英法百年战争英文版介绍
英法百年战争背景和起因
Reasons for the outbreak of war
Fuse of the war was Flanders region (present-day Belgium and the Netherlands). Then Flanders was European industrial developed region. Particularly in wool textile technology was very advanced. So here was the richest part of Europe.
Louis VII
Background
The United Kingdom monarch of golden bird-flower dynasty theoretically was France subjects, should be for the French King effect render one's services. Not only so, regardless of as Royal history intermarriage of in-laws with France, also was as France most powerful of feudal lords, once France throne appeared the situation-old King had no son, or because various causes no legitimate of throne heir.When the nobles struggled for the throne, the monarch of golden bird-flower dynasty was no doubt that to have participation game of qualification! So after the French King died, Edward III formally proposed requirements inherited the throne of France.
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
➢ It was a disaster for the people.Both of their economy was deeply damaged,so the people in the two countries lived in dire poverty.
➢The war in one hundred, crying in one hundred.
➢ From 1380 to 1415, France was in prolonged instability and its industry and commerce declined seriously.
➢ The war stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it awakened French nationalism.
➢ 贞德原本是一位法国农村少女，她声称在十六岁 时的一日，在村后的大树下遇见天使圣弥额尔、 圣玛加利大和圣加大肋纳，从而得到“上帝的启 示”，要求她带兵收复当时由英格兰人占领的法 国失地。后来她几番转折，得到兵权，于1429年 解奥尔良之围，成为了闻名法国的女英雄，后带 兵多次打败英格兰的侵略者，更促使拥有王位承 继权的查理七世于同年7月16日得以加冕。然而 圣女贞德于1430年在贡比涅一次小冲突中为勃艮 第公国所俘，不久为英格兰人以重金购去，由英 格兰当局控制下的宗教裁判所以异端和女巫罪判 处她火刑，于1431年5月30日在法国鲁昂当众处 死。20年后英格兰军队被彻底逐出法国时，贞德 年老的母亲说服教宗卡利克斯特三世重新审判贞 德的案子，最终于1456年为她平反。500年后被 梵蒂冈封圣。
➢ Hauberk (锁子甲） in Europe had more than one thousand years history. Early in the war, it was still the best protective equipment .But later ， plate armor（板甲） greatly enhance protection.
英法百年战争【英文】
Crusades 1095-1291
Trade
Allows for Exchange of ideas Increased Wealth = Increased Consumer goods/luxuries Crusades/Trade create unified Christendom Renaissance of the 13th Century?
Chartres, France
Competition to Build the Grandest Cathedral for the Glory of God
Scotland Cologne
Notre Dame, Paris
Theocracy of Europe
Popes, Cardinals anoint Kings Europe is united in Christianity Political and Religious hierarchy is similar Some diversity in practices and beliefs Church, Good Works, Sacraments, Key to Salvation Preoccupown (The Founding)
Towns begin to develop around Europe Centered around Churches and Markets Dominated by Guilds Non-Traditional Social Group (Artisan)
The Hundred Year's War 英法百年战争
The results and influence
• disastrous (economy ) poverty.
• Two separate nations were born after the war. The war helped to develop English national identity as well as French national identity.
Jeanne d'Arc
• militarist(军事家）saint(圣女） a symbol of freedom. • When she was just 17 years old,she led the army to fight against the invaders.Under her lead,France recaptured most of territoris,settling the base of final victory. • On 30th May,1431,Jeanne d‘Arc was bound to the stake and burnt to death,when she was just 19 years old.
Jeanne d'Arc
Jeanne was caught Before the punishment
The results and influence
(锁子甲） was replaced by
（板甲）
• Gunpowder (火药）and cannon(火炮）played significant roles as early as 1375. • The last battle of the war, was the first battle in European history in which artillery(大炮） was the deciding factor.
