科技英语翻译技巧
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科技英语翻译技巧
第一章专业英语的特点
第一节专业英语的语法特点
一、非人称语气和客观性
•Graphitization characteristics of either conventional malleable irons and magnesium-treated white irons have been proposed or reported in previous literature.
However, no detailed investigation has been conducted regarding the heat-treatment responsiveness of Mg-treated malleable irons. In this paper, the influence of different foundry variables on first-stage and second-stage graphitization was investigated.
以前的文献报道了传统可锻铸铁和镁处理白口铁的石墨化特征,然而有关镁处理可锻铸铁与热处理的相关性尚无详细研究。
本文研究了各种铸造因素对第一阶段和第二阶段石墨化的影响。
二、被动语态
•专业英语中的被动语句不一定要说出行为主体,特别当行为主体是人时。
但有时也可用by引出行为者,这些行为主体除了人、机构、物质以外,还包括完成该动作的方法、原因或过程等。
•例如:
•(1)the structure of a material can be investigated on several levels.
•材料的组织结构可以在几个层次上进行研究。
(2)after the hot-worked surface has been cleaned and oxides removed, the metal can be cold worked to give the final dimensions and properties.
•在对经过热加工的金属表面进行清洁和除去氧化物后,可对金属进行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。
•(3)hard spots can be removed from castings by heat treatment, either annealing or normalizing, unless the iron contains alloy elements such as chromium.
•如果铁不含像铬这样的合金元素,硬点可以通过热处理(退火或正火)从铸件中除去。
•(4)rapid progress in the exploration of outer space has been made possible by new methods and knowledge of welding metallurgy.
•焊接冶金的新的方法和知识使得外层空间探测的迅速发展成为可能。
•(5)the amount of undercooling degree that occurs with a given analysis of alloy melt and cooling rate is strong influenced by the presence of nuclei in the melt.
•在一定的化学成分和冷却速度下,合金液过冷度的大小受到合金液中存在的晶核的强烈影响。
三、非谓语动词
1. 分词的使用
Examined under a microscope, gray cast iron consists of metal matrix and graphite.
在显微镜下观察,灰铸铁由金属基体和石墨组成。
(分词短语作条件状语)•分词独立结构(名词或代词+分词短语)是一种主谓结构,在句中的作用相当于并列分句或从句。
例如
•T he process is called dieless drawing, as the product being formed without direct contact with a die.
•由于产品是在不与模具直接接触的情况下成形,故称此工艺为无模拉拔。
(状
语从句)
2. 动名词的使用
•动名词构成的介词短语可取代状语从句或简化陈述句,在专业英语中应用广泛。
例如:
•T he finest wire made today is manufactured by drawing a metallic rod encapsuled in a glass tube.
•现今最细的金属丝是通过拉拔密封在一根玻璃管中的金属棒制造的。
•I ron is made by reducing iron oxide in a large device called blast furnaces.
•铁是在一种叫做鼓风炉的大型设备里通过将氧化铁还原制得的。
•A metal part formed by forging must withstand the rapid application of a force without breaking and gave a high enough ductility to deform to the proper shape.
•用锻造方法成形的金属零件必须承受快速施加的压力而不开裂,并且具有足够高的延性以获得特定的形状。
3. 不定式的使用
•不定式在专业英语中的使用也十分频繁,在句中常用来替换表示目的、功能的从句,使句子结构简练。
例如:
•T o control the transformation behavior of austenite, the process of alloying and heat treatment can be used.
•为了控制奥氏体的转变特性,可以采用合金化和热处理工艺。
•M etallographic samples may also be taken from testbars or from castings to examine the from of the graphite and matrix or to determine eutectic cell size.
•金相试样也可以从试棒或者铸件上取得,用来考察石墨和基体的形态,或者用来确定共晶团的大小。
四、名词化结构
•表示动作意义的名词+of+名词+修饰语
•用来代替主谓结构作各种句子成分,使句子结构简化。
•T he pearlite structure can be achieved by control of cooling rate after solidification or by subsequent heat treatment.
•珠光体组织可以通过控制凝固后的冷却速度或通过后来的热处理获得。
五、省略句
1.并列复合句中的省略
各分句中的相同成分---主语、谓语或宾语可以省略。
The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would require only 26 hours.
The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, the second only
26 hours.
2.状语从句中的省略
在主从复合句中,当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时,从句中的主语和助动词往往可以省略,,又时甚至将连词一并省略。
[if (it is)] alloyed with tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze.
如果将铜与锡熔合,就能形成叫做青铜的一系列合金。
(条件状语从句中的主语和助动词可以省略,连词也可以省略)
3.定语从句中的省略
4.由关联词that或which引导的定语从句,可将关联词和从句谓语中的助
动词一并省略。
In this diagram the solid solution (which is) based on metal C is called the αphase.
