lets Brain File Memories随眠促使记忆归档存储(159) Small But Wise小而聪明(194) Smoking吸引(54)Soot and Snow a Hot Combination煤灰与白雪：“火热”的组合(79)Stage Fright如何避免怯场(73)Strong Greenhouse Gas一种强烈的温室气体(97)Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake科学家研究预测地中海大地震(69)Sugar Power for Cell Phones用糖为手机发电(117)Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety教数学，教焦虑(183)The Bilingual Brain双语大脑(211)The Biology of Music音乐生物学(66)The Magic Io Personal Digital Pen 神奇的IO私人数字笔(101) The Mir Space Station和平号空间站(89)The Northern Lights北极光(71)The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World世界上最小的电动机(95) The World’s Longest Bridge世界上最长的桥(208)Thirst for Oil 石油匮乏(139)Time in the Animal World动物界中的时间(215)Too Little for Global Warming全球变暖“缺油”(185)U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars美国科学家确认火星上有水(202)Underground Coal Fires -a Looming Catastrophe地下煤着火-即将来临的灾难(150)Virtual Driver虚拟驾驶员(221)Washoe Learned American Sign Language WASHOE学会了美国手语(93)Watching Micro currents Flow观察微电流流程(217)What Is a Dream? 梦是什么(62)When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口(125)Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰(244)Winged Robot Learns to Fly肋生双翅机器人学飞行(133) Wonder Webs奇妙的网(246)World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than SomePredict世界原油产量可能提前10年达到峰值(108) Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于他们的弟兄(123)。
2015年职称英语《理工类C级》真题及答案
2015年职称英语《理工类C级》真题及答案词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有下划线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)1. The weather last summer was awful.A.badB.fairC.dryD.hot【答案】A2.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.A.messageB.guiltC.obligationD.punishment【答案】D3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher.A.definitelyB.generallyC.certainlyD.greatly【答案】D4. There is a need for radical changes in education.A.revolutionaryB.long-termC.short-termD.systematic【答案】A5. It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice.A.discouragesB.showsC.surprisesD.frightens【答案】A6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.A.limitB.fearC.powerD.fool【答案】B7. He tried to assemble his thoughts.A.gatherB.clearC.shareD.spare【答案】A8.【题干】I am going as a favor to Ann because I have to.【选项】A.partnerB.driveC.guideD.help【答案】D9. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.A.hideB.handleC.discloseD.establish【答案】C10. Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy.A.wayB.factorC.objectiveD.source【答案】A11.He said some harsh words about his brother.A.properB.unkindC.normalD.unclear【答案】B12.Under the terms of the contract, you must give 3 months' notice before you leave.A.subjectsB.expressionsC.wordsD.rules【答案】D13. Don't temp thieves by leaving valuables clearly visible.A.alarmB.catchC.spotD.attract【答案】D14.When did you first encounter these difficulties?A.createB.presentC.experienceD.resolve【答案】C15.We need to identify the potential problems.A.possibleB.mainC.immediatemon【答案】A阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
2014 年职称英语考试情况及2015教材变化
2015年职称英语辅导计划
• 1月18日 考试情况介绍 词汇练习 • 1月25日 阅读判断，概括大意 • 2月1日 阅读理解 • 2月8日阅读理解 • 3月1日补全短文 • 3月15日完型 • 3月22日技巧串讲
Eye-tracker lets You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance
The Northern Lights
A new Strategy to overcome Breast Cancer
C级 C级 C级(同卫生,综 合) B级(同卫生，综 合) B级
B级
A级
A级 A级（同卫生， 综合）
概括大意 与完成句 子
Baby language in the United Stats The storyteller The storyteller
C级 B级（同C级） A级
C级 B级 A级(同B级)
阅读理解
Alaska（教材概括大意6） Taking pictures of the World
补全短文 Do You have a Sense of Humor
C级（同卫生， 综合）
The Day a language Died
B级(同卫生，综 合)
Wrongly Convicted Man and His Accuser Tell their Story
A级（同卫生， 综合）
完形填空
Citizen Scientists （教材阅读 3） C级
补全短 文
Do You have a Sense of Humor
The Day a language Died
C级（同综合， 理工）
B级(同综合,理 工)
2015职称英语(理工A类)真题及答案(文字版)
“It seems clear that there is a f-iorsrdt er difference
inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling ” before and after the rise of animals.