英法百年战争【英文】
Crusades 1095-1291
Trade
▪ Allows for Exchange of ideas
▪ Increased Wealth = Increased Consumer goods/luxuries
▪ Crusades/Trade create unified Christendom
Group (Artisan)
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
The Late Middle Ages and The Catholic Church
Society in 13th Century Europe
▪ Religion Dominates all aspects of life
▪ Scotland
▪ Cologne
Notre Dame, Paris
Theocracy of Europe
▪ Popes, Cardinals anoint Kings
▪ Europe is united in Christianity
▪ Political and Religious hierarchy is similar
▪ Church Monopolizes education
▪ Monasteries centers of education and literature
▪ Monks study and copy ancient texts
▪ Some classic works are preserved
▪ Others destroyed because of the cost of paper
▪ Papacy exerts both secular and spiritual authority
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和综合案例Term ListThe Hundred Years’ War百年战争（即是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年- 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。
）Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争（即英国兰开斯特王朝（House of Lancaster）和约克王朝(House of York)的支持者之间为了争夺英格兰王位的断续内战。
）The “Babylonian Captivity”“巴比伦之囚”（即公元前597～前538年期间，两度被新巴比伦王国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服的犹太王国，大批民众、工匠、祭司和王室成员被掳往巴比伦，这些人称为巴比伦之囚。
）The Great Schism大分裂（意大利人对教廷迁往亚威农之事，非常不悦，他们欲使罗马再度变成为教皇宝座所在地。
结果于公元1378年，意大利与法国公开断绝关系，双方各选出一位教皇；于是出现了两位教皇，一位在罗马，一位在亚威农；这段时期(公元1378至1417年)被称为「大分裂」时期。
）Lollard罗拉德派（即中世纪晚期英格兰威克利夫的追随者。
这个贬称（源自中部丹麦，意思是「说话含糊不清的人」）更早用于被怀疑为异教徒的欧洲群体。
）Hussites胡斯派（即15世纪早期捷克宗教改革运动，因其发动者胡斯得名。
胡斯运动主要有两大派，塔波尔派，以及圣杯派。
胡斯运动的残余成员后来组成波希米亚弟兄会，成为一个长期活动的教派。
The Renaissance popes文艺复兴时期（文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
）Austria18世纪初，哈布斯堡王朝领土空前扩大。
1815年维也纳会议后成立了以奥为首的德意志邦联，1866年在普奥战争中失败，邦联解散。
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
The Hundred Years’ War between England andFranceIn 1328, the Capetian dynasty in France came to an end with the death of Charles IV, the son of Philip the Fair. An assembly of French barons gave the crown to Philip VI of Valois, the nephew of Philip the Fair.Causes of the Hundred Years WarEdward III, king of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claimed to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fair's daughter. This, then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years' War. Another cause of the Hundred Years' War was clearly economic conflict. The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III.The Hundred Years War and the MercenariesTo make matters worse, war had become a more expensive proposition in the 14th century. Larger, healthier and better-trained armies were needed. Most governments began to rely on paid mercenaries to do their fighting for them. The problem with mercenaries is that they were expensive to obtain an even more expensive to retain. More often than not, the mercenary had no allegiance to anyone king and fought for the highest bidder. Furthermore, mercenaries were a competitive and quarrelsome lot. The Hundred Years War - the TaxesTo counteract the high price of war, European monarchs imposed even more taxes upon the people. The French were most adept at this: there were taxes on salt, bread, and wine as well as taxes on the rights to use wine presses, grindstones and mills. And of course, there was the poll tax.The Hundred Years War - the FactionsThe last cause of the Hundred Years' War was factional conflict. By the 14th century the European nobility had become diluted with men who had entered the nobility not because they had a claim by virtue of birth but because of their wealth. Meanwhile, the older nobility was losing income due to declining rents. Many older nobles joined forces with mercenaries in order to maintain their position and status. Other nobles married into wealthy families while still others tried to improve their situation by the buying and selling of royal offices. What all this boiled down to was conflict. Nobles tended to join factions united against other factions. These factions included a greatfamily, their knights, servants and even workers and peasants on the manorial estate. They had their own small armies, loyalties and even symbols of allegiance. The bottom line is that these factions were beginning to form small states within a state and contributed not only to the overall violence of the 14th century but also to the need of monarchs to keep their nobility under constant surveillance. This explains why Louis XIV, the Sun King, housed his nobility at Versailles -- it was so he could keep an eye on them.The Hundred Years War - AquitaineThe most pressing issue during the Hundred Years' War was the status of Aquitaine, a large province in