句法知识教学文档

一、句子成分

•（一）句子成分的定义：

•构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语、谓语、宾语和表语；次要成分有定语、状语、补足语。

（二）主语：

•主语(Subiect)

•动作的发出者、施动者或执行者。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

We often speak English in class.

One-third of the students in this class are girls.

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

Smoking does harm to the health.

The rich should help the poor.

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

It is necessary to master a foreign language.

（三）谓语

•谓语(Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

•1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

He practices running every morning.

The plane took off at ten o’clock.

•2、复合谓语：

（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：

We are students.

注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

（四）表语

•表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：

Our teacher of English is an American.

（名词）

Is it yours?（代词）

The weather has turned cold.（形容词）

The speech is exciting.（分词）

Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）

His job is to teach English.（不定式）

His hobby is playing football.（动名词）

The meeting is of great importance.

（介词短语）

Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。

1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher.

2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meeting.

3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He seems (to be) very sad.

4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.

6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false.

His plan turned out a success.

（五）宾语

•宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：

They went to see an exhibition yesterday.

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

He pretended not to see me.

I enjoy listening to popular music.

I think（that）he is fit for his office.

宾语种类：

（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：

He sent the novel to William yesterday.

For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：

She bought a gift for her mother.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

下列动词只能接不定式做宾语

ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, except, fail, help, hope, learn, manage,

offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：

He refused to lend me his bike.

•下列动词只能接动名词做宾语

admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window .

•下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。

（六）宾语补足语

•英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

His father named him Dongming.

They painted their boat white.

Let the fresh air in.

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

We saw her entering the room.