英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型(第三版)
(完整版)SCI写作高频词汇和常用句型
第一部分同义词替换1. about（大约）—approximately2. get —obtain3. finish —complete4. change —transform5. method —technique6. buy —purchase7. ask —inquire8. begin、start —commence9. cheap —inexpensive10. obtainable —avaible11. use —employ12. have —possess13. get —acquire14. extra —additional15. help —assistance16. about（关于）—concerning17. enlarge —magnify18. many —numerous19. best —optimum20. lively —vigorous第二部分连接词使用1.并列递进：moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally2.转折：not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately3.解释：in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms4.原因：because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason5.举例：for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few6.强调：surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently,in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly7.可能：presumably, probably, perhaps8.让步：although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that9.总结：overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly10.结果：therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence11. 对比比较：likewise, similarly, in parallel to, while, whereas第三部分常用句式1. 说明选题的重要性：X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..Xs are a common / useful / critical part of...Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread/commonly investigated types of ...X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important ...It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is (X)is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …2. 概述前人做过的研究：Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it tobe...Tradition ally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of XsThe last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …3. 展望未来：The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in XIn the next few years X will become / is likely to have becomeWithin the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …4. 指出知识上的空缺：Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …The central / core problem ofA challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of...The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth.It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widelyunderstood.Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible.A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has b een neglected / remains unclear …Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for…However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide...There is stillsome / much / considerable controversy surrounding …Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into q uestion the validity of …In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …5. 论述论文目标和贡献：In this report / paper / review / study we …This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …This pape r examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to ...The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …We undertook this study / initiated this research / de veloped this methodology to...We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …。
SCI写作高频词汇和常用句型
第一部分同义词替换1. about（大约）—approximately2. get —obtain3. finish —complete4. change —transform5. method —technique6. buy —purchase7. ask —inquire8. begin、start —commence9. cheap —inexpensive10. obtainable —avaible11. use —employ12. have —possess13. get —acquire14. extra —additional15. help —assistance16. about（关于）—concerning17. enlarge —magnify18. many —numerous19. best —optimum20. lively —vigorous第二部分连接词使用1.并列递进：moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally2.转折：not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately3.解释：in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms4.原因：because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason5.举例：for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few6.强调：surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently,in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly7.可能：presumably, probably, perhaps8.让步：although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that9.总结：overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly10.结果：therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence11. 对比比较：likewise, similarly, in parallel to, while, whereas第三部分常用句式1. 说明选题的重要性：X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..Xs are a common / useful / critical part of...Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread/commonly investigated types of ...X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important ...It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is (X)is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …2. 概述前人做过的研究：Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it tobe...Tradition ally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of XsThe last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …3. 展望未来：The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in XIn the next few years X will become / is likely to have becomeWithin the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …4. 指出知识上的空缺：Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …The central / core problem ofA challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of...The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth.It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widelyunderstood.Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible.A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has b een neglected / remains unclear …Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for…However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide...There is stillsome / much / considerable controversy surrounding …Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into q uestion the validity of …In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …5. 论述论文目标和贡献：In this report / paper / review / study we …This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …This pape r examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to ...The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …We undertook this study / initiated this research / de veloped this methodology to...We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]：连词，“因为”。
例如：He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]：连词，“既然；因为”，可表示已知的原因。
例如：Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]：连词，“由于”，强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如：As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]：副词，“因此；所以”。
例如：He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]：副词，“因此；结果”。
例如：She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]：连词，“所以”，口语和书面语都常用。
例如：It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...：“……的原因是……”。
例如：The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause：“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]：例如：Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]：例如：Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]：常带有感激的意味，例如：Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型(第三版)
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。
SCI常用词汇和句型
SCI常用词汇和句型No.1Introduction常用的词汇Characterize:是…的特征; 以…为典型; 使…具有特点常用句型：In the present study, we try to characterize the role of sth in the promotion of health.Demonstrate: 证明; 证实; 论证; 说明常用句型：Previous studies have demonstrated that......Discover: (第一个) 发现; (出乎意料地) 发现常用句型1：It is of great interest to discover that...常用句型2：we have discovered that...Evaluate:估计; 评价; 评估常用句型1：The aim of this study was to evaluate...常用句型2：We evaluate its contribution to...常用句型3：In order to evaluate...Examine: 审查; 调查; 考查; 考察; (仔细地) 检查常用句型1：Examination of sth showed that...常用句型2：In this study, we have examined sth in ...Establish:建立; 创立; 设立; 建立(尤指正式关系)常用句型1：It has been established that + 句子常用句型2：句子was established by...Explore:探索; 考察; 探究; 调查研究; 探讨常用句型1：To further explore the effects of pressure, we... 常用句型2：We explored+ 句子Find: (经寻找、研究或思考) 发现，查明常用句型1：sth was founded...常用句型2：we find a method that can be used to... 常用句型3：it is founded that...Identify: 确认; 认出; 鉴定; 找到; 发现; 显示常用句型1：Sth was identified as a critical truth to...Investigate: 侦查(某事); 调查(某人)常用句型1：Sth was investigated常用句型2：In this report, we investigated that...常用句型3：The test is essential to investigate...Reveal: 揭示; 显示; 透露常用句型1：The experiments revealed that...常用句型2：Recent advances have revealed...Study: 研究; 调查常用句型1：We studied...常用句型2：A parametric study has been carried out for...常用句型3：句子+ was studiedNo.2描述要解决的问题时用到的词汇Aim: 目的; 目标; 目的是; 旨在常用句型1：The aim of this research is to provide...常用句型2：The aim of this study was to evaluate...Address: 处理；对付常用句型1：To address the issue of sth常用句型2：A graph was added to address the issues of...Describe: 描述；形容常用句型1：In this report, we describe an analytical method to/that... 常用句型2：As described in materials and methods of sth...No.3表转折的词汇despite: 尽管；即使；尽管自己不愿意（常用在开头）常用句型：Despite the detailed examination...However:然而；不过；不管怎样（用在开头表转折）常用句型1：In this study, however, that it would not be...常用句型2：However, he confirms there has recently beenIn contrast: 相反（句后的开头）常用句型: In contrast, the mummy of sth contains.....Unfortunately: 可惜；遗憾的是；不巧（单独用在句首）常用句型: Unfortunately, as I said, we don't seem to have learned... Present: 出现；提出；显示；提交常用句型1: This article presents...常用句型2: In this paper, a feasibility study of... is presentedpurpose: 目的；用途；目标；意图常用句型: The purpose of this study was...report:报告；报道；汇报常用句型1: A series of sth, including A, B, and C were subs-equently reported by... 