south western France. According to feudal law, Edward III held Aquitaine as part of his fiefdom. Philip attacked this territory, claiming it was rightfully his. Edward's response was to join forces with the Flemish in 1337 and this was the principal cause of the war.The Hundred Years WarThe war, fought entirely on French soil, raged off and on for more than 100 years. English victories were followed by French victories, then a period of stalemate would ensue, until the conflicts again rose to the surface. During periods of truce, English and French soldiers -- most of whom were mercenaries -- would roam the French countryside killing and stealing. After the battle of Agincourt in 1415, won by the English under Henry V, the English controlled most of northern France. It appeared that England would shortly conquer France and unite the two countries under one crown. At this crucial moment in French history, a young and illiterate peasant girl, Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431), helped to rescue France.The One Hundred Years War and Joan of ArcAt the age of 13 Joan believed she had heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine and St. Margaret bidding her to rescue the French people. Believing that God had commanded her to drive the English out of France, Joan rallied the demoralized French troops, leading them in battle. Clad in a suit of white armor and flying her own standard she liberated France from the English at the battle of Orleans. Ultimately captured and imprisoned by the English, Joan of Arc was condemned as a heretic and a witch and stood trial before the Inquisition in 1431. Joan was found guilty and was to be burnt at the stake but at the last moment she broke down and recanted everything. She eventually broke down again and faithful to her "voices," decided to become a martyr and was then burnt at the stake and became a national hero.。
英法百年战争
• One hundred war greatly blow to the aristocratic forces between the two countries, the two countries on the path of the centralization百年战争极大地打击了两国的贵族势 力，是两国走上了中央集权的道路 • The war of one hundred is conducive to the formation of modern nationalism in both countries百年战争有利于两 国近代民族主义的形成
• Knights of the war of one hundred, representing the nobles of the French army in large-scale encounter failure, finally by a civilian Joan of arc didn't win the morale, is identified with the retreat of aristocratic chivalry and the rise of the national war consciousness
the reason of the war
• Historical disputes between Britain and France, the two sides of the king's throne, led to the outbreak of the war
英法两国之间的历史纠葛，双方对国王宝座的争夺，导致了战争的爆发
British and French war of one hundred - important people
新编英法百年战争
What is the Black Death about?
➢The Black Death was during Edward III period. It was one of the worst natural disasters in history. In 1347 A.D. , a great plague swept(鼠疫)over Europe. One third of the European died.
The Huanr dred Years’ War
Henry Ⅴ
The four famous battles:
Main Events
Edward III Black Death
(1348-49)
Richard II The
Peasant Uprising
Henry V Recognized to
Definition
• A series of wars fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453 that resulted in the final expulsion of the English from all French territories except Calais. It is the longest war in the world. During this period, many new tactics and weapons have developed quickly.
bourgeoisie grew rapidly.
百年战争简介
● 经济
● 不过也许更为重要的是，经济问题才是两国交恶的罪魁祸首。
● 英格兰的经济命脉和皇家国库的正常运转在很大程度上依赖羊毛贸易。中世纪后期，佛兰德斯 （Flanders）是羊毛贸易中心。生产羊毛的英格兰人在这里卖羊毛，而大部分由这些羊毛制成的 商品（呢绒）则取原道返回英格兰。由于羊毛原料出口商和毛呢制成品进口商都要向英王缴税， 因此佛兰德斯的羊毛制品厂商和经销商顺理成章地都愿意支持英格兰利益。
● 百年战争使法国本土遭到了严重的损失。但在战后，法国经济逐渐复兴，战争加速了法兰西民族 意识的高涨，对近代民族国家的形成起了很大作用
原因
● 百年战争（the Hundred Years' War ）产生的原因错综复杂，包含国家间政治、经济、社会、国际关系等 各种因素。尽管通常认为百年战争始于1337年，但在此之前法兰西和英格兰早已累积多年恩怨。
● 1420年5月21日英、法在特鲁瓦签订几乎亡国的特鲁瓦条约。英王亨利五世成为法兰西摄政王， 有权承继查理六世死后的法兰西王位。法兰西已沦为英法联合王国的一部分。
● 1421年，博热之战爆发。法军与巴肯伯爵约翰·斯图亚特率领的苏格兰援军联手，对英军取得胜 利。他们杀死了亨利五世的弟弟，王位继承人克拉伦斯公爵。
● 奥尔良战役的胜利，扭转了法兰西在整个战争中的危难局面，从此战争朝着有利于法兰西的方向发展。此后， 法兰西人民抗英运动继续高涨，英军节节败退。
● 1429年7月，王子查理在兰斯加冕，称查理七世。1430年在康边城附近的战斗中，当贞德及其部队被英军所 逼、撤退回城时，这些封建主把她关在城外，最后竟以4万法郎将她卖给了英格兰人。贞德宁死不屈，她说： “为了法兰西，我视死如归。”1431年5月29日上午，贞德备受酷刑之后在卢昂城下被活活烧死，她的骨灰 被投到塞纳河中。死时，贞德还不满20岁。
declineoffeudalisminenglish(英国百年战争和玫瑰战争)
Joan of Arc
French military leader and heroine. Inspired and directed by religious visions, she organized the French resistance that forced the English to end their siege of Orléans(1429). The same year she led an army of 12,000 to Rheims and had the dauphin crowned Charles VII. Captured and sold to the English by the Burgundians (1430), she was later tried for heresy and sorcery and was burned at the stake in Rouen. She was canonized in 1920.
