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Plumbing

In general, plumbing refers to the system of pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus used inside a building for Supplying water and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. In practice, the term includes storm water or roof drainage and exterior system components connecting to a source such as a public water system or a point of disposal such as a public sewer system or a domestic septic tank or cesspool.

The purpose of plumbing systems is, basically, to bring into, and distribute within, a building a supply of safe water to be used for drinking purposes and to collect and dispose of polluted and contaminated wastewater from the various receptacles on the premises without hazard to the health of occupants. Codes, regulations, and trade practices are designed to keep the water system separated from drainage systems; to prevent the introduction of harmful material such as chemicals,

micro-organisms, and dirt; and to keep the water system safe under all operating conditions. These protective codes also are designed to prevent flooding of drainage lines, provide venting of dangerous gases, and eliminate opportunities for backflow of dangerous waste water into the water system. It is essential that disease-producing organisms and harmful chemicals be confined to the drainage system.

Since the time of Moses man has been cautioned to dispose of his wastes safely, and cleanliness has been related to the availability of water and associated with social custom. Early man often lived near a water source that served as his water supply and drainage system in one. It was also bis bath. I.atrine-like receptacles with crude drains have been found in excavations in the Orkney Islands of Neolithic stone huts at least 10,000 years old. Both a water system and piping ctsed as drainage fashioned of terra-cotta pipe were part of the royal palace of Minos in Crete, about 2000 BC. The palace also had a latrine with water-flushing reservoir and drainage. Nothing comparable to it was developed in Europe until the 18th century.Even the equipment of the modern bathroom, though much improved with hot and cold water under pressure and less crude provisions for drainage, is in concept little different from the Minoan version. Itwas not until the end of the 19th century that advances in plumbing practice were given serious attention as an integral part of housing.

A building plumbing system includes two components, the piping that brings potable water into the building and distributes it to all fixtures and water outlets and the piping that collects the water after use and drains it to a point of safe disposal.

Water systems. When a building is served by a public water system, the plumbing begins at the service connection with the public supply. It includes all meters, pumps, valves, piping, storage tanks,and connections