比喻的民族性对词语翻译的影响比喻的基础是词语在联想上的相似或相关

有关中美文化差异的外文文献翻译，中英文都要，好的再加分！！

比喻的民族性对词语翻译的影响比喻的基础是词语在联想上的相似或相关，它好比一面镜子映照出一个民族的社会心态，因而比喻多采用形象描述、借用等方式使人产生大量联想的词汇。由于各民族的历史发展不同，因而各自都有含特定比喻的人或者事物的词语来体现本民族的历史文化色彩，这就给比喻打上鲜明的民族烙印。例如：英语中”to meet one’S Waterloo”(遭遇滑铁卢)是源于19世纪拿破仑在比利时小城滑铁卢惨败的历史事件，现常用它来比喻惨遭失败，而汉语中有一成语“败走麦城”是指古时三国的蜀国名将关羽被打败后退兵麦城的历史事件，现在也常用来比喻惨遭失败。这两个词语分别来源于不同的历史事件，在表达“惨遭失败”这层意思上有异曲同工之妙，虽喻义相同但各自所具有的民族特色十分明显。又如汉语成语“破釜沉舟”语出《史记》，用来比喻不留后路，下定决心干到底。英语中的burn one’S boats，原指古罗马恺撒大军乘船渡过Rubicon河后把渡船全部烧毁，以此向士兵表明退路已断，只有拼死一战，这与汉语中的“破釜沉舟”可以说是如出一辙。再如，在汉民族文化里，兔子是跑得快的象征，因此在古代汉语里有“静若处子，动若脱兔”的说法，但是在英语中兔子却是“胆小”的象征，于是就有了as timid as a hare(胆小如兔)，而汉语中则用“胆小如鼠”来比喻胆小鬼。汉语中形容某人瘦，说“瘦得像猴子”，英文中却说asthin as a shadow(瘦得像影子)；汉语中形容某人穷，说“穷得像叫化子”，英文中却说as poor as a churchmouse(穷得像教堂里的耗子)；汉语中“挥金如土”、“水底捞月”，相应的英语却是to spend money likewater(花钱如水)和fishing in the air(空中钓鱼)。以上例子说明，各民族语言表达方式的鲜明特色性，是其它语言文化不能替代的。因此，在翻译过程中，我们应尊重各民族的文化词语的特点和个性，保留其语言存在和表现的形式。6 地域文化的差异对词语翻译的影响众所周知，英国是一个岛国，海洋的作用在国家的发展史上举足轻重。因此，英语中see，boat，water等和海洋和航海有关的词语往往被赋予特殊的感情和寓意。下面这些词很能体现这一地域文化特点：to feel under the water感觉不适all at sea茫然不知所措to keep one’s head above water奋发图强to trim your sails见风使舵而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地，松、竹、梅等植物被赋予特殊的感情和寓意，用以抒情托志、喻事述理，如“松鹤延年”、“胸有成竹”等。不同的地域文化使得两种语言在一些表达方式上受到了影响。比如汉语“挥金如土”表示铺张浪费，英语是spend money like water；汉语中常用“雨后春笋”形容新生事物大量涌现，相应的英语却是spring up like mushroom。地域文化的差异除了使英汉两个民族对同一现象或事物采用了不同的语言表达形式，也表现在对方位及其相应物的感知取向不同上。如在汉民族的方位观念中，东为尊(东方El出)，西为卑(西方El落)，南为尊，北为卑，人们常说：“南来北往”“从南到北”，而英语文化却恰除相反，英美人是从英语地域文化上来理解的，所以东南、东北、西南、西北之类的方位词分别是：southeast，northeast，southwest，northwest。 The nationality of metaphor translation of words is the basis of metaphor in the similar or related associations, it is like a mirror which reflects the social mentality and metaphor used more image description, borrow etc, make the person produces large lenovo's vocabulary. Because of the historical development of different nationalities, each with particular parables people or things to reflect the words of the national history and culture, which gave parables color on distinctive national brand. Example: the English one 'S useful "Waterloo (from) in Waterloo, napoleon in Belgium town in the 19th century, the historical events - Waterloo is commonly used to describe it, while Chinese failure in a idiom" fail "refers to the Madison three days after the defeat cha guan yu shu Madison historical events, they are commonly used to describe now failure. These two words were derived from different historical events, in the expression "failure" mean in this layer is the same, although each has the same but overstepping