The First Stage
1337
the British Army won the Battle
of Crecy.
1340
the British Army won the Battle of
Poitiers 1348
the British beat French in the Battle of Sluys.
1429.5
French people beat British in the Battle of Orleans under the command of Joan of arc. That brought a bright future to French people.
The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Y ears WarThe Hundred Y ears War was a series of wars between England and France. The background of the Hundred Y ears War went as far back as to the reign of William the Conqueror. When William the Conqueror became king in 1066 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings, he united England with Normandy in France. William ruled both as his own.Under Henry II, the lands owned by England in France became even larger and the kings who followed Henry found the land they owned in France too large and difficult to control. By 1327, when Edward III became king, England only controlled two areas of France - Gascony in the south and Ponthieu in the north.In 1328, Charles IV of France died. Charles did not have any sons to take over his land and all his brothers were dead. He did have a sister called Isabella. She was the mother of Edward III and Edward believed that because of this, he should be king of France. However, the French decided that a cousin of Charles, Philip, should be crowned king.Edwar d was furious but he was not in a position to do anything in the late 1320’s. By 1337 he was ready to fight for what he believed was his and he declared war on Philip. Edward was not only willing to fight for what he believed was his - the crown of France - but also he feared that Philip was a threat to his possessions in France - Gascony and Ponthieu.Edward now had to raise an army. There were men who looked forward to fighting abroad in an army as it gave them the opportunity to plunder treasure and bring things back to England which could make them rich. However, many men were not keen on fighting as they were usually more concerned about farming. A war in the autumn could be a disaster as this was harvest time.The feudal system meant that knights had to provide the king with soldiers when the king demanded them. However, war had moved on from the time of the Battle of Hastings and the longbow was now the most feared of weapons and not the knight on horseback. The king's officials went around England looking for skilled archers. All young men in medieval villages were expected to practice archery so there were many skilled archers to be found. It was left to a village to decide who would actually go to fight but the village as a whole would have to look after the family or families affected by someone leaving. Those who went were paid three pence a day.Armies were very expensive. Fighting abroad made them even more expensive to run. This problem could be got around by making a local area in France, which was under your control, pay a 'tribune' to you. This would keep your costs down. In return for paying a tribune, the area concerned was given a promise that the troops there would behave themselves and would not damage homes, steal crops and kill animals. In this sense, paying a tribune was similar to buying protection.百年战争百年战争是一系列英国和法国之间的战争。
TheHundredYearsWar英法百年战争
TheHundredYearsWar英法百年战争The Hundred Years’ War between England andFranceIn 1328, the Capetian dynasty in France came to an end with the death of Charles IV, the son of Philip the Fair. An assembly of French barons gave the crown to Philip VI of Valois, the nephew of Philip the Fair.Causes of the Hundred Years WarEdward III, king of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claimed to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fair's daughter. This, then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years' War. Another cause of the Hundred Years' War was clearly economic conflict. The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III.The Hundred Years War and the MercenariesTo make matters worse, war had become a more expensive proposition in the 14th century. Larger, healthier and better-trained armies were needed. Most governments began to rely on paid mercenaries to do their fighting for them. The problem with mercenaries is that they were expensive to obtain an even more expensive to retain. More often than not, the mercenary had no allegiance to anyone king and fought for the highest bidder. Furthermore, mercenaries were a competitive