“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment, ” saidco -author Tim Lyons of the University of California- Riverside. “This could be agame changer. ”
2015 年职称英语考试
《理工 A》真题
Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth
Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn?t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth?s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?
2015年度全国职称外语考试用书目录表
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2015职称英语_教材精讲_理工_王霞_补全短文_第16讲_打印版
学派网2015年职称英语(理工类)主讲人：王霞学派网2015年职称英语课程(理工类)第七篇Time in the Animal World(选自理工B补全短文)Time in the Animal World1. Rhythm controls everything in Nature.It controls, for example, the flapping ofbirds’wings, the beating of the heart andthe rising and setting of the sun.Time in the Animal World2. The sun provides a basic time rhythm forall living creatures including humans. Nearly allanimals are influenced by sun cycles and havedeveloped a biological clock in their bodiesfollowing these cycles. The moon also exertsits force and influence on the sea. Itsgravitational attxacSon causes the rising of thetide. The tide goes out when the moon movesaway and its attraction is weaker.When themoon is behind the Earth, centrifugal forcecauses the second tide of the day.Time in the Animal World3. Animals living in tidal areas must havethe instinct of predicting these changes, toavoid being stranded and dying ofdehydration. Since the time of thedinosaurs, the king crab has been layingeggs at the seaside in a set way To avoidpredator fish, the eggs are always far fromseawater and protected by sand. In thefollowing two months, the eggs undergodramatic changes related to the cycles ofthe moon. When the second spring tidecomes, the young king crabs have matured.The second spring tide takes them back tothe sea.Time in the Animal World4. Most of the mammals, either the giantelephant or the small shrew, have the sameaverage total number of heartbeats in theirlifetime. Shrews live only for two and a halfyears, and spend their life at a high speedand high tempo. Animals like shrews with apulse rate of 600 per minute have anaverage total of eight hundred millionheartbeats throughout their life. The Africanelephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats perminute, and a life span of 60 years. The sizeof the body determines the speed of life. Thelarger the animal is, the longer its life span isand the slower its life tempo is.Time in the Animal World5. As we get older, our sense of timeis being influenced by the physiologicalchanges of our body. The elderly spendmore time resting, and do few sports.For an adult, time goes fast year by year.For a child, a week is seen as a longtime.。
职称英语_公开课_教材分析_王霞
学派网2015年职称英语直播课主讲人：王霞2015年职称英语教材分析会1.2015年职称英语变化情况介绍2.2015年职称英语考试出题趋势预测2015年职称英语综合教材变化情况删除内容新增内容综合C 阅读判断第三篇：TV Game Shows第三篇：Across the Desert阅读理解第六篇“TV Shows and LongBus Trips第六篇：Native American Pottery 补全短文第三篇：Are Online FriendsReal Friends?第三篇：The Value of Tears综合B 阅读理解第二十四篇：Clone Farm第二十四篇：The Romance ofArthur补全短文第九篇Heat Is Killer第九篇：Style, Not Fashion综合A补全短文第十二篇：Obesity CausesGlobal Warming第十二篇：Men Smell of Cheeseand Women of onions删除内容新增内容综合C阅读判断第三篇：TV Game Shows第三篇：Across the Desert阅读理解第六篇“TV Shows and Long Bus Trips第六篇：Native American Pottery 补全短文第三篇：Are Online Friends RealFriends?