5 正反、反正译法

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英汉互译中的正反反正表达法

英汉互译中的正反反正表达法

英汉互译中的正反反正表达法在英汉互译过程中,由于两种语言表达习惯不同,往往需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说,把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说,或反之,这样才能确切表达原意并符合语言的规范。

这种把正说处理为反说,把反说处理为正说的译法,叫正反、反正表达法。

这种正说和反说的相互转换是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法。

它属于引申和修辞范围。

那么,什么是正说和反说呢?英语词句中含有“never”,“no”,“not”,“non-”,“un-”,“im-”,“in-”,“ir-”,“-less”等成分以及汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的为反说,不含有这些成分的为正说。

正说和反说包括的词类范围很广,不仅包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词和连词,而且包括各种词组,短语和从句。

现以实例对正反、反正表达法加以说明。

一、英译汉正说反译法在不少情况下,由于有的词语含有特殊意义,如不从反面着笔,译文就不通,这时必须反说。

例如:1)“I have read your articles.I expect to meet an old man.”“我读过你的文章,没想到你这样年轻。

”(动词)2)He was absent from his own country last year.他去年不在自己的国家。

(形容词短语)3)He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children.他衣服没脱就跳入水中,把孩子救了上来。

(副词)4)He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time.他对时间不足感到十分抱歉。

(名词)5)I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐首先是英文理解难,这是学习.使用英文的人的共同感觉,由于两国历史.文化.风俗习惯的不同,所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章,而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒.断断续续,极为别扭.二是中文表达难,英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇,往往被弄得头昏眼花,好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙,却没有.另外,英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高,因为我们所翻译的文章,其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域,而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情,如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话.正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难,所以,我们必须通过翻译实践,对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比.概况和总结,以找出一般的表达规律来,避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误,而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧.一.词义的选择和引伸技巧英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象.一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义.在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手:1.根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了. (形容词)He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理. (动词)Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦.燕麦等等皆系谷类. (名词) 2.根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义.He is the last man to come .他是最后来的.He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作.He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他.This is the last place where I e_pected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你.词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一.翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解.这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑.1.词义转译.当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引伸转译.The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球.2.词义具体化.根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词.The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round theearth.最后一级火箭升得更高,把〝阿波罗号〞送进围绕地球运行的轨道.3.词义抽象化.根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词.Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦.二.词类转译技巧在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺.自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意.1.转译成动词.英语中的某些名词.介词.副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词. The lack of any special e_cretory system is e_plained in a similar way.植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明. (名词转译)As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子.2.转译成名词.英语中的某些动词.形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词.The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我们居住的地球,形状像一个大球. (动词转译)The tor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员. (形容词转换)3.转译成形容词.英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词.另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词.It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的. (作表语的名词转译)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响. (副词转译)4.转译成副词.英语中的某些名词.形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词.When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to winhim over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来. (名词转译)三.汉译的增词技巧英译汉时,按意义上.修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词,使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容;但是,增加的并不是无中生有,而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词,这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一.增词技巧一般分作两种情况.1.根据意义上或修辞上的需要,可增加下列七类词.Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鲜花满院盛开. (增加表示名词复数的词)After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis e_hibitor ,he wenthome tiredly .在参加宴会.出席音乐会.观看乒乓球表演之后,他疲倦地回到了家里. (增加动词)He sank down with his face in his hands .他两手蒙着脸,一屁股坐了下去. (增加副词)I had known two great social systems .那是以前,他就经历过两大社会制度. (增加表达时态的词)As for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .我呢,从一开始就不赞成.(增加语气助词)The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets .本文总结了电子计算机.人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就. (增加概括词)2.根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇.Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an e_act man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确.(增补原文句子中所省略的动词) All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量. (增补被动句中泛指性的词)四.正反.反正汉译技巧正反.反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式,采用变换语气的办法处理词句,把肯定的译成否定的,把否定的译成肯定的.运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求,且不失原意.这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述.1.肯定译否定The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论.2.否定译肯定She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走.3.