商务英语第二章课件
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UTILITARIANISM
‘Act‘ utilitarianism (direct) ‗Rule‘ utilitarianism (indirect)
UTILITARIANISM
According to the act utilitarian ,
the principle is applied directly to the selection of particular actions under particular circumstances.
Normative perspectives— what does it mean?
Propose principle (s) for distinguishing
right actions from wrong actions. aim to provide a general account of when actions are right and when they are wrong. 2 kinds:
action offer potential personal and/or organisational benefit but which may be unethical. Potential sources of ethical dilemmas include discrimination, sexual harassment, conflicts of interest, customer confidence, and organisational resources. According to a Harvard Business Review survey, many ethical dilemmas involve conflicts with superiors, customers, and subordinates.
The morality of an action can be determined
by its consequences An action is ethical if it promotes the greatest good for the greatest number
UTILITARIANISM
Restrictions against the majority to protect a
minority is not utilitarian
2, EGOISM
Ethical egoism
Egoism advocates individual self-interest as
its guiding principles self interest is main ethical focus many individuals strive to increase personal wealth Economists believe individual pursuit of profit & wealth is optimal for society
Benefits and Costs of an Action to Whomsoever They Accrue
B1 + B2 + B3 + . .+Bn> C1 + C2 + C3 + . . .+Cn
Then the Action is Ethical B1 + B2 + B3 + . .+Bn< C1 + C2 + C3 + . . .+Cn Then the Action is Unethical
Example……Psychological Egoism
A whistleblower who exposes the
misdeeds of others in the organisations goes through a great personal expense maybe after fame or revenge “self-interested consideration motivated an action or deed”
Morality & Egoism
Act is morally right if it best
promotes an agent’s long – term interest. It does not preach that we should never assist others BUT rather that we have NO basic moral duty to do so.
Egoism – Adam Smith
Adam Smith‘s ―invisible hand‖ of the
market was an attempt to shift economic power from the ruling monarchy to individuals. His proposed capitalist system was underpinned by the virtues of justice, fairness & honesty
Resolving Ethical Dilemma—an Introduction
Normative perspectives—what does it mean?
ETHICAL DILEMMA
Define - situations in which potential courses of
Chapter 2 Ethical Principles in Business
Normative Theories of Ethics
After completing this chapter students should be
able to: 1. Identify, describe, and compare the major normative theories 2. Carefully consider the critiques offered of each of the theories and test their validity; 3. View the positive and negative aspects of applying each theory in an organizational context; 5. Identify common ground on which moral decision-making can proceed.
Utilitarianism—Bentham and Mill Egoism—Adam Smith
Act Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism
Consequentialist Theories
Moral theorist believes that if consequences
EGOISM
TWO KINDS OF EGOISM
–Psychological Egoism –Ethical Egoism
PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM
The only moral obligation we have is to
ourselves We act in the interest of others ONLY if it is the best way to promote our own self interest. All actions are selfishly motivated Concerned that self interest is the only thing that motivates anyone
form rules that if applied rigorously should
lead to greatest good for greatest number
UTILITARIANISM
Problems of Utilitarian approach – ‗units‘ of good/happiness are difficult/impossible to measure – places utility (benefits) over rights and justice – is sacrificing a minority for the sake of the majority moral?
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) was an philosopher / legal and social reformer, he was a political radical and a leading theorist
and best known as an early advocate of utilitarianism and animal welfare, who influenced the development of liberalism John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) an English philosopher and political economist was an influential liberal thinker of the 19 century He was an advocate of utilitarianism
consider consequences of each
individual act in its context
UTILITARIANISM
According to the rule utilitarian , the
principle is applied to the selection of a set of rules, which are in turn used to determine what to do in particular situations.
Utilitarianism Example
Harry Truman and Decision to Drop Bomb
on Japan
What do you think of this concept?
How do you quantify benefits and costs?
How do you value benefits and costs? Can lead to unjust consequences
are good then the act is right, if they are bad, the act is wrong. By weighing the ratio of good to bad that an action will produce
1, Utilitarianism
UTILITARIANISM
Greatest good for the greatest number Action is right if they promote the
greatest human welfare, wrong if they do not Utilitarianism is more community & socially oriented than egoism
– Consequentialist – Nonconsequentialist
Utilitarianism
Egoism
The 4 Principles of Ethics
categorical imperative prima facie obligations
Consequentialist Theories—
UTILITARIANISM
‘Act‘ utilitarianism (direct) ‗Rule‘ utilitarianism (indirect)
UTILITARIANISM
According to the act utilitarian ,
the principle is applied directly to the selection of particular actions under particular circumstances.