第三篇：The Value of Tears (Native American pottery)2. The second paragraph inthis passage is developedmainly through ____?Acrossthedesert•热点话题/主题陈旧•考点沿袭往年风格NativeAmericanPottery•综合类热点话题(文化)/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)Thevalue oftears•综合类热点话题（健康）Do you have a sense of humor?(2014/C)I know how you feel? (2010/A)•考点沿袭往年风格(The value of tears)A. It may explain why people areafraid to cry often suffer moreheart attacks than people whocry more freely.删除内容新增内容综合B 阅读理解第二十四篇：Clone Farm第二十四篇：The Romance of Arthur 补全短文第九篇Heat Is Killer第九篇：Style, Not Fashion(The Romance of Arthur)3. The information in thesecond paragraph is mostlypresented in ___. (Orderfrom earliest to latest)(Style, Not fashion)2. …. Style is, for starters, one partidentity: self-awareness and self-knowledge. ____ (2).D. You can’t have style until you havea sense of who you are.TheRomanceof Arthur•热点话题/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)•综合类热点话题(社会与文化)•英文常见写作特点(e.g. 概念词+ 解释) Style,NotFashion删除内容新增内容综合A补全短文第十二篇：Obesity Causes GlobalWarming (2014/A级完形填空)第十二篇：Men Smell ofCheese and Women of onions(Men smell of cheese and women of onions)5. Some researchers are skeptical thatgender is the main decidingfactor,…__(5).F. “Other factors include what you eat,what you wash with, what you wear and ….”One…another…Some…others/other…One/a/an… others/other…now…in the past Men smell ofCheese andwomen ofonions•综合类热点话题(健康)•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)2015年职称英语理工教材变化情况删除内容新增内容理工C 阅读理解第九篇：Egypt Felledby Famine第九篇：An EssentialScientific Process补全短文第五篇：The Magic ofSound第五篇：A Record-Breaking Rover理工B 阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-WorldRobots补全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：LighteningStrikes理工A补全短文第十三篇：SleepingGiant第十三篇：AffectionateAndroids(An essential scientific process)4. This passage is primarily developed by ___.A. Explaining a process(A Record-breaking Rover)During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its camera. ___ (4).A. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks and…删除内容新增内容理工C阅读理解第九篇：Egypt Felled by Famine 第九篇：An Essential ScientificProcess 补全短文第五篇：The Magic of Sound (2014/理工C 试题)第五篇：A Record-BreakingRoverAnessential scientific process•理工热点话题/主题陈旧•出现新考点(e.g. 文章/段落写作结构等)•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)Arecord-breaking rover(2008年理工A 试题)1. The writer begins the passage by comparing ___.(√)2. The word "humanoid" in Paragraph 1 means(√)3. According to the first and second paragraphs, artificial intelligence is___.(√)4. The last paragraph suggests that future robots will___.(√)5. Another good title for this passage would be ___. (√)删除内容新增内容理工B阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-World Robots (2008年理工A 阅读理解试题)补全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：Lightening Strikes (×lightening strikes)Real-world Robots•理工热点话题/主题陈旧•往年试题•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)Lightning strikes(Lightning strikes)4….Since that time, she has been a strictly fair weather golfer. ____(4)B. In fact, a golf course is (to be ) one of the most dangerous places (to be ) during a thunderstorm .