双否定译肯定There can be no sunshine without shadow有阳光就有阴影.但是,如果翻译时保留英语原来的〝否定之否定〞的形式并不影响中文的流畅时,则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气.如He is not unequalto the duty .他并非不称职.4.正反移位I don’t think he will come .我认为他不会来了.5.译为部分否定Not all minerals come from mines .并非所有矿物都来自矿山.Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是两种物质都溶于水.五.汉译的重复技巧重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧.由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体;又由于英汉语言结构不同,重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同,大致可分为三种.1.为了明确I had e_perienced o_ygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词)Under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steamat100C.在常压下,水在摄氏零度时变成冰,在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽. (重复动词)A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and theearth get another.一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,一个地球有一个地球的全局(重复谓语部分)2.为了强调He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding andbrooding.他在街头游来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算.3.为了生动While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light . theyare really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起来只是斑点点,或者是小片的光,但它们确实是巨大的天体.六.倒译技巧英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别,因此英译汉时作些调整,颠倒一下顺序,则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧,这种翻译技巧共分五种类型.1.复合句倒译技巧.复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧.This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and GeneticEngineering.这所大学现在有电子计算机.高能物理.激光.地球.物理.遥感技术.遗传工程等六个新建的专业. (部分倒译)Many laws of nature actually e_ist in nature though they have not yet beendiscovered.虽然许多自然规律还没被发现,但是它们确实在自然界中存在. (完全倒译)2.被动句倒译的技巧.被动句倒译时,有时可将被动句倒译成主动句,有时可将状语倒译成主语.The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot seeit.虽然我们看不见原子结构,但能准确地描述它. (被动句倒译成主动句)Table tennis is played all over China .中国到处都打乒乓球. (状语倒译成主语)3.以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧.能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in noway ,not until ,not even ,only等.Never before have I read such an interesting book .我从来没有读过这样有趣的书.4.带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧These date will be of some value in our research work .这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值.5.习语的倒译技巧.习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧.For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat ,fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated.黄河最后的六百英里,向东流过平坦肥沃.人口密集的华北平原. (按照汉语的固定顺序倒译)Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionaryhumanitarianism.救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义. (以轻重上区分进行倒译)We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand .我们必须眼疾手快. (逆时间顺序倒译)七.句子成份的转译技巧英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在具体英译汉时,有时往往需要转换一下句子成分,才能使译达到逻辑正确.通顺流畅.重点突出等目的.句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧,其内容和形式都比较丰富,运用范围也相当广泛,共包括五个方面的内容.1.主语转译技巧,可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语.宾语.状语等.The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠. (转译成定语)To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推力. (转译成宾语) Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper thanformerly.因为机械的缘故,工厂里出的产品比起以前来,价格便宜多了. (转译成状语)2.谓语转译技巧.可以将谓语转译成定语.Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同.3.宾语转译技巧.可以将宾语转译成主语.Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in avaritety of forms.各种自动车床的作用基本相同,但形式不同4.定语转译技巧.定语可以转译成谓语和状语.Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量略大于质子的质量. (转译成谓语)Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessarybooks ,epuipmentand assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书.仪器和助手,以保证科研工作的成功. (转译成状语)5.状语转译技巧.状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译.它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式.These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.红色.绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色. (时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上没有东西,就什么也看不到. (地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to hisopinion.他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见. (原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句)八.分句.合句汉译技巧英译汉时,由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯.采用分句.合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧.所谓分句,就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;所谓合名,就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句.运用这种分句.合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明,更合乎于汉语的表达习惯.分句流译的技巧共分五种类型,合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型.先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型.1.主语分句汉译技巧.A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to theearth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了.2.谓语分句汉译技巧.It goes without saying that o_ygen is the most active element in theatmosphere.不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素.3.定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to twopounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅.4.状语分句汉译技巧Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and chokingthe shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影.5.同位语分句汉译技巧.Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘,现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来._年翻译资格考试三级口译模拟题1. The average age of people in the countryside is increasing, while thatof the cities is falling. More old people stay in the countryside than youngpeople and the opposite is true in the cities.译文:农村人口的平均年龄正处于上升趋势,而在城市却正好相反.原因是在农村老年人要比年轻人多,城市正好相反.解析:本句难度适中,只需要按照句子的逻辑顺序将句子信息陈列出来即可.