常用句型2: As reported that...No.4有关过去和现在时间的词汇Current: 现在的；现行的；通用的常用句型1: Current scientific evidence indicates that...常用句型2: The current work discusses...Present: 目前；现在常用句型: The present study aims to explore...Previous: 先前的；以往的常用句型1: Previous studies demonstrated...常用句型2: The previous work has focused on...Recent: 最近的常用句型1: It was recently predicted that...常用句型2: The recent discussion...No.5用于举例的词In case of: 万一；假使；如果(用在句首)常用句型: In case of the specified parameters of...Especially: 格外；特别是；尤其是（常用在逗号后面）常用句型: Any sharply localized area with a fibrotic appeara-nce should be regarded as suspicious, especially if it has a stellate shape.For example: 例如（用在句首）常用句型: For example, as Silbert spoke about her prom experienceFor instance:例如（用在句首）常用句型1: For instance, it's easy to come up with常用句型2: The joint may be used to join a pair of structural components, for instance in an aerospace applicationInclude:包括；包含；使成为…的一部分（用在句中）常用句型1: To be considered with your bid, include the phrase常用句型2: Potential plans include traveling photographic exhibition.In particular:尤其；特别地；特别是（逗号后面或者句首）常用句型1: The utility model relates to a filtering apparatus, in particular to the filtering apparatus used for a variable air valve timing deviceSpecifically:具体来说；明确地（句中句首句尾均可以）常用句型1: Designed specifically for use in the car常用句型2: Specifically, he saidSuch as：比如；像这种的（常用在逗号后面）常用句型1: Everybody huddled with the body surface, such as loess.No.6描述实验部分的词汇According to: 根据；按照常用句型1: sth was transfected by sth according to...常用句型2:according to...Achieve: 完成（凭长期努力）达到（某目标、地位、标准）常用句型: Sth was achieved through/by...Acquire: 获得; 取得常用句型: Sth were acquired...Allow: 允许；准许常用句型: This method allowed us to determine...Assess: 评估；估算常用句型1: In order to assess...常用句型2: Sth was assessedCarry out:执行；实现常用句型1: Sth was carried out...常用句型2: It is difficult to carry out...常用句型3: In order to carry out...Collect: 收集；搜集常用句型1: Some samples were collected in the experiment. 常用句型2: Sth were collected through...Conduct:实施；执行常用句型: The field trial was conducted by...Expose: 暴露；揭露常用句型1: We exposed...常用句型2: It is well known that someone was exposed to...Generate: 产生；引起常用句型1: Sth was generated by...常用句型2: 句子+is generated常用句型3: Sth was used to generate...Keep: 保存；保留常用句型: The temperature was kept constant at 400℃for one hour.Obtain:获得；得到常用句型1: Sth have been obtained from the analysis of ...常用句型2: The result was obtained with...Perform: 执行常用句型1: Sth was performed by...常用句型2: Sth was performed using...Prepare: 配制常用句型1: A good method was prepared as described previously. 常用句型2: Sth was performed.Produce: 生产；制造常用句型: The pulse waveforms produced from cells and particles.Proceed:继续做（或从事、进行）常用句型1: The reactions are proposed to proceed in a two-step processProvide:提供常用句型1: We provide...常用句型2: The proper method provides...常用句型3: Sth was provided by...Purchase: 购买；采购常用句型:All chemicals were purchased from Eaton chemical companyRecord: 记录常用句型: The initial measurements were recorded at fixed temperatureSubject to: 处于…中；使服从常用句型: The device is subject to a magnetic field of 10TUndertake:着手做; 承担；从事常用句型: We undertook this study to understand...No.7描述先后顺序的词常用在实验方法的描述上面。
英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇在英语写作中，使用高级词汇可以提升文章的学术性和正式性，同时也能展示出作者的语言水平。
以下是一些英语作文中常用的高级词汇，它们可以根据不同的写作主题和上下文进行选择和使用。
1. 表达观点：- 支持：endorse, advocate, subscribe- 反对：oppose, refute, contradict- 认为：assert, contend, posit2. 逻辑连接词：- 因此：consequently, hence, thereupon- 然而：nevertheless, notwithstanding, albeit- 此外：furthermore, moreover, in addition3. 描述原因：- 导致：result in, lead to, contribute to- 因为：owing to, due to, as a result of4. 描述影响：- 影响：impact, influence, affect- 改变：alter, modify, transform5. 表达可能性：- 可能：probable, likely, feasible- 不可能：improbable, unlikely, implausible6. 表达重要性：- 重要的：significant, crucial, paramount- 次要的：insignificant, trivial, minor7. 表达复杂性：- 复杂的：complex, intricate, sophisticated- 简单的：simple, straightforward, uncomplicated8. 表达情感：- 满意的：satisfied, content, pleased- 不满的：dissatisfied, discontent, displeased9. 表达数量：- 大量的：abundant, ample, plentiful- 少量的：limited, scarce, insufficient10. 表达时间：- 过去的：previous, preceding, antecedent- 未来的：forthcoming, subsequent, impending11. 表达比较：- 更...：further, more, additional- 最...：utmost, most, maximum12. 表达目的：- 为了：in order to, for the purpose of, with the aim of - 导致：causing, leading to, resulting in13. 表达例证：- 例如：for instance, such as, namely- 特别是：particularly, especially, notably14. 表达总结：- 总之：in summary, to sum up, in conclusion- 因此：therefore, hence, thus使用这些高级词汇时，重要的是要确保它们与句子的其余部分相匹配，并且它们的使用是恰当和准确的。
SCI论文写作——好词好句
degrademitigatewithout any loss of generalityat any given instance ofconcreteexpanded upona stationary loadThereafterrelationship;take into account;model 动词；are obtained；fundamental;immovable;neglect;e.g.;i.e.receive;when it comes to;scarce 匮乏；Have a certain impacttreat asaddressingaddressed解决give rise to；certain；introduce；describe；literature review；retain；For this reason；substitute；In particular；measureconsist ofeffectivethe dot represents the time derivative In case of Lr=10；rewritten；It is evident that；appear；a significant reduction of the peak amplitude is obtained in case of；denotedrespectively 一般置于句末；related to；As a consequence ofin order toidentically 同时地，一致地；The following notation is introduced for brevityin a suitable form for numerical implementation；adjust；it is interesting to comment thatcompletely；instead；A non-dimensionalization of variables is performed for computational conveniencein agreement with 与一致；correspond to 符合；investigate more deeply 深入研究；plot 名词：图；versus 对；previously；practically 几乎；grows slowly with；with respect to 关于，至于enlarge；match；xx method is extended to investigatesuitablesuperior 出众的，优秀的（描述L-method）rarely 很少的；imply 意味，隐含This property is definitely worth exploring and is therefore what we focus on in this work；proposed；Chenetal.好几个人的文章It should be mentioned here that；via；deal with；proved；On the basis of；wherein；deduced；is capable ofefficiency；omitted 忽略refer to 参考be divided intobe derived as；As depicted in；contain；no longer；in the given frequency range；adequate；It means that the computational cost and time will be reduced in ；sufficiently；when the mesh becomes finer；reflect 反应出；distinct drops 明显的下降；ComplicatedFurthermoreImplementedMost widely usedThick beamConsequentlyTheoreticalExtensivePerspectiveHonig and Hirdes (1984) made an improvement to reduce the dependence of discretization and truncation errors on the free parameters.EvaluateMethodologyLaplace transform domainCheckOrigin原点interior impact forcecompact formmodifydistinguishdepicted in fig.translate the origin of the coordinate x into relationIn view ofSeparateSumNote thatDeterminant行列式值In additionorthogonal conditionsdisadvantagewith the increment ofdiscrepanciescompared withmatchinterpretobjectiveeffort was made tomodel （动词：建立模型）originalvalidate验证vtevaluate评估vtasymptotic analysis 渐进分析extend 扩展vtthe method has been adapted toin a condition ofmountedAdditional case studyflutter speed was chosen as the primary parameter in terms ofInstead ofconstrainedunconstrainedin current investigationsuitableassumedthe principal load carrierclamp 固支vian assembly装配nby integration along E-axisit depends on 它由```决定The above equation was solved in an iterative procedure by searching and matching the flutter speed and frequency within subsonic range using the p-k method.Despitemarginweight savingas,since，because都可后，不加逗号In addition toNeverthelessin favor of 有利于plays a beneficial and important role inFirstly，Secondly，ThirdlyFortunatelyround off 使```完美is proven tothe most favorable onemaintainoffer 提供vtdesignertherebypreviouslyequipped withcontrollabledemonstratorrepresentativemultidisciplinaryplaced inside ··被安放在··situated within ···限制在is a key contribution tonon-negligibleis anticipated toaccelerateforce 促使condition encounteredconceptthe baseline design基本设计replaceadjustimposed on施加automaticallyinstalled onplaced atrelated to关于accomplishfullyimplicitmannercorelimited toinvolved inthere is an excellent agreement betweenin order toallow 允许（可用于variation）representcorrespond to 符合extract提取downwarda reasonable agreement exists between covercapturebehaviornot only，but alsovisibleweight reductionperfectlywhich has a much higher contribution to During the phase ofinstead offor this reasonquantify the impact ofsecondary次要的exploit 开发，利用prototype,样品sophisticated复杂的the slipstream becomes displaced滑流无处可去，受阻preliminary design 初步设计are not directly sensitive to 对什么不敏感pronounced 明显的as is the case for 和那种情况一样reciprocal 相互的lessen 减少augment增大influential 有较大影响的The results obtained are encouraging 令人鼓舞的versatility 名称用途广泛revolutionise 彻底改变plays a big roleon this occasionnorresolved into 分解为incrementnose-upin radians弧度地vice versa反之亦然is characterized by被····表征exerted bydefinedeviate fromnamelyconstantin-planeout-of-planerotational speedoppositeopposerotating framenonrotating frameIt is assumed in the derivation of the equation s of motion that an engine governor supplies the torque required to hold the rotor rotational speed Ωconstant during any perturbed motionDespite these limitations, the method, in its current state of development, can provide a useful tool for the study ofassociated withsubsequent form下面的型式displaydetermineimplementedoverestimaterotaryrather thaninfluence单数also agrees well withConsequentlyvalidextensiveFrom this perspective,Abundantinversionoptimum parameter selectionis comprised ofdiscretizationclose form solutionscross-sectionaltransverse, large enough to ensurenontrivialphase-relatedis given bydistinguish it fromcontainIt is noted thatinvertcan be separated into real part and imaginary part functionsSimilarly, k is an eigenvalue if and only if the determinant is zero.is the only possible case forenablesummationWe can see thatabruptthe Durbin method is more appropriate than the normal mode method for the computational efficiency and accuracy of complex structures.在Su和Ma中，terms也不是相等的，其未给出error判别式中，T和a的选择标准。