and quarrelsome lot. The Hundred Years War - the TaxesTo counteract the high price of war, European monarchs imposed even more taxes upon the people. The French weremost adept at this: there were taxes on salt, bread, and wine as well as taxes on the rights to use wine presses, grindstones and mills. And of course, there was the poll tax.The Hundred Years War - the FactionsThe last cause of the Hundred Years' War was factional conflict. By the 14th century the European nobility had become diluted with men who had entered the nobility not because they had a claim by virtue of birth but because of their wealth. Meanwhile, the older nobility was losing income due to declining rents. Many older nobles joined forces with mercenaries in order to maintain their position and status. Other nobles married into wealthy families while still others tried to improve their situation by the buying and selling of royal offices. What all this boiled down to was conflict. Nobles tended to join factions united against other factions. These factions included a great family, their knights, servants and even workers and peasants on the manorial estate. They had their own small armies, loyalties and even symbols of allegiance. The bottom line is that these factions were beginning to form small states within a state and contributed not only to the overall violence of the 14th century but also to the need of monarchs to keep their nobility under constant surveillance. This explains why Louis XIV, the Sun King, housed his nobility at Versailles -- it was so he could keep an eye on them.The Hundred Years War - AquitaineThe most pressing issue during the Hundred Years' War was the status of Aquitaine, a large province in south western France. According to feudal law, Edward III held Aquitaine as part of his fiefdom. Philip attacked this territory, claiming it was rightfully his. Edward's response was to join forces with the Flemish in 1337and this was the principal cause of the war.The Hundred Years WarThe war, fought entirely on French soil, raged off and on for more than 100 years. English victories were followed by French victories, then a period of stalemate would ensue, until the conflicts again rose to the surface. During periods of truce, English and French soldiers -- most of whom were mercenaries -- would roam the French countryside killing and stealing. After the battle of Agincourt in 1415, won by the English under Henry V, the English controlled most of northern France. It appeared that England would shortly conquer France and unite the two countries under one crown. At this crucial moment in French history, a young and illiterate peasant girl, Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431), helped to rescue France.The One Hundred Years War and Joan of ArcAt the age of 13 Joan believed she had heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine and St. Margaret bidding her to rescue the French people. Believing that God had commanded her to drive the English out of France, Joan rallied the demoralized French troops, leading them in battle. Clad in a suit of white armor and flying her own standard she liberated France from the English at the battle of Orleans. Ultimately captured and imprisoned by the English, Joan of Arc was condemned as a heretic and a witch and stood trial before the Inquisition in 1431. Joan was found guilty and was to be burnt at the stake but at the last moment she broke down and recanted everything. She eventually broke down again and faithful to her "voices," decided to become a martyr and was then burnt at the stake and became a national hero.。
英法百年战争英文版介绍
It‘s the longest war of the sted for 116 years,from 1337 to 1453. It began betweeen The Kingdom of England and The Kingdom of France.
1340,England beat France in Battle of Sluys(斯鲁伊斯海战),England controled the English channel(英吉利海峡).
August 1346,England got a great victory in Battle of Crécy. The next year,in July,England captured Calais.
In 1415,England invaded most of French territories,which was about all of the north. On 21st May,1420,England and France concluded and signed Treaty of Troyes(特鲁瓦条 约).England became the prince regent(摄政王) of France,had the right to inherit the throne(王位) .France had reduced to be a part of British Commonwealth(英联邦).◎ In October,1428,England invaded Orleans(奥尔良),French people raised guerrillas(游击队) to fight against the invaders.The war had become a national liberation movement(民族解放运 动).
