summary特点总结

The Characteristic of summary

1. Definition

By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words,of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.

2.key points of a summary:

A summary should be brief, complete, accurate, coherent and objective.

Brief: omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.

Length: 1/4---1/3 of the original text

Complete: to include all the main and supporting points delivered in your own words. Accurate: to give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherent: rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases,a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.

●first, in the first part, in the introductory part

●second, next, in the second part

●then, afterwards, after that, in addition to that, also, furthermore

●finally,at last, in the end, as a conclusion, on the whole, in a word, to sum up, last

but not least,

●as a result, so

Objective: Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.

3. Steps to writea summary

1)skim the text to find out the general theme

2)analyze the text's structure to divideit into several sections, find out the main idea of each sectionandwriteit out briefly with your own words. (one sentence)

3)write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.

4)organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.

5)proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.At the beginning of a summary, we usuallyelicit引出the author's name and the name of the chapter/ article.

摘要（或文摘），也就是英文的Abstract

顾名思义，是一篇文章摘出来的要点。其内容讲究的是对文章内容的高度压缩，强调的是对

文字本身的概括，不能夹带图表、参考文献。摘要（Abstract）写好了很不简单，原因是其对文数的限制比较严格。一般SCI英文论文摘要允许200 - 300字，很少有超过500字的。摘要不论是在书里还是论文中，都是放在文前。许多SCI期刊对摘要的格式有不同的要求，比如结构摘要，非结构摘要等。是出于出版形式的考虑，本质和目的不变。

提要（或简介），即英文的Summary ：

既然称之为提要，即包含提炼和要点两个方面。在科技文献和教科书中，提要强调对研究课题内容的概括，比如实验内容、目的、研究的展望等方面的简述。提要对字数的要求比较灵活，可长可短。既可以图文并茂，也可以广征博引。既可放在文前，也可以置于文后。和摘要Abstract 相比，提要Summary 更普及常用，不论是在学术界还是日常交流中都会经常出现，是个总结就可以称之为Summary。

Writing a Summary

A summary is also referred to as an abstract in which you reduce material in an original work to its main points and key supporting detail. Unlike an outline, however, a summary does not use symbols such as I, A, 1, 2, etc., to indicate the relations among parts of the original material.

A summary may consist of a single word, a phrase, several sentences, or one or more paragraphs. The length of any summary you prepare will depend on your instructor‟s expectations and the length of the original work. Most often, you will be asked to write a summary consisting of one or more paragraphs.

Writing a summary brings together a number of important reading, study, and writing skills. To condense the original assigned material, you must preview, read, evaluate, organize, and perhaps outline it. Summarizing, then, can be a real aid to understanding; you must “get inside‟ the material and realize fully what is being said before you can reduce its meaning to a few words.

How to Summarize an Article

To write a summary of an article, follow the steps described below. If the assigned material is

a TV show or film or a radio program, adapt the suggestions accordingly.

1.Take a few minutes to preview the work. You can preview an article in a magazine by taking a

quick look at the following:

1)Title. A title often summarizes what an article is about. Think about the title for a minute,

and about how it may condense the meaning of the article.

2)Subtitle. A subtitle, if given, is a short summary appearing under or next to the title. For

example, in a Newsweek article titled “Growing Old, Feeling Young,” the following caption appeared: “Not only are Americans living longer, they are staying active longer

--- and their worst enemy is not nature, but th e myths and prejudices about growing old.‟ In short, the subtitle, the caption, or any other words in large print under or next to the title often provide a quick insight into the meaning of an article.

3)First and last several paragraphs. In the first several paragraphs, the author may

introduce you to the subject and state the purpose of the article. In the last several