languages of ethnic characteristics are very obvious. As Chinese idioms "with" the shiji, to not LiuHouLu, determined to slog. "One of the English burn boats, original refers to the Roman army crossed the Rubicon by Julius after all the ferry to burn that already cut back, soldiers, this world only desperate to burn the" Chinese "is similar. Be like again, in the han nationality culture, the rabbit is the symbol of fast, so in ancient Chinese "quiet, the DongReTuoTu", but in English is "chicken" rabbit, hence the symbol of a timid as timid as a hare (r), and with "in Chinese is to describe the coward. Describe someone in Chinese, "thin thin like monkeys," in English asthin said a shadow (thin like shadow), Describe someone in Chinese, "said the beggar," English as good as said in a churchmouse (as poor as a church mouse), Chinese "and" underwater miserly bottle ", the corresponding English is that money to spend money like water likewater (air) and fishing fishing (air). Above example, ethnic language expression distinct characteristics, are other language culture cannot replace. Therefore, in the process of translation, we should respect the ethnic culture words and characteristics of personality, retain their language and expression of form. 6 regional cultural differences of words, the influence of English translation is an island is the role of the state in the ocean history. Therefore, English, water price boat, etc and Marine and nautical concerned words often endowed with special feelings and implication. These words are can reflect the regional culture characteristics: under the water feel unwell feeling all at sea loss to one 's very big head above water to trim your sails unyielding and han nationality in Asia self-healing effcet life reproduction, mainland people cannot live without land, pine and bamboo, mei plant endowed with special feelings and meaning, which means "lyric, Daniel, such as" what is the matter of crane prolong "and" assurance ", etc. Different cultures that two kinds of language expression in some of the affected. Such as Chinese ", "said miserly extravagance, English is like water that money, Chinese have used to describe something new, "", the corresponding English are like mushroom is rising. Regional cultural differences make the same phenomenon or things on the language form, but also in other position and orientation of the different perceptions of correspondence. As in the han nationality orientation, east east for (a), west of El humbled (fall), south west El for honour, north humbled, people often say: "always" from south to north, and English culture "in Anglo-American instead, just come from the regional culture of English, so the understanding of southeast, northeast, northwest, southwest, southeast of shang is respectively: northeast, northwest, and. 中美文化差异 中国跟美国在有些文化及社会差异上是根深蒂固的，下文提出我观察到的一些例子。笔者在这里要强调这些观点是一般性的，当然仍有个别之特例。 一、个人主义 美国人相当崇尚个人主义，东方社会（当然包括中国人）则强调家族及阶级层次。这是一个非常重要及有影响力的分别。美国人崇尚个人特质的例子很多，父母较少伸手干预子女的发展。 二、隐私权 美国人通常很尊重别人的隐私。就是知己之间也很少问到别人太"切身"的问题，例如年龄、薪水及婚姻状况等。也应当少谈论第三者的事情。不请自来的访客（包括父母亲）是绝对不受欢迎的。 三、不拘礼 美国人在衣着娱乐方面，都比较随便。最重要的是人与人之间的交往都比较不拘礼，即使双方在年纪上或地位上有很大分别也不例外。这方面的例子多不胜数，例如很多学生对教授，及晚辈对老人家都直接称呼first name可见一斑。这种"越代"，"越身份"的不拘礼表现，在很多东方人眼中则认为是失礼的行为。 四、开放与直接 美国人是相当开放和直接的，尤其在专业的讨论，往往秉持着不同意见而争论（注意：是争论，不是拍桌子，摔麦克风的吵架）。相反地，东方人往往不会直接冲突，而是婉转地通过地位比较高的第三者来疏通。 五、独立性 美国人通常较不喜欢依靠别人，甚至父母的帮忙也不一定乐于接受，而父母亦鼓励子女早早离家，独立地生活与发展。我国青少年在这方面就