Hundred Year's War 英法百年战争
•
第四阶段
(1429年 - 145各方纷纷反抗，游击队经常 捉拿英格兰的征税者，牵制英军部队，帮助法军很大。
• 1428年10月，英军和勃艮地派包围了奥尔良，法军严重不利。 此时法国出现一位传颂后世的救星圣女贞德，指挥法军于1429年5月 败英格兰，奥尔良解围，赢得重大胜利，扭转了整个战局。 才19岁的圣女贞德不久便被英军捉住，1431年以女巫罪处死。这激起 国的民族义愤，助使法军作出大反攻。1437年，法军光复首都巴黎。 • • • 1441年，收复香槟地区。 1450年，解放曼恩和诺曼底。 1453年，夺回吉耶讷。
• 然而，英法的亨利五世和查理六世却于1422年同年去逝。 两方新王亨利六世和查理七世为争夺法国王位，再度交火。 百年战争进入第四阶段。
阿金库尔战役
Battle of Agincourt
1415年10月25日
• 英军一个月前刚刚经过哈福娄围攻战，伤亡达4000人。英王亨利五世不得不率领剩下 的5000长弓手和900骑兵撤退。法军起先避免与英军接触，但当英军吃光了随军带的1 星期的干粮而不得不靠劫掠和野果来充饥时，法国人大概认为时机有利，无数大大小 小的法国贵族都带着一支队伍加入法军想捡个便宜。这使法军拥有数量上的绝对优势 而缺乏有效的最高指挥。法军在阿金库尔堵住了英军北撤之路，英王亨利五世前一天 的求和被拒绝，只有靠一战来冲出一条路了。 亨利命令英军向前推进，两翼紧靠树林，英军整齐地缓缓推进到距法军250米（长弓有 效射程）的距离上停下，每个长弓手都将准备好的两头削尖的木桩插入脚下的泥沼地 中，让另一尖端斜向着法军方向。随着亨利一声令下，英国长弓手发出了第一次齐射， 天空立即被密密麻麻的箭簇所覆盖而法国人遭到了一阵箭雨的袭击。如梦初醒般，法 军第一线开始向英军冲击。法军两翼的重骑兵本应迂回攻击英军的侧翼，但因为两侧 的树林不得不正面冲击英军两翼的长弓阵地。法军骑兵遭到了很大损失，少数冲到英 军阵前也无力突破拒马，不得不在退却中承受更多的穿甲箭攻击。失去了主人的受伤 或受惊的战马在战场上乱跑，冲乱了随后冲上来的法军一线步兵。尽管法军第一波冲 击使英军少许后退，但英军很快重新拉直了队伍与法军搏斗。混乱得法军更像是集体 冲向一场大屠杀，无数法国贵族就此倒下或被俘。法军弓弩和火炮由于两军交错而无 法射击，很多人实际上整场战役一箭未发。法军尸体堆积如山，二三线的法军见此情 景都被吓得逃出了战场，以至当法军第三线骑兵开始冲锋时仅剩下了600人。半小时英 军就取得了决定性的胜利。亨利下了一道不寻常的命令结束了这场战役，英军处死了 所有的法军俘虏。此战法军损失过万，仅大大小小的贵族就战死了5000多。英军最大 的损失是战死的约克公爵，其他损失不过是十余名骑士和100余长弓手。
百年战争的英语名词解释
百年战争的英语名词解释百年战争（The Hundred Years' War）指的是英国和法国之间从1337年持续到1453年的一系列冲突和争斗。
尽管战争并非持续一百年，但这个名字被广泛使用来描述这段时期的英法交战。
这场战争对于英法两国和整个欧洲历史都有着深远的影响。
下面将对百年战争涉及到的几个英语名词进行详细解释。
1. The Hundred Years' War（百年战争）百年战争这个名词源于英国历史学家J.F.伯秩兹（J.F. Béthune）在1823年出版的《百年战争史》（Histoire de la Guerre de Cent Ans）一书中首次提及。
它指的是英国和法国之间的一系列冲突和战争，尽管实际上并不是连续一百年的持续战争。
这段时期的冲突造成了严重的破坏和人员伤亡，有时甚至卷入了其他欧洲国家。
2. The Treaty of Paris（巴黎条约）百年战争于1453年结束，当时法国国王查理七世（Charles VII）成功推翻了英国在法国的殖民统治。
作为结束战争的结果，法国与英国签署了巴黎条约。
巴黎条约确认了法国对英格兰殖民在法国的所有权益的恢复，并且规定了英国军队在法国领土上的撤离。
此条约标志着英国在法国的统治的宣告结束，巴黎条约也被认为是百年战争正式结束的标志。
3. Joan of Arc（圣女贞德）圣女贞德是百年战争中的一个重要人物，她是法国的国民英雄。
据传，贞德声称听到天使的指示，要帮助法国国王查理七世夺回英国的殖民地。
她鼓舞着法国军队，在军事行动中发挥了重要作用，并最终帮助法国捍卫了国土。
然而，贞德最终在1431年被英格兰支持的法国贵族联盟以对她的指控进行审判，并被判定为异端罪，被火刑处死。
4. Longbow（长弓）在百年战争中，英军采用了一种特殊的武器——长弓，成为他们的主要战术之一。
长弓是一种强力弓弩，由大胆和经验丰富的弓箭手使用。
它的射程和杀伤力远远超过其他武器，使英军能够对法军发起强有力的远程攻击。
04. 战争与农民起义
主要人物
Henry
Henry VI, Henry VII
?