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！
最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！开始写学期论文了吧，是不是写着写着就词穷了？数据不会描述，观点不会引用，各种问题层出不穷，需要帮助了吧！小编这么贴心，当然知道你的需求咯！下面献上的这份超全面的英文学术论文常用句型，还不快收藏了好好学习！想要高分论文，小编只能帮你到这了！英文学术论文常用句型引用数据（图表、表格）1. 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …2. as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …引用/简述他人的研究/观点：1. XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state,claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe,develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss,observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume,speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend2. 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …表示例外：With the exception o f …Apart from …Except for …表示原因/缘由：be due tobe attibuted tobe accounted forbe a consequence ofstem from表示定义/命名：be namedbe calledbe denoted bybe known asbe defined asbe referred to引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：It is uncertain/unclear …It has not been determined …It is necessary to consider …The question remains …Current studies provide little information on …We need to know/consider …There is some question as to …Another issue raised by this study is …指出问题所在：This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability.This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to …Little progress has been made in …The problem remains as to how …Researchers still have to find a way to …引出解决方案：Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …One method to address this difficulty is to …There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …Several options are available to address this obstacle. Howe ver, the best one seems to be …A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …引出中心话题：Recently, there has been growing interest in …The p ossibility of … has generated wide interest in …The development of … is a classic problem in …The development of … has led to the hope that …The … has become a favorite topic foranalysis …Knowledge of … has great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …A central issue in … is …(The) … has been extensively studied inrecent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused on …表达相似之处：Similarly, …Likewise, …In the same fashion, …As in X, in Y …Like X, Y …The same …X is similar/comparable to YX resemble YX correspond to Y表达不同之处或比较/对照：In contrast, …Unlike X, Y …In contrast to …On the other hand, ……; however, ……, but …Whereas/While …, ……, whereas/while …X differ from YX is different from YX contrast with评价他人的研究/论著：1.正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity,accessibility,detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive,practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original,perceptive, rigorous, economical2.负面：inconsistent, restricted,misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy总结：Overall, …In general, …On the whole, …In the main, …With … exception(s), …The overall results indicate …The results indicate, overall, that …指出本研究的局限：It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …This analysis has concentrated on …The findings of this study are restricted to …Th is study has addressed only the question of …The limination of this study are clear: …We would like to point out that we have not …指出研究结果的局限：However, the findings do not imply …The results of this study cannot be taken asevidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …指出本研究的意义：Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to in dicate …However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …。
(word完整版)英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇★形容词：1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive★动词：1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten★名词：1. 影响：influence= impact2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard3. 污染：pollution = contamination4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability12. 能力： ability = capacity = power = skill13. 职业： job = career = employment = profession14. 娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子： children = offspring = descendant= kid★短语：1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事： embark on = tap = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable ,excellent, outstanding, superior替换good3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad, 如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总1.引言句:- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for...- The issue of... has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry.2.概括句:- In summary, it can be concluded that...- Overall, the findings suggest that...- Taken together, these results indicate that...3.解释原因句:- This can be attributed to...- The main factor contributing to... is...- The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by...4.分析结果句:- The results imply that...- It is evident from the data that...- The findings provide insight into...5.提出观点句:- It is worth noting that...- It can be argued that...6.强调句:- Importantly,...- Of particular significance is...- An important aspect to consider is...7.限定句:- However,...- Nevertheless,...- On the other hand,...8.总结句:- In conclusion, it is clear that...- To sum up,...- Therefore, it can be inferred that...9.建议句:- One possible solution to address this issue is... - It is advisable to...10.进一步研究句:- Future research should focus on...- There is a need for further investigation into...- It would be interesting to explore...注意，在写作过程中，应根据具体情况选择合适的句式，并结合适当的过渡词来使论文内容具有连贯性和逻辑性。
SCI论文经典词和常用句型
SCI论文经典词和常用句型一、经典替换词1. individuals, characters, folks 替换 people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换 bad（如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。
）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换 many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换 some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换 think。
7. affair, business, matter 替换 thing.8. shared 替换 common .9. reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换 hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换 helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换 customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换 necessary.18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination onsb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换 attract one's attention.20. facet, demension, sphere 替换 aspet.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate,suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换 cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换 want.25. pour attention into 替换 pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换 remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换 have（注意process是过程的意思）。
英语学术论文常用句型（大全）（免费）
英语学术论文常用经典句型 (1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. 7. Section 3 Section 3 describes describes the the the system system system itself itself itself in in in a a a general general general way, way, way, including including including the the the ….. ….. ….. and and and also also also discusses discusses discusses how how how to to to evaluate evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 2 of of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. Next Section2. 2. The The The next next next section section section describes describes describes the the the mathematics mathematics mathematics that that that goes goes goes into into into the the the computer computer computer implementation implementation implementation of of of such such such fuzzy fuzzy fuzzy logic logic statements. 3. 3. However, However, However, it it it is is is cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome for for for this this this purpose purpose purpose and and and in in in practical practical practical applications applications applications the the the formulae formulae formulae were were were rearranged rearranged rearranged and and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. 13. Results Results Results of of of an an an experimental experimental experimental applications applications applications of of of this this this xx xx xx analysis analysis analysis procedure procedure procedure are are are given given given to to to illustrate illustrate illustrate the the the proposed proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. 18. Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis is is is placed placed placed on on on the the the construction construction construction of of of a a a criterion criterion criterion function function function by by by which which which the the the xx xx xx in in in achieving achieving achieving a a a hierarchical hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. 35. The The The problem problem problem of of of xx xx xx has has has been been been studied studied studied by by by other other other investigators, investigators, investigators, however, however, however, these these these studies studies studies have have have been been been based based based upon upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. 63. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Unfortunately, real-world real-world real-world engineering engineering engineering problems problems problems such such such as as as manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing planning planning planning do do do not not not fit fit fit well well well with with with this this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1. problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can can be be be made made made prior prior prior to to to the the the execution execution execution of of of the the the experiment, experiment, experiment, as as as opposed opposed opposed to to to being being being made made made while while while the the the experiment experiment experiment is is is in in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4. This is summarized in the following steps: 5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both ... and ... l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a ... with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ... l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic ... system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model model consists consists consists of of of four four four rule rule rule bases, bases, bases, each each each of of of which which which addresses addresses addresses a a a separate separate separate problem problem problem in in in the the the hierarchy hierarchy hierarchy of of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer Systeml The system system has has has been been been implemented implemented implemented using using using Prolog Prolog Prolog language language language in in in an an an MS MS MS DOS DOS DOS environment. environment. environment. Prolog Prolog Prolog was was was chosen chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time Time consuming consuming procedures have have been been been implemented implemented in in C C C language language and and directly directly directly linked linked to to the the the Prolog Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor. l The computer computer programs programs programs used used used for for for the the the analyses, analyses, analyses, one one one based based based on on on the the the xx xx xx method method method and and and the the the other based other based on on the the the new new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination combination is is is being being being implemented implemented implemented in in in an an an objected objected objected oriented oriented oriented programming programming programming environment environment environment (Smalltalk (Smalltalk (Smalltalk 80 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking ... l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful ... l There has has been been been an an an increasing increasing increasing awareness awareness awareness of of of the the the potential potential potential of of of using using using most ..so most ..so far far made made made have have have not not not taken taken taken this this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l Euler's formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. l From a a practical practical practical point point point of of of view, view, view, the the the computational computational computational aspects aspects aspects of of of an an an FLC FLC FLC require require require a a a simplification simplification simplification of of of the the the fuzzy fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. l A function function definition definition definition expresses expresses expresses the the the membership membership membership function of function of a fuzzy set set in in in a a a functional functional functional form, form, form, typically typically typically a a a bell bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule. 。
(word完整版)英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇★形容词：1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive★动词：1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten★名词：1. 影响：influence= impact2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard3. 污染：pollution = contamination4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability12. 能力： ability = capacity = power = skill13. 职业： job = career = employment = profession14. 娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子： children = offspring = descendant= kid★短语：1. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事： embark on = tap = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. 大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable ,excellent, outstanding, superior替换good3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad, 如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总一、学术研究论文常用词汇1. 研究目的 (Research objectives)2. 研究方法 (Research methods)3. 数据分析 (Data analysis)4. 结果讨论 (Results and discussion)5. 结论 (Conclusion)6. 文献综述 (Literature review)7. 实证研究 (Empirical study)8. 调查问卷 (Questionnaire)9. 样本选择 (Sample selection)10. 回归分析 (Regression analysis)11. 文献引用 (Literature citation)12. 研究限制 (Research limitations)13. 研究贡献 (Research contributions)14. 研究领域 (Research field)15. 数据收集 (Data collection)二、常用套句1. 本文旨在探讨... (This paper aims to explore...)2. 通过分析...得出以下结论 (By analyzing..., the following conclusions can be drawn)3. 结果表明...对...有显著影响 (The results indicate that... has a significant impact on...)4. 根据文献综述可知 (According to the literature review)5. 为了解答研究问题 (In order to answer the research questions)6. 本研究的主要贡献在于... (The main contribution of this study is...)7. 通过实证研究发现 (Through empirical research, it was found that)8. 研究发现存在一定限制 (The study findings have certain limitations)9. 进一步研究应考虑... (Further research should consider...)10. 该研究对于未来的研究具有重要意义 (This study has important implications for future research)以上是一些常用的词汇和套句，希望对您的研究论文写作有所帮助。
学术英语高频1500词汇(阅读写作用
路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库1. abandon 12. abandoned adj3. abnormal adj4. abstract 15. abstract 26. abstract 37. abstraction n8. academic9. academic 210. academy n11. access 112. access 213. accessible adj14. accommodate v15. accommodation n16. accompaniment n17. accompany v18. accumulate v19. accuracy n20. accurate adj21. achieve v22. achievement n23. acknowledge v24. acknowledgement n25. acquire v26. acquisition n27. adapt v28. adaptable adj29. adaptation n30. adequate adj31. adjacent adj32. adjust v33. adjustment n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库34. administration n35. administrative adj36. adult 137. adult 238. advocacy n39. advocate 140. advocate 241. affect v42. aggregate 143. aggregate 244. aggregate 345. aid 146. aid 247. albeit conj48. allocate v49. allocation n50. alter v51. alteration n52. alternate 153. alternate 254. alternative 155. alternative 256. ambiguity n57. ambiguous adj58. amend v59. amendment n60. analogous adj61. analogy n62. analyse v63. analysis n64. analyst n65. analytical adj66. analyze v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库67. annual 168. anticipate v69. anticipation n70. apparent adj71. append v72. appendix n73. appreciable adj74. appreciate v75. appreciation n76. approach 177. approach 278. appropriate 179. approximate 180. approximate 281. approximation n82. arbitrary adj83. area n84. aspect n85. assemble v86. assembly n87. assess v88. assessment n89. assign v90. assignment n91. assist 192. assistance n93. assume v94. assuming conj95. assumption n96. assurance n97. assure v98. attach v99. attachment n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库100. attain v101. attainment n102. attitude n103. attributable adj104. attribute 1105. attribute 2106. author 1107. author 2108. authoritative adj109. authority n110. authorship n111. automate v112. automated adj113. automatic 1114. automatically adv115. automation n116. available adj117. aware adj118. awareness n119. behalf n120. beneficial adj 121. beneficiary n 122. benefit 1 123. benefit 2 124. bias 1 125. bias 2 126. biased adj 127. bond 1 128. bond 2 129. brevity n 130. brief 1 131. brief 2 132. brief 3路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库133. briefing n134. briefly adv135. bulk 1136. bulky adj137. capability n138. capable adj139. capacity n140. category n141. cease 1142. challenge 1143. challenge 2144. challenging adj145. channel 1146. channel 2147. chapter n148. chart 1149. chart 2150. chemical 1151. chemical 2152. circumstance n153. citation n 154. cite v 155. civil adj 156. clarification n 157. clarify v 158. clarity n 159. classic 1 160. classic 2 161. classical adj 162. clause n 163. code 1 164. code 2 165. coded adj路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库166. coding n167. coherence n168. coherent adj169. coincide v170. coincidence n171. coincident adj172. coincidental adj173. collapse 1174. collapse 2175. colleague n176. commence v177. commencement n178. comment 1179. comment 2180. commentary n181. commentator n182. commission 1183. commission 2184. commit v185. commitment n186. committed adj 187. commodity n 188. communicable adj 189. communicate v 190. communication n 191. communicative adj 192. community n 193. compatibility n 194. compatible 1 195. compensate v 196. compensation n 197. compensatory adj 198. compilation n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库199. compile v200. complement 1201. complement 2202. complementary adj203. complex 1204. complex 2205. complexity n206. component 1207. component 2208. compound 1209. compound 2210. compound 3211. comprehensive adj212. comprise v213. computation n214. compute v215. computer n216. computing n217. conceivable adj218. conceive