语言学教程期末复习资料Review of linguistics
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Linguistics: A Review
Chapter One
F. De Saussure, “Father of modern linguistics”, his work Course in General Linguistics marks the beginning of modern linguistics.
N. Chomsky, TG Grammar
M. A. K. Halliday, Systemic Functional Grammar
Definition of language
Definition of linguistics
Properties of language
Arbitrariness
Duality
Productivity
Cultural transmission
Displacement
Branches of linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphonogy
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Some distinctive concepts
Prescriptive and descriptive
Chapter Two
Three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics
Auditory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics
Transcription of sounds
A standard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription called
---International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
“voiceless”---When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration.
“voiced” --- Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds ---a feature of all vowels and some consonants;
The phonetic properties of consonants
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
The phonetic properties of vowels
High mid low
Front central back
Rounded or unrounded
Long or short
Chapter Three
Phonology and phonetics(p40)
Similarity---
Difference---
Relation---
Minimal pair 最小对立体
Phoneme & allophone (音位、音位变体) Suprasegmental Features
Syllable
Stress
Chapter Four
Classification of words
Grammatical(function) words and lexical(content) words Closed-class words and open-class words
Variable and invariable words
Types of morphemes(69-71)
1. Free morphemes and bound morphemes
2. Roots, affixes and stems
3. Inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes Word-formation(p71-83)
Major processes
Inflection?
Compounding or composition
Derivation or affixation
Conversion
Chapter Five
Word class (lexical categories)
Major lexical categories
N Noun
V Verb
A Adjective
P Preposition
ADV Adverb
Phrase
NP
VP
AP
PP
ADVP
Clauses and Sentences
subject
S
predicate
IC (immediate constituents) Analysis
The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called IC analysis.
Tree diagram
Labelled tree diagram
Seven clause patterns
1. SV
2. SVO
3. SVCs
4. SVAs
5. SVOiOd
6. SVOCo
7. SVOAo
Semantic roles of clause elements
Agent:
Patient:
Recipient:
Beneficiary
Experiencer:
Instrument:
Time:
Location:
Chapter Seven
Semantics & pragmatics: the demarcation
Sense relations
synonymy