CHOLINE CHLORIDE 氯化胆碱基础知识

CHOLINE CHLORIDE

Introduction Choline was first isolated from pig bile by Strecker in 1849. Choline’s

role in nutrition was not known until the 1930’s, following the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best (1922).

Choline chlorid e is the salt of Choline hydroxid e, a quaternary saturated amino alcohol, and HCl. Choline chlorid e in its anhydrous form

is very hygroscopic, hence the product is typically commercialized

either as a solution in water or as a powder. There are different

Choline salts used for this purpose, but Choline chlorid e is the most

commonly used form.

Chemical formula C

5H14NO∙Cl

Classification Water-soluble vitamin-like substance

Molecular weight 139,63 g/mol

Alternative names IUPAC:

ethanaminim, 3-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride

CAS No. 67-48-1

Key natural sources Dried brewer’s yeasts, liver, meat (especially pork), egg yolk, legumes including soybean and peanut and in the germ of cereals.

Biological functions Choline serves a series of critical functions in the body.

a. Improves fat transport and metabolism in the liver

b. Serves as a source of methyl d onors for methionine regeneration from homocysteine;

c. Builds and maintains cell wall structure;

d. supports nervous system function;

e. serves as a source of osmolytes that regulate cell volume.

Benefits

to the animal

Improves animal growth through fat metabolism. After a two-step

enzymatic oxidation, choline serves as an important d onor of methyl

groups, important for regenerating methionine. Choline is essential

for the body, in case there is choline deficit the body will synthesize

d e novo choline from glycine or serine.

Signs of deficiency Common: fatty liver; reduced growth.

Poultry: perosis.

Swine: splayed stance (piglets).

Ruminants: reduced milk production, milk fat level and protein yield;

ketosis; carcass characteristics.

Young ruminants have a dietary need for choline.

Fish: haemorrhagic kidney and intestine.

Pets: see common signs.

Tolerance

to high intake

No evid ence of adverse effects on animals caused by high levels of intake.

Analytical methods EURL evaluation report 2010, CRL 100009: In feed additives, premixtures, feed and water:

Ion Chromatography with Conductivity Detection (IC-CD). Antagonists Betaine

Common

commercial forms

Choline chlorid e 75% solution in water.

Choline chlorid e on a carrier (50 -70 wt. %).

Choline chlorid e crystals (>95%).

Rumen protected Choline chloride.

Common physical

parameters

Depending on the form, powd er or liquid.

Stability under

ambient conditions

Stability in feed and premixtures: 6 months minimum. Stability in manufactured form: up to 24 months.