v219. concentrate 1 220. concentration n 221. concept n 222. conception n 223. conceptual adj 224. conclude v 225. concluding adj 226. conclusion n 227. conclusive adj 228. concurrent adj 229. conduct 1 230. conduct 2 231. confer v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库232. conference n233. confine v234. confined adj235. confirm v236. confirmation n237. conflict 1238. conflict 2239. conform v240. conformation n241. conformist adj242. conformity n243. consensus n244. consent 1245. consent 2246. consequence n247. consequent adj248. consequently adv249. considerable adj250. considerably adv251. consist v252. consistency n 253. consistent adj 254. constancy n 255. constant 1 256. constant 2 257. constantly adv 258. constituency n 259. constituent 1 260. constituent 2 261. constitute v 262. constitution n 263. constitutional 1 264. constrain v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库265. constrained adj266. constraint n267. construct 1268. construct 2269. construction n270. constructive adj271. consult v272. consultancy n273. consultant n274. consultation n275. consultative adj276. consume v277. consumer n278. consumption n279. contact 1280. contact 2281. contact 3282. contemporary 1283. contemporary 2284. context n285. contextual adj 286. contextualize v 287. contract 1 288. contract 2 289. contractor n 290. contradict v 291. contradiction n 292. contradictory adj 293. contrary 1 294. contrary 2 295. contrast 1 296. contrast 2 297. contrasting adj路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库298. contribute v299. contribution n300. contributor n301. controversial adj302. controversy n303. convene v304. convention n305. conventional adj306. converse 3307. conversely adv308. conversion n309. convert 1310. convertible311. convince v312. convinced adj313. convincing adj314. cooperate v315. cooperation n316. cooperative 1317. coordinate 1318. coordinate 2 319. coordinate 3 320. coordination n 321. coordinator n 322. core 1323. core 2324. core 3325. corporate adj 326. corporation n 327. correspond v 328. correspondence n 329. corresponding adj 330. couple 1路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库331. couple 2332. create v333. creation n334. creative 1335. creativity n336. creator n337. credit 1338. credit 2339. creditor n340. criterion n341. crucial adj342. cultural adj343. culturally adv344. culture 1345. currency n346. cycle 1347. cycle 2348. cyclic adj349. data n350. debatable adj351. debate 1352. debate 2353. decade n354. decline 1355. decline 2356. deduce v357. deduction n 358. define v359. definite adj 360. definitely adv 361. definition n 362. definitive adj 363. demonstrable adj路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库364. demonstrate v365. demonstration n366. demonstrative adj367. demonstrator n368. denial n369. denote v370. deny v371. depress v372. depression n373. derivation n374. derivative 1375. derivative 2376. derive v377. design 1378. design 2379. designer 1380. despite prep381. detect v382. detection n383. detective n384. detector n 385. deviate 1 386. deviation n 387. device n 388. devote v 389. devoted adj 390. devotion n 391. differentiate v 392. dimension n 393. diminish v 394. diminution n 395. discrete adj 396. discretion n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库397. discretionary adj398. discriminate v399. discrimination n400. disestablish v401. displace v402. displacement n403. display 1404. display 2405. disposable adj406. disposal n407. dispose v408. disproportion n409. disproportionate adj410. dissimilar adj411. distinct adj412. distinction n413. distinctive adj414. distinctly adv415. distort v416. distribute v417. distribution n 418. distributive adj 419. diverse adj 420. diversify v 421. diversity n 422. document 1 423. document 2 424. documentation n 425. domain n 426. domestic 1 427. domesticate v 428. domesticated adj 429. dominance n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库430. dominant 1431. dominate v432. draft 1433. draft 2434. draft 3435. drama n436. dramatic adj437. dramatist n438. dramatize v439. duration n440. dynamic 1441. dynamic 2442. economic adj443. economical adj444. economically adv445. economics n446. economist n447. economy 1448. edit v449. edition n450. editor n 451. editorial 1 452. editorial 2 453. element n 454. eliminate v 455. elimination n 456. emerge v 457. emergence n 458. emergent adj 459. emerging adj 460. emphasis n 461. emphasize v 462. emphatic adj路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库463. empirical adj464. empiricism n465. enable v466. enabling adj467. encounter 1468. encounter 2469. energetic adj470. energy n471. enforce v472. enforced adj473. enforcement n474. enhance v475. enhanced adj476. enormity n477. enormous adj478. enormously adv479. ensure v480. entity n481. environment n482. environmental adj483. environmentalist n 484. equate v485. equation n486. equip v487. equipment n 488. equivalent 1 489. equivalent 2 490. erode v491. erosion n492. erroneous adj 493. error n494. establish v495. established adj路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库496. establishment n497. estate n498. estimate 1499. estimate 2500. estimation n501. ethic n502. ethical adj503. ethnic 1504. adj505. ethnic 2506. evaluate v507. evaluation n508. eventual adj509. eventuality n510. eventually adv511. evidence 1512. evident adj513. evidential adj514. evidently adv515. evolution n516. evolutionary adj 517. evolve v 518. exceed v 519. exclude v 520. excluding prep 521. exclusion n 522. exclusive 1 523. exclusively adv 524. exhibit 1 525. exhibit 2 526. exhibition n 527. expand v 528. expansion n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库529. expansionism n530. expansive adj531. expert 1532. expert 2533. expertise n534. explicit adj535. exploit 1536. exploitation n537. export 1538. export 2539. exporter n540. expose v541. exposed adj542. exposure n543. external adj544. externalize v545. extract 1546. extract 2547. extraction n548. facilitate v549. facilitator n 550. facility n 551. factor 1 552. factor 2 553. feature 1 554. feature 2 555. federal adj 556. federation n 557. fee n 558. file 1 559. file 2 560. filing n 561. final 1路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库562. final 2563. finality n564. finalize v565. finally adv566. finance 1567. finance 2568. financial adj569. financier n570. finite adj571. flexibility n572. flexible adj573. fluctuate v574. fluctuation n575. focus 1576. focus 2577. focussed adj578. format 1579. format 2580. formula n581. formulate v582. forthcoming adj 583. found 2584. foundation n 585. founder 1 586. founding n 587. framework n 588. function 1 589. function 2 590. functional adj 591. fund 1592. fund 2593. fundamental adj 594. fundamentally adv路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库595. funding n596. furthermore adv597. gender n598. generate v599. generation n600. globalization n601. globe n602. goal n603. grade 1604. grade 2605. graded adj606. grant 1607. grant 2608. guarantee 1609. guarantee 2610. guideline n611. hence adv612. hierarchical adj613. hierarchy n614. highlight 1615. hypothesis n 616. hypothesize v 617. hypothetical adj 618. identical adj 619. identifiable adj 620. identification n 621. identify v 622. identity n 623. ideological adj 624. ideology n 625. ignorance n 626. ignorant adj 627. ignore v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库628. illegal 1629. illogical adj630. illustrate v631. illustration n632. illustrative adj633. image n634. imagery n635. immature adj636. immigrant n637. immigrate v638. immigration n639. impact 1640. impact 2641. implement 1642. implement 2643. implicate v644. implication n645. implicit adj646. imply v647. impose v648. imposition n 649. imprecise adj 650. inaccessible adj 651. inaccuracy n 652. inaccurate adj 653. inadequacy n 654. inadequate adj 655. inappropriate adj 656. incapable adj 657. incapacitate v 658. incentive n 659. incidence n 660. incident n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库661. incidentally adv662. inclination n663. incline 1664. incline 2665. incoherent adj666. income n667. incompatible adj668. inconceivable adj669. inconclusive adj670. inconsistency n671. inconsistent adj672. incorporate v673. incorporated adj674. indefinite adj675. indefinitely adv676. index 1677. index 2678. indicate v679. indication n680. indicative 1681. indicative 2 682. indicator n 683. indiscretion n 684. indistinct adj 685. individual 1 686. individual 2 687. individualism n 688. individualist n 689. individuality n 690. individually adv 691. induce v 692. induction n 693. inevitability n路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库694. inevitable adj695. inevitably adv696. infer v697. inference n698. infinite adj699. infinitely adv700. inflexible adj701. infrastructure n702. inherent adj703. inhibit v704. inhibition n705. initial 1706. initially adv707. initiate 1708. initiation n709. initiative n710. initiator n711. injure v712. injured adj713. injury n714. innovate v 715. innovation n 716. innovative adj 717. innovator n 718. input 1 719. input 2 720. insecure adj 721. insert 1 722. insertion n 723. insight n 724. insightful adj 725. insignificant adj 726. inspect v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库727. inspection n728. inspector n729. instability n730. instance 1731. instance 2732. institute 1733. institute 2734. institution n735. institutional adj736. institutionalized adj737. instruct v738. instruction n739. instructive adj740. instructor