此外,本句无明显生词.2. One important reason for the move to cities has to do with quality oflife issues: comfort and convenience. For e_ample, most of us would like ourchildren to receive the better education, and cities often offer betterschools.译文:〝进城热〞与生活水平问题息息相关.人们向往城市舒适方便的生活.就像我们大部分人都想子女能够接收到更好的教育,而城市通常就有教育质量更好的学校.解析:在做本句翻译时需要注意在前半句适当地增译一些信息,如在comfort and convenience 处需要加上move to thecities的主语〝人们〞.后半句难度不大,直译即可.3. Most burglars are opportunist, looking for an easier break-in. So don’tmake things simply for them. Don’t advertise the fact that you are out or away,or be careless about security.译文:大部分的窃贼都是投机分子,他们会寻找最方便快捷的〝翻.墙入室〞的机会.所以不要给他们可乘之机.不要嚷嚷着让别人都知道你不在家,也不要太精选大意而忽略了安全问题.解析:本句句型不复杂,需要注意几个词语的译法,如opportunist本来是〝机会主义者〞,在这里用于形容burglars身上,需要相应地翻译成贬义词〝投机分子〞;此外,don’tmake things simply for them可以用成语〝可乘之机〞概括,这些需要同学平时多做翻译练习积累,在会在临考时马上反应出来.4. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen and the University ofIceland said ash particles from the early part of the volcanic eruption areespecially abrasive, posing a possible threat to aircraft engines.译文:来自哥本哈根大学和冰岛大学的研究者们表示早些时候火山爆发遗留的火山灰摩擦度非常高.这可能对飞机的引擎产生威胁.解析:本句句型简单,但生词较多,需要考生抓注意些重点词汇理解.如:volcanic eruption 是表示〝火山爆发〞, abrasive表示〝磨损的〞.考生在遇到不会的单词时也不用过于慌张,一般句子中包含大量专业词汇句意都比较简单,可凭上下文进行推测.5. Lack of sanitation leads to wide spread of contamination of drinkingwater. Recent statistics say water-associated infectious diseases claim up to3.2million lives each year, appro_imately 6 percent all death globally.译文:不注意环境卫生会导致饮用水大规模受污染.近期的数据显示与饮用水有关的可传染性疾病每年可导致320万人失去生命,这个数字接近每年全球死亡人数的6%.解析:本句的主题是高口中常考的环境问题,全句无复杂结构,考生需要保证数字听译的准确性.本句中有出现两处数字,要求考生掌握数字速记的方法.contamination :污染infectious :传染的,有传染性的appro_imately :大约_年翻译资格考试三级口译模拟题The term 〝American dream〞 is widely used today. But what e_actly does thisconcept mean? Where does the term come from? Has the meaning of the term changedover time? Questions like these can complicate a seemingly simple term and leadus to an even more important question: is the American dream a myth or a realitytoday?The term 〝American dream〞 began to be widely used in _67. The term wasused in a famous novel written by Horatio Alger. The novel, Ragged Dick, was a〝rags to riches〞 story about a little boy who was orphaned and lived in NewYork. The boy saved all his pennies, worked very hard, and eventually becamerich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone couldsucceed in America if they were honest, worked hard, and showed determination tosucceed. No matter what your background, no matter where you were from, nomatter if you had no money or no family, hard work and perseverance would alwayslead to success.Today, the message from Alger’s novel is still a prevalent one in thiscountry. It is still used to define the American dream. A very basic definitionof the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have abetter quality of life and a higher standard of living than their parents. Thiscan mean that each generation hopes for better jobs, or more financial security,or ownership of land or a home.However, new versions and variations of the American dream have surfacedsince Alger’s novel was published. For one thing, the basic definitionI stateda moment ago —the idea that Americans are always seeking to improve theirlifestyle — also suggests that each generation wants more than the previousgeneration had. Some people would argue that this ever-increasing desire toimprove the quality of one’s life may have started out on a smaller scale in thepast, but today has led to an out-of-control consumerism and materialism. Another more benign view of the American dream is that it is about thedesire to create opportunities for ourselves, usually through hard work.Ahallmark of the American dream, some would argue, is the classic〝self-starter,〞the person who starts out with very little in life—little money, few friends,few opportunities—and works hard to make his or her way in the world. A classice_ample of this type of American dreamer would be former president AbrahamLincoln, who was born in a log cabin, was largely self-educated, and yet workedhis way up in the world to eventually become a United States president. This view of the American dream has also been associated with immigrantsand their quests for a better life in a new country. Americans have long beenfascinated by immigrant stories, and many feel great pride about their ownfamilies who may have come from other countries, worked very hard, and created abetter life for future generations.The American dream has also, historically, been associated with westwarde_pansion in this country. Throughout most of the _00s, the notion of thefrontier—a vast e_panse of largely unclaimed land in the West—symbolized newopportunities and a fresh start to people. Many a dreamer set off for the Westin search of land, jobs, gold, or other opportunities, often with ne_t tonothing in his pocket. Unfortunately, this idea of new opportunities in the Westhad a negative side.The American West was not unpopulated; Native American Indians already lived there, along with other immigrant groups, and these people were oftendisplaced — or met with violence — if they interfered with the visions or ideasof westward-migrating Americans.A more recent interpretation of the American dream has to do with equality.Civil rights activists such as Dr. Martin Luther King Junior, used some of therhetoric associated with the American dream to urge people to work for equalopportunities for all Americans, not just some Americans. A harsh reality wasbecoming clear to some people, especially in the _60s and _70s: not everyone had the same opportunities. If people were denied jobs, education, or otheropportunities because of their race, ethnic background, or gender, was the American dream only a myth?英语翻译。