Richard
Richard, Duke of York,
Richard III Edward IV Edward V
Edward
主要战役
战争第一阶段
Henry VI vs. Richard, Duke of York
疯了 好了 摄政(regent) 遭清算
第一阶段：克雷西战役
此战法军累计伤亡万余人，法 王及其幼子以及大批法国贵族 被俘 英军伤亡则不到二百人，堪称 世界战争史上一次以弱胜强的 典范。 克雷西之战标志着封建骑士在 军事上的重要作用逐渐消失
主要人物-1
16岁即与父亲并肩作战， 异常英勇 座右铭—— 黑太子爱德华 Black Prince Ich Dien: I serve
+
黑死病使农民生存状态进一步恶化
二次农奴化（second serfdom）
导火索：人头税 （poll tax）
过程
领袖：瓦特·泰勒 时间：1381年 6月初，Essex, Kent两郡开始，杀死税官和领主；迅速波及25个郡 6月13日，攻进伦敦 6月14日，理查二世被迫与瓦特谈判 6月15日，瓦特·泰勒被杀
议会的作用
约克王朝第一次议会中，下议院： 谴责兰开斯特家族僭越王权 声称爱德华四根据神法和自然法成为国王的权 利 议会成为强权者夺权的工具
战争第二阶段（1461-1485)
政局状况：
兰开斯特派残余势力犹在
得到苏格兰王室和法国王室的支持有随时复辟的可能约克派贵族势力因战功飞扬跋扈 迷恋权力和财富 有潜在的政治离心倾向
第二阶段结果
兰开斯特派军队全军覆没 亨利六世爱德华王子等一批贵族阵亡 玛格丽特王后被俘，后由法国重金赎回 亨利六世在伦敦塔中被处死 爱德华四世稳坐王位
英法百年战争
英法百年战争克雷西战役（Battle of Crécy）－1316年8月26日当时法军兵力接近6万，其中有12000名重骑兵，6000弩手，17000名轻骑兵以及约25000左右的一群跟在部队的后面且缺乏纪律的所谓“公社征募兵”。
英军的部队则刚过两万。
但英军的指挥官爱德华三世精心的布置了战场，将自己在兵力上的“损失”在地形上尽力的补回。
1316年8月26日的下午六点左右，法军排成亢长的纵队到达战场，没有任何的侦察和警戒就乱哄哄的开始进攻。
法王想将部队集结一下再攻击，于是弩手被调到了前面，但是那些“士气高涨”的法军骑士们则不听命令开在弩兵行动后不久就开始“自己”的进攻。
弩手开始向英军进行射击，但由于英军是在一个坡地上，同时由于弩本身的问题多数的箭都没有射中目标，对英军来说可以说是毫发无伤。
于是弩手们又再次向前移动打算将距离再拉近些，但是英军没有再给他们机会。
铺天盖地的箭雨倾洒在了弩手的头上，最致命的也许还不是头上的箭雨，而是此时已经冲上来的法国骑兵。
虽然出现的大规模的混乱，但一些法军还是攻到了英军面前，证明了自己是欧洲最难对付的骑士。
战役开始几分钟就出现了激烈的生死厮杀。
战斗似乎向着有利于法军的方向发展，但不久英王和其他两个分队的指挥官就果断出动了重骑兵预备队阻止了法军的冲击。
两翼的长弓手不断的射击……虽然不断有士兵中箭，但是法军的骑士风格和进攻精神还是让人为之侧目。
几个小时的战斗中法军不断的进行着一件事就是突击、冲锋。
残酷的战斗一直进行到了深夜，法军的十六次冲锋全部被击退。
天亮后英军对自己面前的景象毛骨悚然——山坡下躺着无数的法军尸体。
其单位已经不能用“具”来衡量只有用“片”才能加以计算。
在山下的尸体中有1524位勋爵和骑士、约15000名左右的骑兵、弩兵和步兵的尸体，同时还有成千上万匹的马做了陪葬。
而英军则伤亡约两百人。
其中阵亡的仅有2名骑士、40名重骑兵和长弓手、100左右的威尔士步兵。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Treaty oBlack Prince Edward(黑太子爱德华)arrived in Bordeaux(波尔多),invincibility(不可战胜地),in September,in Poitiers(普瓦捷),beat France,caught alive the emperor of France Jéan II the prince Philippe and a lot of noblemen(贵 族).The prince was forced to conclude and sign the Treaty of Brétigny,which mainly involved the following things: 1.the England emperor gave up the right of inheritance(纪 承权) of the French emperor 2.France gave lots of French territories(领土) to England 3.France must pay for a great deal of money to ransomed(赎回) Jéan II.