在此相图中,以金属C为基的固溶体称为α相。
5.其他省略句
使用某些特定句型也可以省略一些句子成分。
The lower the temperature of bainite formation the finer the these carbides and the structure produced become similar to that of tempered martensite.
贝氏体形成温度越低,这些碳化物就越细,而形成的组织变得类似于回火马氏
体的组织。
六、惯用句型
•专业英语中有许多惯用句型,最常用的是由引导词it(用作形式主语)引出的陈述句(后面用主语从句或不定式短语作逻辑主语)。
常用的有:
•I t appears that… 看来…
•I t can be seen that… 可以看出…
•I t has been proved that… 已经证明…
•I t is evident that… 显然…
•I t is necessary to point out that …
•有必要指出
•I t is not hard to imagine that …
•不难想象
•I t is well known that… 众所周知
•I t may be remarked that … 可以认为
•I t must be noted that … 必须指出
•I t was reported that … 据报道
•I t should be mentioned that … 应该指出
•I t will be found that … 将会发现
•I t follows (from this) that … 由此可见
•另外还有一类惯用句型是包含有表语或表语从句的陈述句
•T he conclusion is that…… 结论是
•T he fact is that…… 事实是
•T he purpose of this paper is……
•本文的目的是……
•T he case (question) is that…….
•问题在于……
•O f importance is……
•重要的是……
•还有一类惯用句型是包含有宾语或宾语从句的陈述句,
•R esults demonstrate that…..
•结果表明
•C alculations indicated that……
•计算表明
•F ig.2 illustrates……
•图2表明了
七、复杂长句
•O ne of the ways further strengthening a solid solution matrix is to obtain a fine distribution of a hard intermetallic compound throughout the structure on order to further restrict deformation mechanisms, large crystals or networks of such compounds must be avoided however since they can cause embrittlement.
•进一步强化固溶体基体的途径之一是:在整个组织中获得细密分布的坚硬的金属间化合物,以进一步限制变形机制;但是必须避免粗大晶粒和金属间化合物的网状组织,因为它们会导致脆性。
第二节专业英语的词汇特点
•一、专业英语词汇的组成
•1. 专业技术词汇
•g raphitization 石墨化
•d esulphurization 脱硫
•m acrosegregation 宏观偏析
•m icrocrystallography 显微结晶学
2. 半专业词汇
•f eed 基本词义是“喂养”
•专业技术上转义为“补给、输送、供水、加载、进刀”等
•C hill 基本词义是“寒冷”
•专业技术上转义为“激冷、冷硬、冷铁、金属型、锭模、白口层”等。
3. 书面非专业词汇
在非科技英语中很少使用但却严格属于非科技性质的词汇。
大多是书面语动词和由它们派生的抽象名词及形容词。
如to apply, to generate, to yield, application, available等等
find out “发现、找出、求出”
discover “发现”
search (out) “找出”
determine “求出”
二、构词法
•1. 转化(conversion)
•由一个词类转化为另一个词类。
转化时词形一般不变,只是词类转用。
•m elt (熔液)to melt (熔化)
•w ear (磨耗)to wear (磨损)
•c hill (冷铁)to chill (激冷)
•f inish (光洁度)to finish (抛光)
•m ould (铸型)to mould (造型)
•a lloy (合金)to alloy (使成合金)
2. 合成(composition)
•由两个或更多的词合成一个新词。
•合成的方法有:
•f oundryman(铸造师)
•w orkshop (车间)
•s hakeout (落砂)
3. 派生或词缀(derivation)
•派生构词法是通过对词根加上各种前缀和后缀来构成新词的方法。
•1. 名词前缀
词缀含义例词inter- between, among interface界面的
hyper- over hypereutectic
hypo- under hypoeutectic
anti- against anticorrosion
di- two diphase
macro large macrograin
micro small microstructure
•词缀含义例词
•m ulti- many multiphase
•p re- before preheat
•s ub- beneath,less than subskin blowhole
•s uper- above, over superalloy
•t hermo- heat thermocouple
•u ltra- beyond ultrasonic
•词缀含义例词
•-ism theory mechanism
•-ist person metallurgist
•-scope observe, see microscope
2. 形容词词缀
•词缀含义例词•i m- not impurity
•i n- not insufficient •-free have no rust-free
•-ive tending to reactive
•-less without restless
•-proof resistant acid-proof
3. 动词词缀
•词缀含义例词
•d e- cause not to be desulfuration
•r e- again recrystallization
•t rans- across transcrystalline
•-en make, become weaken
•-fy make purify
•-ize make oxidize
三、词汇缩略
1.首字词(initials)
RE rare earth 稀土(元素)
CE carbon equivalent 碳当量
SEM scanning electron microscope
2. 节略词
P -- pearlite 珠光体
F -- ferrite 铁素体
gr. --graphite 石墨
fig. -- figure 图示
mach. -- machinery 机械ref. -- reference 参考文献。