正反译法

正反译法

6.
No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.
凭票退还押金。

--- He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him on to say … 他不想伤她的感情,但是他实在憋不住自己的支配欲, 于是说……

--- She was politely acquiescent in what was evidently Greek to her. 她有礼貌地默认了她显然不懂得的事情。
不出所料,敌人果然自投罗网。
(一)动词

--- The thought of returning to his native land has never deserted him.
归国的念头一直在他心中萦绕。

--- We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。
(罪犯仍旧逍遥法外。)
正反译法是一个很有用的翻译技
巧,虽然说法变了,意思还是原来的。
之所以要改变,主要是由于词语之间
的关系、句式的变化、习惯表达等方
面的因素。“正话反说,反话正说”
是提高译文水平的有效方法之一。
25
例1:A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it is good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 【译文】一本书可比作邻居;如果好,结识 愈久愈好;如果不好,分手愈早愈好。

正反译法

正反译法

A. 由于现代科技的迅速发展,有时在我
们意识到之前,世界就已经发生了巨大 的变化。(正说) B.由于现代科技的迅速发展,有时在不 知不觉中,世界就已经发生了巨大的变 化。(反说)
• Opportunity knocks but once.
A. 机遇只光顾一次。(正说)
B. 机不可失,失不再来。(反说)
• 英语和汉语均有从正面和反面 来表达一种概念的现象。 • 由于思维方式和语言习惯的不 同,同一概念,英语可能习惯 从正面表达,而汉语则从反面 表达。
什么是正说和反说
• 英语句子中如果含有no, not, never等 否定词,或者含有non-, im-, in-, ir-, -less等否定词词缀的词语就是反说, 不含的就是正说。 • 汉语句子中如果含有“不,没(有), 无,未,莫,甭,休,非,毋,勿”等 否定意义的词汇,就是反说,没有的就 是正说。
• 英语从表面上看是正面的表达,但 句中隐含否定概念的短语,如: more than, rather than(而不), far from(远非),free from(没 有),in vain(无效,无结果), instead of或beyond, fail等隐含 否定概念的词,这时译文从反面表 达会更加通顺、达意。
英语从正面表达,虽 然句子中没有隐含否定概 念的词或短语,但是如果 直译的话读起来会很别扭, 因此译文需要从反面来表 达。
• Keep upright! A. 保持直立。 B. 切勿倒置。 (正说) (反说)
• Let bygones be bygones.
A. 过去的就让它过去吧。(正说) B. 既往不咎。 (反说)
A. 通常在看市场调查报告前,我们不谈订 货事宜。 (反说)