Normative perspectives— what does it mean?
Propose principle (s) for distinguishing
right actions from wrong actions. aim to provide a general account of when actions are right and when they are wrong. 2 kinds:
action offer potential personal and/or organisational benefit but which may be unethical. Potential sources of ethical dilemmas include discrimination, sexual harassment, conflicts of interest, customer confidence, and organisational resources. According to a Harvard Business Review survey, many ethical dilemmas involve conflicts with superiors, customers, and subordinates.
The morality of an action can be determined
by its consequences An action is ethical if it promotes the greatest good for the greatest number
UTILITARIANISM
Restrictions against the majority to protect a
minority is not utilitarian
2, EGOISM
Ethical egoism
Egoism advocates individual self-interest as
its guiding principles self interest is main ethical focus many individuals strive to increase personal wealth Economists believe individual pursuit of profit & wealth is optimal for society
Benefits and Costs of an Action to Whomsoever They Accrue
B1 + B2 + B3 + . .+Bn> C1 + C2 + C3 + . . .+Cn
Then the Action is Ethical B1 + B2 + B3 + . .+Bn< C1 + C2 + C3 + . . .+Cn Then the Action is Unethical
Example……Psychological Egoism
A whistleblower who exposes the
misdeeds of others in the organisations goes through a great personal expense maybe after fame or revenge “self-interested consideration motivated an action or deed”
Morality & Egoism
Act is morally right if it best
promotes an agent’s long – term interest. It does not preach that we should never assist others BUT rather that we have NO basic moral duty to do so.
Egoism – Adam Smith
Adam Smith‘s ―invisible hand‖ of the
market was an attempt to shift economic power from the ruling monarchy to individuals. His proposed capitalist system was underpinned by the virtues of justice, fairness & honesty
Resolving Ethical Dilemma—an Introduction
Normative perspectives—what does it mean?
ETHICAL DILEMMA
Define - situations in which potential courses of
Chapter 2 Ethical Principles in Business
Normative Theories of Ethics
After completing this chapter students should be
able to: 1. Identify, describe, and compare the major normative theories 2. Carefully consider the critiques offered of each of the theories and test their validity; 3. View the positive and negative aspects of applying each theory in an organizational context; 5. Identify common ground on which moral decision-making can proceed.
Utilitarianism—Bentham and Mill Egoism—Adam Smith
Act Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism
Consequentialist Theories
Moral theorist believes that if consequences
EGOISM
TWO KINDS OF EGOISM
–Psychological Egoism –Ethical Egoism
PSYCHOLOGICAL EGOISM
The only moral obligation we have is to
ourselves We act in the interest of others ONLY if it is the best way to promote our own self interest. All actions are selfishly motivated Concerned that self interest is the only thing that motivates anyone
form rules that if applied rigorously should
lead to greatest good for greatest number
UTILITARIANISM
Problems of Utilitarian approach – ‗units‘ of good/happiness are difficult/impossible to measure – places utility (benefits) over rights and justice – is sacrificing a minority for the sake of the majority moral?
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) was an philosopher / legal and social reformer, he was a political radical and a leading theorist
and best known as an early advocate of utilitarianism and animal welfare, who influenced the development of liberalism John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) an English philosopher and political economist was an influential liberal thinker of the 19 century He was an advocate of utilitarianism
consider consequences of each
individual act in its context
UTILITARIANISM
According to the rule utilitarian , the
principle is applied to the selection of a set of rules, which are in turn used to determine what to do in particular situations.
Utilitarianism Example
Harry Truman and Decision to Drop Bomb
on Japan
What do you think of this concept?
How do you quantify benefits and costs?
How do you value benefits and costs? Can lead to unjust consequences
are good then the act is right, if they are bad, the act is wrong. By weighing the ratio of good to bad that an action will produce
1, Utilitarianism
UTILITARIANISM
Greatest good for the greatest number Action is right if they promote the
greatest human welfare, wrong if they do not Utilitarianism is more community & socially oriented than egoism
– Consequentialist – Nonconsequentialist
Utilitarianism
Egoism
The 4 Principles of Ethics
categorical imperative prima facie obligations
Consequentialist Theories—