欧洲文化考试大题题目及答案13年

考试题型：
Part I Multiple Choice (30 points)
Part II Match the items (20 points)
Part III Explaining ((15 points, 3 items)50 words
1)Oedipus the King 俄狄浦斯王
Oedipus the King is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. It was first performed in 429 BCE. It says the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes. And Oedipus was doomed to murder his father Laius and marry his mother Jocasta when he was born. The play is an example of a classic tragedy.
2)Ten Commandments
Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship. They play a fundamental role in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the Sabbath （守安息日）, and bans against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for them.
3)Magna Carter(the Great Charter)
King John’s rule caused much dissatisfaction among the barons男爵. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carter, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
4)Crusades
In 1071, Palestine巴勒斯坦国fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems. The Turkish Moslem穆斯林attacked the Christian pilgrims朝圣者, killed them and sold them as slaves. This resulted in a series of holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东征.The crusades went on about 200 years(1096—1291). All the soldiers wore a red cross as
a symbol of obedience to god. By 1291, the Moslem won the crusades.
5)Bill of rights人权法案
In 1789, James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification批准. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution宪法修正案were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.
6)The Reformation
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted his 95 thesis on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church天主教堂and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Bible from then on are translated the into different mother tongues.
Part IV Short-answer Questions (20 points, 2 questions)80 words,
1). Outline the main differences in the constitutions of Sparta and Athens Sparta: absolute obedience to the state
1. oldest constitution, never changed.
2. based on military军事的 principle.
3. ruled by council理事会of elderly men, five magistrates,地方法官two hereditary kings世袭的国王;
4. totalitarian极权主义者, boys and young men separate from families until thirty.
5. vote only given to suitable men.
6. class based society-helots or slaves terrorized奴隶恐吓, no coinage货币, no Spartan 斯巴达人 engaged in trade, farm, all arts forbidden.
Athens: freedom and voluntary participation自愿参与 in the state
1. constitution developed over 300 years through aristocracy贵族统治,oligarchy寡头政治, tyranny暴政, to full democracy民主政治 by mid-5th century
2. underlying潜在的 belief in personal freedom
3. all males had vote
4. assembly of citizens 大会made decisions
5. public offices, including juries陪审团, decided by lot.
6. generals appointed 将军任命
7. ostracism放逐to banish a person for ten years
2). In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato?
(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. Different from Aristotle, Plato relied on subjective thinking.
(2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics伦理学, Politics政治学 and Rhetoric修辞.
(3)Their goals are vastly different. Plato uses his argument to refute those who would argue that injustice is beneficial and to set up his model city. Aristotle, on the other hand, uses his argument to directly set up a method for achieving the final good.
3). Give a summary of Roman law and its influence
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. The emperor Justinian I ordered to establish this law. And the legal developments lasted for more than a thousand years. It was created from the Twelve Tables (c. 439 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529)
The historical importance of Roman law is that it continued using Latin as legal terminology in legal systems. Roman law had a considerable influence on the development of later legal systems, particularly in Europe. Originally, it was the common law, that is, unwritten law, in the Roman Empire.
4). Please summarize John Lock’s major ideas about the mind and government.
His major ideal about the mind is that we enter the world with no preformed ideals. Information from the sensations (taste, touch, smell, hearing and vision) fills the mind, and from these perceptions humans eventually learn language,a sense of order and from rationality合理性.
His major ideal about the government is that government and authority lay in the community not in an individual. Like Hobbes霍布斯, he rejected divine right, but, unlike Hobbes, he believed that all humans beings were equal. Authority is there to protect human equality, freedom, and property.
Part V Report (15 points)
1). What are the major contributions of Ancient Greeks?
Ancient Greece was the source of Western history, lasted about 650 years (800 BC -146 BC).And especially after the Persian War, highly prosperous繁荣的economic life results in the splendid Greek culture. And it has a deep effect on future generations. The ancient Greeks owned deep knowledge of philosophy, history, architecture, literature, theater, sculpture雕塑, and many. The heritage传统of civilization leaved after the ancient Romans died out and becomes the spiritual source of the whole Western civilization. There are many philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Cicero and so on. The biggest contribution should be the impact of the political system. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of democracy民主主义. The beginning of the 5th century BC, the economic and political contradiction between the Greek and Persian波斯人causes Persian War. The Greeks won a great victory. Athens became chief. Thereafter, it’s economy and politics grows prosperous繁荣的. It also ushered开辟in the golden age of ancient Greek literature.
2).What is Renaissance? Please introduce the background, the major theme and some influential thinkers, writers or artists at that time.
Renaissance is a humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century .And it later spread throughout Europe. The period of this revival is roughly from the 14th to the 16th century, marking the transition from the middle ages to modern times.
The background of Renaissance is that Capitalism sprouts and it requests its own ideology and culture. What’s more,the theology of church imprisons people's thoughts.
The major theme of Renaissance is Humanism. People argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life.
The influential people are Dante, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Leonardo Da Vinci,Raphael Cenci, Michelangelo Bo that Rorty and so on.。