n741. insufficient adj742. integral adj743. integrate v744. integrated adj745. integration n746. integrity n747. intelligence n 748. intelligent adj 749. intense adj 750. intensify v 751. intensity n 752. intensive adj 753. interact v 754. interaction n 755. interactive adj 756. intermediate 1 757. internal adj 758. internalize v 759. interpret v路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库760. interpretation n761. interpretative adj762. interpretive adj763. interval n764. intervene v765. intervening adj766. intervention n767. intrinsic adj768. invalidate v769. invalidity n770. invariable adj771. invariably adv772. invest v773. investigate v774. investigation n775. investigative adj776. investigator n777. investment n778. investor n779. invisible adj780. invoke v 781. involve v 782. involvement n 783. irrational adj 784. irrelevance n 785. irrelevant adj 786. irreversible adj 787. isolate v 788. isolated adj 789. isolation n 790. isolationism n 791. issue 1 792. issue 2路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库793. item n794. job n795. journal n796. justifiable adj797. justification n798. justified adj799. justify v800. label 1801. label 2802. labor n803. labored adj804. labour 1805. labour 2806. laboured adj807. layer 1808. layer 2809. lecture 1810. lecture 2811. lecturer n812. legal adj813. legality n 814. legally adv 815. legislate v 816. legislation n 817. legislative adj 818. legislator n 819. legislature n 820. levy 1 821. levy 2 822. liberal 1 823. liberal 2 824. liberalism n 825. liberalize v。
英文学术论文常用词句
英语学术论文常用词句1.常用词汇与短语差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation改变：change, alteration,高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated,广泛的：in an extensive survey执行：perform, carry out降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role）可能性：feasibility密切地：intimately难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的：potential, candidate, putative,缩写：abbreviations识别，辨别：discernment提供，帮助：provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）：dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测： presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction 显著,优先的：prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,相同，同等并列：with a similar pattern to协同，加强：synergize with研究：analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致：which is in accord with the results，which corroborated the results which supported the results优缺点：merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常：aberration, abnormality重要：crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反：On the contrary, In contrary,but quite on the contrary，in sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expected，Contrary to the expectation that，与一起：in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于：In light of，In view that2.常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexityof systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choiceof a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective methodhas yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization ofa recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches andstrategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 3.常用专业词汇数据挖掘 Data Mining（DM）语义 semantics时间序列分析 time series analysis知识发现 Knowledge Discovery in Database（KDD）方差分析 Analysis of Variance,（ANOVA）回归分析 Regression Analysis生存分析 Survival Analysis纵向数据分析 longitudinal data analysis人工神经网络 Artificial Neural Network灰色系统理论 gray system theory支持向量机 Support Vector Machine(SVM)（专业词汇主要为咱们实验室常用的专业词汇，目前还没有全面概括，在今后的学习中，我会继续往里面补充新的专业名词）摘要有规范可循，写某句从那些句中摘，摘要细化，补充图表，完善摘要，类似八股文，能想到的句子：比如，与。
英语作文高级词汇句型
英语作文高级词汇句型Certainly! Here's a compilation of advanced vocabulary and sentence structures that can be used to elevate an English essay:Advanced Vocabulary for English Essays1. Eloquence - the ability to express things clearly and convincingly.2. Ineffable - too great or extreme to be expressed in words.3. Pernicious - causing severe harm or ruin.4. Paradigm - an example or pattern that is followed or imitated.5. Discerning - having good judgment and the ability toidentify and understand the differences between things.6. Aesthetic - relating to the appreciation of beauty or good taste.7. Conundrum - a puzzle or a problem with no obvious solution.8. Inevitable - certain to happen and impossible to prevent.9. Ameliorate - make something bad or unsatisfactory betteror more bearable.10. Catalyst - a person or thing that precipitates an eventor change.Sentence Structures for English Essays1. Complex Sentences - Combine multiple ideas with a varietyof conjunctions and subordinating clauses.- "Although the task was daunting, she approached it with unwavering determination."2. Passive Voice - Use when the action is more important than the doer.- "The painting, believed to be from the Renaissance period, was recently discovered in an attic."3. Balanced Sentences - Create a sense of equilibrium and formality.- "The novel is not only a gripping tale of adventure but also a profound exploration of the human spirit."4. Parallel Structure - Use similar grammatical forms to express related ideas.- "She enjoys reading, writing, and painting, all of which provide her with a sense of fulfillment."5. Emphasis with Cleft Sentences - Highlight a particular part of the sentence.- "It was not the storm, but the calm after it, that brought out the beauty of the landscape."6. Noun Clauses - Use to embed a clause as the subject or object within a sentence.- "What surprised us was the sudden change in the weather."7. Absolute Constructions - Use participles to add detail without a main verb.- "The room filled with laughter, the children playingwith uncontained joy."8. Ellipsis - Omit words that are implied or understood from the context.- "If you can dream it, you can do it."9. Attributive Clauses - Use to modify a noun with a clause. - "The theory, which was proposed by Einstein, has been widely accepted."10. Inversion - Reverse the normal subject-verb order for emphasis or stylistic effect.- "Never before have we witnessed such a dramatic shift in public opinion."Incorporating these advanced vocabulary and sentence structures into your essays can help you express complex ideas more effectively and with greater sophistication. Remember to use them appropriately and in context to ensure your writing remains clear and coherent.。
英语论文常用学术高级词汇
.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
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英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1)no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2)at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3)for a given exposure time(4)…increased with age.(5)for different time span.(6)After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7)…throughout the entire test period.(8)It will decrease as time passes.(9)in a time interval t0≤t≤t0+T(10)in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1)An increase in the FA content decreased the…(2)…decrease with increase in…(3)…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.(4)As …is lowered.(5)augment(6)The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be relatedto …(7)…develop at an increasing rate with time(8)the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9)…decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 ℃.(10)…increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11)…increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12)ramp up(13)attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14)decay(15)the …is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16)with a rise in…(17)A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1)probably due to…(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is(3)This might be attributed to…(4)…depends on the two main mechanisms(5)…is a common cause of(6)…is the essential parameter governing the…(7)…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacialmaterial toughening mechanism.(8)the cause of this resides in …(9)Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to theamount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10)owing to…(11)deterministic(12)thanks to…(13)depends upon(14)…is governed by…4. 表示展示(1)exhibit(2)illustrate(3)present(4)reflect(5)depict(6)…is plot in…(7)describe(8)highlight(9)showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1)high volume fly ash(2)contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitiousmaterials)(3)for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4)…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5)as partial cement replacement materials(6)with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7)the dosage of fly ash(8)with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1)mechanical property(2)transport property(3)workability(4)flexibility(5)sustainability(6)serviceability7. 表示测试(1)examine8. 表示超过(1)exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1)As seen from Table 2,(2)The result of…are presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4)…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5)Sketch of the experimental setup(6)△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9(7)Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8)Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10)the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11)(as indicated in Table 2)(12)Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13)Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for theregression of a straight line.