第九章正反反正翻译法

第九章正反反正翻译法

English-Chinese Written Translation. Copyright (C) 2006 by Wei Jianhua All Rights Reserved
(4)副词
little 一点不 hardly 几乎不 seldom 不常
barely 几乎不/无遮蔽的 rarely 不常/不平凡的 absently 心不在焉地
(3) 连词
before 决不/还未来得及 unless 如果不… or (else) 要不然/否则
rather than 宁可…也不愿 until 不到…的时候 if anything 如果有什么不同
课堂练习
1. The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.(游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不投降。)
2. The tower fell down before many people escaped.
(大楼倒塌时,许多人还未来得及撤离。)
3. She would rather live a poor life than is the millionaire’s wife.(她宁可受穷,也不愿做这位百万富翁的老婆。)
wonder 不知道
fancy 想不到
lose 抓不住 / 听不见/ 看不见
例: 1、The first bombs missed the target.
第一批炸弹没有击中目标。
2、Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到这样的机会。
English-Chinese Written Translation. Copyright (C) 2006 by Wei Jianhua All Rights Reserved

大学英语四级考试5个翻译技巧

大学英语四级考试5个翻译技巧

英语四级考试考前必知:5个翻译技巧①在翻译前,先确定可以正确理解文章意思。

即便遇到很难的说法,也可以先变成简单的中文再进行翻译。

如:年夜饭译:The annual reunion dinner析:指过年的那顿团圆饭,每年一次。

所以在翻译时要表达出这个团聚的含义②中文没有过去式,但是英文有啊,别忘记翻译时态的转换如:我在第一段说过,我刚从大学毕业。

译:As I said in my first paragraph, I was fresh from college。

析:中文的时态是依赖一些汉字表达,英文根据动词的变化形式展示。

文中的“过”英文采用一般过去时翻译③有些介词可能会帮到忙,比如with+ 名词的结构,就很多见。

如:这里有许多山脉,生长着大片的森林,贮藏着丰富的矿产。

译:There are mountain ranges here with extensive forests and rich mineral resources。

析:生长和储藏这两个动词在译文中并没有以动词的形式翻译,转译为英文的介词④应用英语的固定句型,这些句式可以加分,绝对是亮点如:是巴斯德发现了疾病是由活着的病菌引起的。

译:It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs。

析:此句应用了英文的强调句进行翻译⑤分析上下句之间的逻辑关系,添加一些简单的连词,英文的译文会更漂亮。

如:汽油贵得惊人,我们就很少用车。

译:Because the price of gasoline was fantastically high, we seldom used our cars。

析:在原文中并没有出现表示原因类的词汇,但是在译文中根据两个句子之间的逻辑关系添加了表示原因的从句连词四六级复习秘笈:一、词类转译技巧在翻译过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。

翻译的八大常用技巧

翻译的八大常用技巧

作用与意义1. 重译法:为了明确、为了强调、为了生动2. 增译法:为了更忠实于原文的意思,而又更合乎译文的表达习惯3. 减译法:源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法4. 词类转移法:语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变,词序有时也随之变化5. 词序调整法:语言之间构成形式并非完全相同,做必不可少的词序改变6. 分译法:主要用于长句的翻译,有时存在于词语语义的分译7. 正反翻译法:由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说,反话正说8. 语态变换法:主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。

We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题,解决问题。

A large family has its difficulties.大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。

Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具,当的当了,卖的卖了。

Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。

正反、反正译法

正反、反正译法

(二)英译汉反说正译法:英语从反面表达, 汉语从正面表达
反正译是用变换语气的方法把原文的否定式译成 汉语的肯定式。翻译时运用这一方法可使译文自然 流畅。 英语中含有否定词语的结构和双重否定的结构常有 这种方法来解释。英语中表达否定意思的词或词组 指带有de-, dis-, im-, in-, un-, less-等词缀的词和 no, not, not…until, no less than, no more than, Nothing than, nothing but, cannot…too 等表示 否定的词或词组。
赶快把这封信寄出去。
She is no less diligent than her sister. 她和她姐姐一样用功。 Such things couldn’t long escape notice. 这类事情迟早会被人发觉的。 We did not notice this matter until yesterday. 直到昨天我们才注意到这件事。 We can not be too careful in doing experiments. 我们做实验越仔细越好。
(一)英译汉正说反译法:英语从正面表达, 汉语从反面表达
正反译是用变换语气的方法把原文的肯定式译成 汉语的否定式。翻译时运用这一方法可使译文合乎 汉语规范,更恰当地表达原文的意思。
例如, correct 可译成“没有毛病”,wonder可译成 “不知道”,exactly可译成“一点不错”,anythi but可译成“一点也不”等等。
Never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。 I couldn’t agree more about it. 我对此非常赞同。 His story was nothing but lies. 他的那番话纯粹是谎言。 Our advice was not lost on him. 我们的劝告对他起了作用。 There is no rule but exceptions. 凡规则总有例外。 Don’t lose time in posting this letter.