(Affectionate Androids)B. But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.D. However , few owners willprogram their robots to point out their flaws.删除内容新增内容理工A 补全短文第十三篇：Sleeping Giant 第十三篇：Affectionate AndroidsAffectionate Androids•理工热点话题•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)2015年职称英语卫生教材变化情况删除内容新增内容卫生A 阅读理解第十二篇：First Self-containedHeart Implanted第十二篇：Inquest Told ofHospital Error补全短文第十二篇More Efforts Urgedto Empower Women at AIDSConference第十二篇：The EnemyWithin卫生B补全短文第七篇Reinventing the Table 第七篇：Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.卫生C 阅读理解第五篇：U.S. Eats Too MuchSalt (2010年卫生C阅读理解试题)第五篇：Tracking DownHIV补全短文第二篇Bedwetting (2014年卫生C完形填空试题)第二篇：The HopeChildren’s Hospice(Inquest told of hospital error)7. Mr. Newbold’s family’s lawyerwas not qualified.C: Not mentioned题干设置特点：“部分信息不相关”Inquest toldof hospitalerror•热点新话题(医患纠纷)•考点沿袭往年风格•热点新话题(过敏症)•考点沿袭往年风格(e.g. 上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系)删除内容新增内容卫生A 阅读理解第十二篇：First Self-containedHeart Implanted(2014年卫生A阅读理解试题)第十二篇：Inquest Told ofHospital Error补全短文第十二篇More Efforts Urgedto Empower Women at AIDSConference第十二篇：The EnemyWithinThe EnemyWithin(The enemy within)B. In other words our immunesystems have become over-sensitive. (概括总结句)(Power napping is good for the I.Q.)F. That’s why , without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.删除内容新增内容卫生B 补全短文第七篇Reinventing the Table第七篇：Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.PoweringNapping is good for the I.Q.•热点话题•考点沿袭往年风职称英语等级考试情况介绍词汇选项阅读判断概括大意与完成句子阅读理解补全短文完形填空15分7分8分45分10分15分基础重点答题技巧通过考试2015年职称英语考试出题趋势预测1.2015年职称英语考试出题特点很可能基本与2014年出题特点一致,试题难度基本相当(文章主题难度, 考点设置难度, 考查内容);2.教材中仍可能会有30分左右的送分题: 1篇阅读理解+ 1篇完形填空;3.词汇选项部分仍然会有8-12分左右的题可以通过翻查带有近义词注释的词典直接找到答案;如何顺利通过职称英语考试?1.把握教材中的复习重点(阅读理解+ 完形填空=30分)2.答好送分题(词汇选项：10-12分)3.答好来自书外的阅读理解(争取拿到15分以上)4.用好答题技巧, 在小分值题上多拿分(阅读判断：2-4分；概括大意与完成句子：3-5分；补全短文：4-6分)预祝顺利通过2015年职称英语等级考试^_^。
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第一部分词汇选项下面共有10 组词汇学习，每一组词汇学习有15 道小题。
在每道题的句子里都有一个加底横线的词或短语，请在四个选项中找出与加底横线的词或短语意义最相近的一项。
词汇学习1：1. Will you please call my husband as soon as possible?A) contact B) consult C) phone D) visit2. We'll give every teacher space to develop.A) chance B) employment C)room D)opportunity3. I have to go at once.A) soon B) immediately C)now D) early4. The policeman asked him to identify the thief.A) name B) distinguish C) capture D)separateA) happened B) broke C) spread6. It took me exactly a week to complete the work.A) do B)achieve C) improve D)finish7. The herb medicine eventually cured her disease.A) nicely B) apparently C) finally D)naturally8. We had a long conversation about her parents.A) talk B) speech C) debate D)discussion9. Please let me know if you are unable to attend the meeting.A) go to B) prepare for C) speak to D) do to10. They have made up his mind to give up smoking.A) tried B) attempted C) agreed D) decided11. Your teacher will take your illness into account when marking your exams.A) calculation B) computation C) consideration D) assessment12. We have to put up with her behavior.A) tolerate B) accept C) swallow D) take13. They have given up the hope to save their friend from drowning.A) ended B) abandoned C) built D)strengthen14. I seldom watch TV.A) rarely B) frequently C)normally D)occasionally15. The dentist has decided to take out the girl's bad tooth.A) dig B) draw C) pull D) extract答案与题解：1.C call或call up：打电话。