(14)Inspection schemes(15)top view/front view(16)Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17)upper left image/lower right image(18)can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19)the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20)the photograph of the…(21)surface temperature 3-D profile of the…(22)3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23)A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24)contour plot for…(25)It can be easily observed that(26)the photograph of the experimental set up…(27)Fig. 1a and 2(28)Remark: this figure was modified according to [1] and [3](29)The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30)These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31)distinguish the unique signatures(32)The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于…而言, 关于(1)As for(2)In the case of…(3)in respect to/with respect to…(4)Concerning the mechanical behaviour, …(5)In relation to…11. 表示比较，对比(1)The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FAreplacement.(2)As compared to…(3)A…is higher than when it substitutes…(4)in contrast to…(5)Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intactspecimens.(6)…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7)The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dryspecimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…(9)Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cementthan in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10)…when compared with…(11). …is many times less intense than…(12)… is comparable to or greater than…12. 表示效果更明显(1)The effect was more pronounced with increased…(2)dominant(3)have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密(1)matrix densification(2)pore structure densification(3)the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4)looser microstructure14. 影响(1)Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…(2)…seemed to be insensitive to…(3)become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4)The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5)Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6), with potential implications on…(7)…has been shown to have appreciable affect on…(8)how…affects the…(9)…to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1)Consequently,(2)As a result,(3)For this reason(4)Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1)quantify(2)evaluate(3)assess(4)interpret(5)elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1)…were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4)It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2deteriorated in a similar pattern to thoseexposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5)The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimendescribed in section 2.2.(6)…is proposed as an approximation to the…(7)in analogy to…(8)The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9)…was highly inconsistent with…(10)Analogous to the…,(11)showed good agreement with the findings of(12)This is a strong simplification of…(13)by analogy with the treatment given in…(14)In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.318. 某种程度，数量(1)the extent of the reduction(2)when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3)…cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4)undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1)water to binder ratios (W/B)(2)weight to strength ratio(3)The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4)the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6)the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1)high resistance to(2)resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1)in Eq.(1).(2)Eqs.(2)-(7):(3)the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4)By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain…(5)Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6)ds can be approximated as…(7)expanding Eq.(1) yields(8)Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cos(A+B)+cos(A−B)2(9)Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10)Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and …(11)Eq.(6) turns out to be…(12)the width of…is given by…(13)Eq.(12) can be simplified to be…(14)mark;(15)Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of…(16)A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1)this was also confirmed by several studies […](2)This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3)…, which has been quantified in […].(4)Similar results were reported by other researchers […](5)This is consistent with other reports.(6)Based on the previous studies[…](7)in the open literature/in previous publications(8)Numerous surveys have indicated that(9)In the study of research(10)from the review of the literature(11)…have been quoted in lit erature.(12)In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…(13)Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning thedurability of(14)concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.(15)We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to[7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16)In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].(17)Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3](18)A more detailed review is available from our previous publication [4].(19)Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method ofObtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20)An overview of publications on the use of…is given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou [1].(21)This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves,as summarized in [1].(22), as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team [2](23)Previous studies have addressed this issue [1-4], most of which attempt to…(24)Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references [](25)It was Irwin [1-4] who introduce the concept of…(26)most of the published work in this regard concentrated on…(27)this paper can be regarded as an extension of the author's other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1)Another explanation for…lies in…(2)there are certain limitations(3)they suffer from serious limitations of(4)When applied to…, limitations include the need to…(5)The rapid introduction of new materials…creates challenges of…One of the most critical points is the…(6)Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance modeaffect a cantilever’s mass detection sensitivity.(7)…pose challenging problems of …(8)…is not constrained by…(9)The main obstacle in development of…is…(10)its major drawback(11)Such solution may be problematic(12)A drawback to… is that…24. 表示变化,转变(1)modifications and variations(2)an altered matrix microstructure(3)transformations(4)the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to…25. 根据…(1)based on the procedure outlined in […](2)procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3)Tests have been performed on the material s constituents following relevant test standards[…](4)…are based on the fundamental principle that…(5)on the basis of…(6)obey(7)…is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1)…might have lead to different observations(2)…demonstrate a significant deviation from…(3)…deviate significantly from…27. 研究意义,重要的(1)The understanding of… is a crucial step.(2)The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-sitehealth monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3)…have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4)it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance andto elongate its lifetime.(5)NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions fordifferent inspection purposes.(6)…imperative(7)show great potential to do…(8)… is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists.(9)further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates… are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1)…is closely related to…(2)... is closely linked to…(3)…is connected to…(4)The correlation between…and…(5)…is correlated to…(6)…is intrinsically dependent on …(7)…is associated with…29. 研究领域的缺乏(1)efforts in the direction of…are very limited.(2)Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…(3)there is no common understanding about the effect of…(4)Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.(5)Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to thedesigner.(6)Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…(7)Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructivebond quality monitoring are still open.(8)However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that areinherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …(9)actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10)No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11)Moreover, no information regarding the use of… in… was provided.(12)but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating…30. 侵入，渗入(1)penetration(2)carbonation propagation(3)chloride diffusing/contamination(4)moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1)As aforementioned,(2)As already specified (stated),(3)as stated above/earlier(4)As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1)establish(2)construct33. 与…结合(1)in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable oflocating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3)non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4)…by the integration of … and…34. 