正反、反正翻译法 ppt课件

正反、反正翻译法  ppt课件
“我不知道我该不该来。”她气喘喘地说。
The thought of returning to his native land never
deserted him.
归国的念头始终萦绕在他ppt课的件 心中。
16
(3)形容词
英文反面,译文正面
He was an indecisive sort of person and always
would probably have been a success. • 如果他不发脾气,谈判很可能已经成功了。 • The mistake escaped me. • 我没注意到这个错误。
ppt课件
6
正反、反正表示法
• (二)副词
• We may safely say so. • 我们这样说错不了。
• 在中文中,正面和反面表达主要是指是否
用“非”,“无”,“没(有)”,
“未”,“否”等字。
ppt课件
5
正反、反正表示法
• 一、英语从正面表达,译文从反面表达 • (一)动词 • Such a chance was denied me. • 我没有得到这样一个机会。 • If he had kept his temper, the negotiation
carefully and cautiously as he does the unfamiliar.
科学家们在处理熟知的事物时,必须像处理陌生
的事物一样小心谨慎。ppt课件
17
(四)名词
1.It was said that someone had sown discord among them. 据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。
样的话。
Good winner, good loser. 胜不骄,败不馁。

翻译课正反译法

翻译课正反译法

汉语的否定词比英语少得多,在表达否定意义 时,汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化,表达形式比 较简单,易于辨认,几乎所有表达否定意义的词语 中都含有明显的标志性否定词,以副词居多,个别 形容词或少数动词,如“不、没、没有、未、无、 非、否、别、莫、勿、毋、休、失、免、缺、禁、 忌、戒、防”等。
由于英汉两种语言的差异和思维方式的不同, 有时英语用否定形式表达的意义,汉语只能用肯定 的形式来表达,否则会使人感到别扭,不地道;英 语用肯定形式表达的意义,汉语只能用否定的形式 来表达,听起来才顺耳,自然得体。改变表达方式 主要从三反面考虑:语言习惯,语言形式,词汇意 义。
补充例句
例1.The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things.
【译文】科学家由于致力于科学研究,对外界 事物总是不感兴趣。
例2:In the grave the rich and the poor lie equal.
【译文】人死后即无贫富之差别。 例3:We live meagerly, but at the same
英语中这类否定大多是用否定词来表示。否定词 覆盖面很广,包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等。其否定形式复杂多样,除了使用否定 词外,还大量使用否定词缀,如“dis-, il-, in-, im-, ir-, non-, un-, anti-, -less, under-”等;形式肯定意 义否定的动词如 “avoid, ban, call off, cancel,
例3:I have looked for him everywhere except in the dormitory.
【译文】我到处找他,就是宿舍没有去。 例4:Slips are scarcely avoidable when

