高中英语语法动词不定式及主动表被动用法

a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing） 没有东西值得看。
b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）
看不见什么东西。
用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被
动式作定语, 重点在物。
3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do 在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可 用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。 用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。 例如: 没有时间可以耽误。可译成: There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁 lost time 不明确。
动词不定式的语态
㈡.被动式( to be done / to have been done)
当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示 的动作的承受者时（被动关系）.
1. He didn’t like to be laughed at. 2. He claimed ____in the supermarket when he
2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人
Betty was the first to know the truth
注意
如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词， 其后应加上必要的介词 Eg. He is a pleasant person to work with.
It seems that he has no pen ______ . A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with
再如: Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。
He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。
2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do 在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词 不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。
Tom is looking for a room to live in. （与room有动宾关系，与Tom 有主谓关系）
He has a family to support. （与family有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）
3、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时， 结构：主语+系动词+形容词 + 不定式； 动词+宾 语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利 弊等含义，如
I come here to say good-bye to you.
结果状语: 常与only , enough 或too连用。
He studied hard only to fail the exam.
He is old enough to go to school. 原因状语: 一般用在句尾 I’m glad to see you. She wept to see the sight.
注意
不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的动作。
I have a lot of work to do. The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
作状语
He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
heard.
作宾补
1. 她叫我呆在这儿。 She asked me to stay there.
2.请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。
Please allow me to introduce Mr. White
to you.
习惯用法
1) 带to的不定式作宾补。很多动词如: allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等 后面作宾补的不定式都带to。
作主语
1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。
To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.
2. 放弃吸烟是对的。
To give up smoking is right.
作宾语
1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。
Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided to look for a job.
Do you have anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?（to do是由you发出的） I am going to your hometown . Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （我替你带，不是你带）
动词不定式及其 ---主动表被动用法
Grammar
一 动词不定式 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，
可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定 语、状语、补足语等,但不能作谓语。
To do that sort of thing is foolish。主语
动 I want to see you this evening. 宾语 词
difficult, easy, comfortable, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive等，不定式用主动表被动。 The question is difficult to answer. The work is easy to do. I found the car comfortable to ride in. That makes poetry difficult to write.
如: He didn’t allow us to smoke in his house. 他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。
2) 不带to的不定式作宾补。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作宾补的不定 式不带to。
目的状语.
They jumped with joy to hear the news.
原因状语.
I’m too tired to walk any further tonight.
结果状语
目的状语: 常用的结构—to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such …as to do, etc.
但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同: a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ） 现在没事干。
b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ） 现在没办法了。
Remember!
•
The following verbs are
normally followed by v-ing.
avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike,
endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish,
imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon,
prevent, resist, suggest, understand,
can’t help
Remember them!
作表语
1. 我的工作是教英语。
My job is to teach English.
2. 眼见为实。
To see is to believe.
作定语
1. 你有什么要说的吗?
Do you have anything to say?
He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。
Be careful!
2、不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面 被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与 另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表 被动含义。
I have much work to do. （与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）
1）have（give, show）sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和 句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。 例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.
to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。 否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:
如: He made a face and made
everybody laugh. 他做了一个鬼脸, 逗得大家都笑了。
注意 如: 果上述结构变为被动语态,不定
式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语, 此时第2类动词(let, have无被动语态)后 原来不带to的不定式要加to。 如:I saw him go upstairs.
例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答 的问题。
question与to answer为动宾关系。 to answer可改为 for me to answer。 再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated B.treating badly
C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.
动词不定式被动式
动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式, 例 如do的被动式有to be done, to have been done。 只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定 式的被动式。一般说来, 当不定式的逻辑主语是 不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。 例如: He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要 求派他去那个工厂工作。
These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许带出室外。 但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思, 用的 却是主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况:
动词不定式主动表被动
一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式 表被动意义。
不 All you have to do is to finish it quickly. 表语
定 式
We found a house to live in. 定语
She came here to study English. 状语
I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 宾补
2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。
He promised not to tell anyone about it.
习惯用法
The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive.
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish
二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被 动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有: 1）n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do The question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回 答。 The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。