Hundred Years´War 英法百年战争
It‘s the longest war of the sted for 116 years,from 1337 to 1453. It began betweeen The Kingdom of England and The Kingdom of France.
the Second Stage
1364,Prince Charlie(France) went to the throne(继位),who was exactly the Charlie V.For recapturing the land lost,he reformed a lot which promoted the France to develop. 1369,Charlie V attacked England for some times,to recapture more land.Charlie V appointed Bertrand du Gai Kelan(贝特朗· 杜· 盖克兰)as the leader of military.He used some flexible tactics(战术) successfully beat England in Montiel Battle(蒙铁儿战役). 1396,the king of England warried about that if contiued,he would lose all of his territories(领土),so the king conclued and signed a tready 20-year Armistice(二十年停战协定) with France.Form then on,England only kept down a few territories,which approximately was half of the former.
the Fourth stage
In the fourth stage,Jeanne d'Arc(圣女贞德) led the French army to defeat the invaders,and got los of victories. In 1558,France recaptured Calais,which was the last point of England in Continental Europe(欧洲大陆). Until this moment,Hundred Years Wars ended,and France got the final victory.
• Primacord
In 1328,Charles IV died.Capetian Dynasty was without offspring. The house of Valois’s Philippe VI acceded to the throne. Edward III fight with Philippe VI for the throne in the quanlification of Charles IV’s nephew. The war broke out.
• Background
The source is in the region Flanders(法兰德斯).At that time,Flanders is a famous industry advanced area of Europe.The businessmen of Flanders wanted to escape from the control of the emperor of France.But they daren't to be rebels,so they thought out a good idea,they issued that the emperor of England is the feudal lord(领主)of France.Because England had a part of French land,so they could say they were English people.And just because of Flemish(法兰德斯人的)statement,England and France began the war that lasted for one hundred years.
the Third Stage
From 1415 to 1429,in France broke out an internal conflict(内 讧),and many a farmer and prety of citizen rose up against the goverment as the same time.England seized the opportunity(乘机)to invade France again. In 1415,England invaded most of French territories,which was about all of the north. On 21st May,1420,England and France concluded and signed Treaty of Troyes(特鲁瓦条约).England became the prince regent(摄 政王) of France,had the right to inherit the throne(王位) .France had reduced to be a part of British Commonwealth(英联邦).◎ In October,1428,England invaded Orleans(奥尔良),French people raised guerrillas(游击队) to fight against the invaders.The war had become a national liberation movement(民族解放运动).
Before the punishment
Jeanne was caught
Influnence
The victory of the war promoted the the unity of France and laid the foundation for the expansion in europe.at the same time ,the Nationalism of was built and imposed the policy of banlancing power on the European continent.then The Kingdom of England switched its focus to overseas and became the biggest empire in the world .
Philippe VI
Edward III
• Process
The First Stage
Nevember 1337,Edward III(爱德华三世)leaded the military to attack France,the war began. 1337-1360 year,England and France fighted for Flanders and Keane(基恩）. 1340,England beat France in Battle of Sluys(斯鲁伊斯海 战),England controled the English channel(英吉利海峡). August 1346,England got a great victory in Battle of Crécy. The next year,in July,England captured Calais. 1348,the black death spread across the European,and the two contries stopped battling for 10 years. 1356,England invaded France again,and captrued Keane and Gasconha (加斯科涅),being in the south-west of France. 1360,France was forced to conclude and sign(签订) the Treaty of Bretigny(布勒丁尼合约),which was a very unfair treaty.
Battle of Crecy