翻译-正反、反正法.ppt

翻译-正反、反正法.ppt

正说反译法 (Negation)
名词
副词 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有 动词或动词短语 否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达 形容词或形容词短语 的。这类词从词形上看是肯定式 ,一 介词或介词词组 般被称之为“含蓄否定词”或“暗指 连接词及其短语 否定词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含 蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定 某些固定短语
菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车,茫然不知该怎么办。
句子
His grandmother is already 80, but she carries her years lightly.
他祖母已80岁了,可是并不显老。
I am wiser than to believe such stories
我还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。
他走进那所危楼。
Examples
A radar screen is not unlike a television.
雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。
Don’t stop working,” he said
他说:”继续干活吧。”
He knew he was mortally ill.
他知道他得的是不治之症。
从以上例子中,我们可以看到, 有些句子从正面译不顺,不妨从反面 译;反面译不顺,则不妨从正面译, 因为同一个概念,一个民族正着说, 以为是合乎表达习惯的,而另一个民 族则认为反着说才顺嘴。因此,在恰 当的场合灵活运用正反译法不失为确 保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手 段。
Definition
英语里有些从正面表达的词语或句子,汉 译时可以从反面来表达,即正说反译法 (negation); 英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子,汉 译时可从正面来表达,即反说正译法 (affirmation)。

翻译-正反、反正法

翻译-正反、反正法
Lots of energy is at store. The problem has been to use the energy at a reasonable cost.
有许多能源尚未开发 尚未开发。 有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一合理的代价利用这些 能源。 能源。
He went into the insecure building.
他走进那所危楼。 他走进那所危楼。
Examples
A radar screen is not unlike a television.
雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。
Don’t stop working,” he said
Negation & Affirmation
Zhang Xiaowen An Qing Qi Yue Ding Xiaoyu
Iห้องสมุดไป่ตู้troduction
英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或 英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或 否定形式表达同一概念。 否定形式表达同一概念。但由于讲英语国家 的历史、地理、 的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与 我国不同,因此这些国家人们的思维方式 思维方式与 我国不同,因此这些国家人们的思维方式与 我们有时存在很大差异。 我们有时存在很大差异。这种差别体现在语 言习惯上,便产生了两种语言各自独特的表 言习惯上, 达形式。 表示否定意义时, 达形式。在表示否定意义时,这种差异显得 尤为突出。 尤为突出。英语的否定表达是一个常见而又 比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否 比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否 定的而实质上肯定的,有的形式上是肯定的 定的而实质上肯定的,有的形式上是肯定的 而实质上是否定的。 而实质上是否定的。

正说反说

正说反说

五、正反、反正译法英语句子中含有no, not, never, 等否定词,或者含有non-, im-, in-, ir-. -less等等否定性词缀的词语就是反说,不含这些词语的就是正说。

汉语句子中如果含有“不”、“没有”、“无”、“未”、“莫”、“甭”、“休”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等否定意义的词汇,就是反说,反之则为正说。

A.No smoking! (反说)严禁吸烟!(正说B. B. Wet Paint! (正说)油漆未干!(反说)(1) I don’t think we’ll fail in our exam.(我认为我们考试不会不及格。

——会及格)(2) Calm down, please.(你可不要激动!)(3) There is not a second that I don’t miss you.(没有一秒钟我是不挂念你的.=我时刻挂念着你.)正说反译:(一)英语中很多词本身就含有否定意义,beyond, absent, stop, bad, avoid, exclude, except, doubt, resistant, refuse, few, little, 这类词在翻译中要译出它的含有的否定意义。

The window refuses to open.窗户打不开。

Children were excluded from getting in the building.孩子不许进入这幢楼房。

Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这个机会。

The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释站不住脚。

(二)有些正反译法可以增强修辞效果,但使用的时候需要非常慎重。

Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers.卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去,还不就是为了这个缘故,因为你知道,他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。

5 正译法与反译法

5 正译法与反译法

第五讲正译法与反译法(Affirmative & Negative Translation)1.英语和汉语中否定的不同表达方式(Differences in Expressing Negation in English and Chinese)1) Chinese expressions of negation are comparatively simpler in form and easier to recognize for almost all the negative expressions contained negative markers such as “不”、“无”、“非”、“莫”、“勿”、“未”、“否”、“别”、“没有”and so on.2) English negation is much more complex. Besides negative words, there are a large number of negative affixes (such as dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-, -less), and various words with implied negative meanings (such as fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond, etc.), phrases (such as instead of, in place of, etc.) or some unique structures (such as more…than…, other than…, rather than…, etc.).2.英译汉中的反译法(Negative Expressions in E-C Translation)英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。

