语法填空专题复习——定语从句
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语法填空&短文改错专题复习——定语从句(The Attribute Clause)
一、定语从句的基本概念
1.担任定语功能的句子就称为定语从句,定语从句子在句中的作用相当于形容词,一般放在名词(先行词)的后面。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等就称为先行词,先行词一般位于定语从句之前。定语从句一般译为“......的.....”。
2.关系词:引导定语从句的词就被称为关系词
关系词特点:①引导定语从句;②代词先行词;③在定语从句中担任一个成分,如主语、宾语或状语等。
3.关系词的分类:
①关系代词:
指人:who (作主语、宾语) whom (作宾语) that (主语、宾语、表语)as(作主语、宾语、表语) 指物:which(作主语、宾语) that (作主语、宾语) as(作主语、宾语、表语)
指所属关系:whose (某人的,某物的)
②关系副词:where(地点状语) when (时间状语) why (原因状语)
where= on/ in/ at/to which when=on/ in / at / during which why= for which
二、定语从句在语法填空和短文改错的常考点
1. 关系代词和关系副词的正确使用。
2. 定语从句中谓语动词的主谓一致或时态、语态问题。
注:①从句中谓语动词的主谓一致、时态、语态上的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词为单数或不可数名词,从句谓动为单数形式,先行词为复数,从句谓动为复数形式。
②定语从句的时态不受主句的限制,视从句的具体情况来定。若定语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生,则要求使用同样的时态,若主句与定语从句的谓语表示的动作如果不是同时发生,时态则不要求一致。
如:The woman who /that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother.
(昨天在会议上发言的那位妇女是我妈妈。主句 The woman is my mother. 叙述客观事实用一般现在时。从句 who (that) spoke at the meeting yesterday 句中有 yesterday(昨天),表示过去的时间,所以从句用过去时。)
The girl who_______ is in red is my best friend.
如何判断一个句子是什么类型句子?
(1)英语句式可分为三类:简单句,并列句和复合句。
简单句:一个句子只包含一个主谓结构。
并列句:含有两个或两个以上独立分句,分句用并列连词连接,每个分句都有自己的主谓结构。复合句:是一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在,所以主句和从句之间往往有关系代词或连接代词连接。主句有自己的主谓结构,从句也有自己主谓结构。
练习:区分下列句子哪些是简单句、并列句或复合句。
She was the author who wrote this great book. ______________
She was an author. She wrote this great book. ______________
She was an author and she wrote this great book. _____________
(2)如何判断定语从句?
She was the person who wrote this great book.
主谓先行词关系词从谓定语从句
Step 1:判断从句类型
根据从句在主句中充当的成分来判断从句类型。
1.作定语,位于名词、代词之后修饰名词,或是在一个句子之后,有逗号隔开,则是定语从句;
2.作主语,位于谓语动词之前,则是主语从句;
3.作宾语,位于谓语动词,介词,形容词之后,则是宾语从句;
4.作表语,位于系动词之后,则是表语从句;
5.作同位语,位于名词之后说明其前面的名词的具体内容,则是同位语从句;
6.作状语,一般是独立成句,则是状语从句
Step 2:找准主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词
如:My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software.
The building which stands by the river is our school.
Step 3:分清主句及从句
主句有自己的主谓结构,从句也有主谓结构,从句须由一个关联词引导,起到联系从句和主句的作用。关联词之后的主谓结构与关联词构成从句。
练习:划出句子的主句、从句和找出关系词
In their class there are fifteen students who can speak English well.
Do you know the boy to whom my mother is talking?
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me question in Chinese.
三、定语从句的分类
用who代替,而且whom不能省略。
如:I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
②在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时,只能用whom,且不能够省略。
如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
He is the man (whom/ that/who) I saw yesterday.
练习:把下面的两个句子写成一个含有定语从句的句子。
(1)He is the man. The man lives next door. _______________________________________________
(2)I happened to meet the professor____________ I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.
(二)whose 的用法
whose= the+ n. + of which/ whom, 指代人或物,在从句中充当定语,表所属关系,意为“某人/某物的.....”
练习:把下面的两个句子写成一个含有定语从句的句子。
(1)I’d like a room. The window of the room faces the sea.
______________________________________________________________________________________________ (2) The girl is my best friend. Her mother is a teacher.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)This is the scientist___________achievements are well known.
(三)which 的用法
关系代词which,指代物,在从句中充当主语、表语和宾语,在限制性定语从句中可以省略,但若作介词的宾语,则不可以省略,在非限制性定语从句中也不能省略。
练习:把下面的两个句子写成一个含有定语从句的句子。
(1)The train is for Shanghai. The train has just left.
________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2)This is the house_____________Lu Xun used to live.
(四)that 的用法
关系代词that,指代人或物,在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语,作宾语、表语的时候可以省略。that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
练习:把下面的两个句子写成一个含有定语从句的句子。
(1)The chair is being repaired. You broke the chair yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)Is he the man _____________ wants to see you?
(3)改错:He said that he had never seen her before,that was not true.
重点难点:
1.只能用关系代词that的情况
(1)当先行词是不定代词all, much, few, any, little, no, every, something, anything, everything, nothing, none等时,关系代词只能用that。
E.g. I did everything __________ could help her.
(2)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词只能用that。