Phone或phone up：打电话。
如：Did Mary phone me（up）last night？昨晚玛丽给我打电话了吗？Contact：接触；联系。
I regularly contact her.我经常跟她接触。
Consult：商量；咨询。
I often consult him about my research work.我经常跟他商量我的研究工作。
Visit：拜访。
Mary visited me last night.昨晚玛丽来看了我。
2.C space：空间。
Room：空间。
如：I’d like to bring the child with me if there is room in the car.如果车上有空，我想带上孩子。
Chance：机会。
Everyone has a chance to go to school.每个人都有上学的机会。
Employment：就业；职业。
Opportunity：机会。
The government has been trying hard to provide adequate employment opportunities.政府为提供充分的就业机会而竭尽全力。
3.B at once：马上。
Immediately：马上。
如：It’s getting late.We must go back home immediately.天晚了，我们得马上回家。
Soon：很快。
We’ll have lunch soon.我们很快就要吃午饭了。
Now：现在。
If we leave now we’ll be there before dark.如果我们现在就离开，天黑前就能到那里。
Early：早。
Mary gets up very early.玛丽起得很早。
4.A identify：认出。
Name：指出；说出。
如：The light is too dim for me to identify her.光线太暗，无法认出她来。
Can you name these flowers？你能说出这些花名吗？Distinguish：区分。
There is not much to distinguish her from the other candidates.很难把她与其他的候选人区别开来。
Capture：抓住。
The policemen have captured the rebel leader.警察已经抓住了叛乱分子的头目。
Separate：分开。
It is not always possible to separate cause from effect.并不总是能把原因与结果分开。
5.A occur：发生。
Happen：发生。
又如：His death occurred the following year.他次年就死了。
I can remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.我记得整个事情，就如同发生在昨天一样。
Break：碎；断。
Break out：突然发生。
The economic crisis broke out first in the US.经济危机首先在美国发生。
Appear：出现。
A smile gradually appeared on her face.微笑逐渐浮现在她的脸上。
6.D complete：完成。
Finish：完成。
又如：The scientists have completed their investigation.科学家已经完成了调查。
Do：做。
The students have done their homework.学生已经做完了作业。
Achieve：取得；达到。
He worked very hard to achieve a balanced budget.为了实现预算平衡，他玩命工作。
Improve：改善。
Their working conditions have to be improved.他们的工作条件必须改善。
7.C eventually：最终。
Finally：最终。
又如：It was a long journey，but we eventually arrived.路程很长，不过，我们最终还是达到了。
She finally gained control of her husband.她最终控制住了她的丈夫。
Apparently：很明显。
Apparently you’re sick.很显然你病了。
Naturally：自然地。
She can speak English very naturally.她英语说得很自然。
8.A conversation：谈话。
Talk：谈话。
又如：We had a very long telephone conversation yesterday.昨天我们在电话里说得很多。
Shen gave us a talk about Chinese culture.她给我们作了一个关于中国文化的报告。
Speech：报告；讲演。
The expert delivered a speech at the meeting held yesterday.那位专家在昨天的会上作了讲演。
Debate：辩论。
The cause of global warming is still open to debate.全球变暖的原因仍然可以讨论。
Discussion：讨论。
Did you participate in the discussion？你参加讨论了吗？9.A attend：出席、莅临。
Go to：出席、莅临。
又如：We all attended the conference on globalization.我们都去参加了关于全球化的大会。
We’ll go to her birthday party tomorrow.我们明天去参加她的生日聚会。
Prepare for：做准备。
Will you help me prepare for the wedding ceremony？你能帮我准备婚礼仪式吗？Speak to：跟……说话，给……作报告。
You must speak to him.He doesn’t listen to me.你得跟他谈谈了，他不听我的。
Do to：对某人做了……。
What did you do to her？你对她做了些什么？10.D make up one’s mind：打定主意，决心。
Decide：决定。
又如：Susan has made up her mind that，come what may，she will stay with John.苏珊决心已下，不管发生什么，都将跟约翰在一起。
He decided not to do that.他决定不干那件事。
Try：设法。
We are all trying to improve our English.我们正设法提高我们的英语水平。
Attempt：试图。