正反、反正表达法

正反、反正表达法
think. 〔other than = not, anything but〕 【译文】事实真相与你想的完全不同。
21 返回章重点 退出
正反译法是一个很有用的翻译技巧, 虽然说法变了,意思还是原来的。之所以要 改变,主要是由于词语之间的关系、句式的 变化、习惯表达等方面的因素。“正话反说, 反话正说〞是提高译文水平的有效方法之一。
【译文】他无权签订这个合同。 例6:Yet the process of achieving
gender equality is still an ongoing one. 【译文】然而争取男女平等的过程仍然是一项 未尽之业。
24 返回章重点 退出
2 否定译肯定,更能表达原文涵义
例1:Don’t lose time in posting the letter. 【译文】赶快把信发出去。 例2:There is nothing unexpected about it. 【译文】一切在意料之中。 例3:I could not feel better. 【译文】我感觉很好。 例4:Nothing can live without water. 【译文】万物皆靠水生存。 例5:It leaves nothing to be desired. 【译文】这已完美无缺。
It is good workman that never blunders. 智者千虑,必有一失。
17 返回章重点 退出
例4: She refrained from laughing. 【译文】她忍住没有笑。 例5:The thick carpet killed the
sound of my footsteps. 【译文】我走在厚厚的地毯上一点儿声
3.No one has nothing to offer to society.
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错。
正说反译(连接词)
• The guerrillas(游击队员) would
fight to death before they surrendered.
游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不投降。
正说反译(连接词)
• You will fail unless you work harder.
正说反译(动词)
• The first bombs missed the target. 第一批炸弹没有击中目标。 • The two teams tied. 两队不分胜负。 • Live up to the expectations of our own people。 不辜负全国人民对我们的期望。
不要客气。/别见外 。
正说反译
He was the last man to say such things.
他绝不会说这样的话。
反说正译
• The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him. 归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
• Isn’t it funny! 真逗!
反说正译
• The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽经他一再解释,疑团仍然存在。
• Don’t lose time in posting this letter.
赶快把这封信寄出去。
他很想尽快和你见面。
反说正译
• There is no rule that has no exception.
任何规则都有例外。 • Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. 它的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调,
也不算过分。
于癌症。
反说正译
•Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.
•今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。
反说正译
• Such flights couldn’t long escape notice. • 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
satisfactory.
她的说明远不能令人满意。
• Mary kept to her room all day. 玛丽终日足不出户。
正说反译(短语)
• The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers.
拓荒者不避艰险。
• Just make yourself at home.
许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很 丢面子的。
反说正译
•He manifested a strong dislike for
his father’s business.
他对他父亲的业务表示强烈的厌恶 情绪。
反说正译
•The examination left no doubt that
the patient had died of cancer. • 调查的结果清清楚楚说明病人死
正说反译(形容词)
• She said simply, “They are all bad.”
她简单地说:“他们全不是好东西”。
• The explanation is pretty thin.
这个解释相当不充实。 • His refusal is not final. 他的拒绝不是不可改变的。
正说反译(副词)
• 强化语气 • 符合译语表达习惯
正说反译 •When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “We’ve read your article. We expected to meet an older man.”
•当史蒂夫被介绍给这对老年夫妇的时 候,他们只是淡淡地说:“我们看过 你的文章,但没想到你这么年轻。”
要是不更努力些,你是会失败的。
正说反译(介词)
• The problem is above me. 这个问题我不懂。(我解决不了。)
• His answer is beside the mark.
他的回答文不对题。
正说反译(短语)
• His explanation is far from being
• We may safely say no. 我们这样说万无一失(或:错不了)。
• He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children. 他衣服没脱就跳入水中,把孩子救了
上来。
正说反译(副词)
A: The boy is quite clever.
反说正译
• He carelessly glanced through the
note and got away. 他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就
走了。
反说正译
• Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.
正反、反正译法
• 英汉的肯定和否定表达方式有所不 同,译文要准确且符合译语的习惯。 1. --“Are you not going tomorrow?”
--“No, I’m not going.”
2. “I don’t think you’re right in this point.”
正说反译、反说正译的目的: • 明确传达原文意思
反说正译
• The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us. • 这件事情引起了我们的重视。
反说正译
• He didn’t half like the girl.
他非常喜欢那姑娘。 • He can’t see you quick enough.
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