破坏(1)environmental induced defects(2)matrix cracking(3)surface buckling(4)delamination/debonding(5)fibre shear-out(6)fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7)the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8)laminate separation(9)fiber pullout(10)concrete crumbling(11)disbonds(12)catastrophic failure(13)damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14)imperfections(15)the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16)concrete anomalies(17)wrinkle(18)air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1)It is anticipated that…/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that…(2)There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacityconfers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.(3)This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4)An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress andbackstrokes.(5)more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6)…will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7)…become increasingly urgent due to…36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1)…is further dis cussed in the following section.(2)…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3)The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4)…for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1)…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures,providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38．优点(1)It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2)the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1)Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2)The model also proved applicable for…(3)has emerged as a popular method for…40. 补充，辅助(1)AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement othermethods in the investigation of damage progression.(2)…are generated as an equivalent substitute for…(3)…which supply a good basis for further research and application(4)…were implemented as a base for…41. 转折,尽管如此(1)Albeit interesting trends were revealed, developed procedures relied on limited experimental data sets.(2)Notwithstanding…(3)in spite of…42．增强，提高(1)betterment(2)to advance the…(3)upgrade(4)43. 获得(1)capture44. 已知,提及(1)noting that(2)recall that(3)given that(4)providing that(5)It is worth noting that(6)It is also noteworthy that…(7)It is worth to point out that…(8)…needed to be pin-pointed45. 不变的，稳定的(1)invariant(2)stay somewhat constant46. 结果显示(1)In the case of the experimental results considered in this paper47．目前，直到今天(1)to date48.误差(1)It is observed that the experimental and theoretical values agree within an acceptable range of l-2 C.49. 单位(1) 1.5 kW per square metre per hour(2)decibel (dB)50. 发生, 开端, 分界线(1)…could occur(2)the precursor of structural failures(3)Two threshold distances are introduced to define the borders of these two regions; namely, near-field distanceand far-field distance51. 解决(1)…remedy the problem(2) a possible solution to combat reinforcement corrosion(3)appears to be an excellent solution52. 方向(1)in the direction perpendicular to…(2)move in the vertical direction along the axis of the spring…(3)in opposition to…53. 说明，暗示, 证明(1)This implies that…(2)elucidate(3)these finds provide evidence demonstrating that…54. 同时，也，反过来说(1)likewise(2)convert electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa55. 不同的(1) …doesn’t deviate from…(2) a measurement was made varying the SPL from approximately 60 dB to 90 dB as shown in…56. 可行的，经得住考验的, 易处理的,理想的(1)be amenable to…(2)tractable(3)…making it an ideal method for…(4)…pave the way for…(5)appropriate57. 注意，关注(1)…has begun to attract attention.(2)particular interest was paid to…(3)the emphasis has now shifted from…to…(4)draw focus on…(5)This is of special interest because(6)many issues and concerns have been raised(7)there are heightened concerns related to…58. 进展(1)advancement59. 敏感性(1)show greater sensitivity(2)appear more sensitive to cracking(3)highly sensitive to change in w/c60. 产品介绍(1)(Olympus NDT Inc., Waltham, MA, USA)(2)(Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA)(3)The data were then imported into Matlab software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA, version 7.1) forpost processing and data analysis.(4) A Thermo Tracer NEC TH9260 thermal camera with the ability to detect 0.06℃temperature differences wasused to capture the thermal images.(5)It is designed on the base of a classic acoustic stethoscope, Exacta, produced by Yavit Company61. 数据，图像处理(1) linear regression models with the least square method was used to fit the data and determine the modelcoefficients62．内部的(1) internal63. 从…观点，从…角度(1) from a theoretical viewpoint64. 巨大的，明显的(1) vastly65. 必须，必要(1) …is a must(2) in urgent need of…66. 组成，成分(1) used as constituents of concrete67. 黏附，贴(1) couple66. 测试对象(1) object being tested(2) subject(3) target structure(4) damaged surface67. 范围(1) …extend roughly from 3 to 300 GHz with corresponding wavelength ranging from 100 down to 1 mm(2) over the range 10 MHz to 1 GHz68. 目的(1) for… purpose(2) achieve the same reinforcement objectivity(3) this paper attempts to…(4) test for…are required both for reasons of product aesthetics and for characterizing…69. 可靠的，有效的(1) effectiveness(2) reliability(3) robustness70. 研究方法(1) conducted by experiments supported by theoretical analysis71. 源自，来源(1) emanate from(2) derived from72. 提前(1) in advance of…65. 其他(1)…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates(2)…due to both the fulfillment of…(3)systematic laboratory testing(4)It is always the case that…(5)service life design(6)having a Young’s modulus of E =70.758 ×109 N m−2 and a density of ρ= 2711 kg m−3.(7)they reported electricity savings of 0.5 kWh/day (or 33Wh/m2/day) by increasing roof reflectivity from 26% to72%, which translates into annual energy savings of about 125 kWh.(8)Experiments were performed on the scaled down units of 1 m3 volume.(9)This gave us confidence in applying the mathematical model and the developed computer programme tosimulate the performance of heavy normal sized structures.(10)This is in contrast to the earlier belie f that…(11)major assumptions are applied in terms of…(12)transfer the problem into mathematical description(13)extensive research effort has been devoted to this…(14)emphasis is placed on…(15)to localize defects(16)surface smoothness(17)to expedite the analysis(18)in common parlance(19)Results of an experimental campaign(20)be liable to…(21)several orders of magnitude more than…(22)in this study, a similar approach was followed(23)mimick(24)complementary approach(25)be proportional to…(26)rectify(27)it is characterized by(28)optimum(29)adaptation(30)mineralized(31)to the best of our knowledge(32)Very often one is making use of the(33)simple supported boundary condition(34)typically(35)assuming d=50-100 mm(36)semi-infinite(37)inversely proportional to…(38)to confirm the findings of another(39)high degree of precision(40)…is specially suited for…(41)by and large(42)lump… and …into…(43)pathologies(44)not necessarily(45)A is related to B by a vector displacement r(46)by convention(47)a summary of the basic theory of…(48)in vacuo在真空(49)escalating deployment(50)counter-measures 反制措施(51)design philosophy(52)prefabricated laminates(53)start in earnest(54)with overall cost savings(55)preclude(56)be quantified by…(57)physical significance(58)versatile(59)irrespective of学科术语1.阻抗谱(1)impedance response(2)EIS spetra(3)electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)(4)R ct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.2.孔特征(1)pore structure distribution(2)total porosity(3)pore structure(4)pore network(5)pore walls(6)tortuous pathways3.掺合料(1)fly ash(2)slag(3)silica fume(4)supplementary cementing materials(5)mineral additives(6)low-and high-calcium fly ash4.测试方法(1)SEM：Scanning electron micrograph(2)pigmentation(3)X-ray diffraction analysis(4)microscopy observation\(5)ultrasonic speed measurement(6)acoustic emission technique(7)accelerated ageing test(8)infrared thermography(9)ground penetrating radar(10)ultrasonic pulse-velocity(11)impact-echo method5.土建工程(1)civil infrastructures(2)wide use in Civil Engineering(3)historical heritage(4)masonry structures(5)concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks6.测试仪器(1)vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table(2)testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.(3)the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter(4)piezoelectric transducer with a bandwidth of 200 MHz7.测试试剂(1)coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface8.操作工艺(1)The molds were stripped after 24 hours(2)Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.(3)Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard.(4)reference specimens(5)Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm(6)One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.(7)the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area ofthe CFRP sheets.(8)Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHzwere mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.(9)Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like(7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).(10)…is designed and manufactured in the laboratory(11)The measurement were conducted in stepped-frequency mode by sweeping from a starting frequency to anend frequency in an increment of 0.02 GHz at a fixed angle.(12)The specimens were prepared in steel moulds that were removed after 24 hours of hardening under ambientconditions.(13)The hardened concrete specimens were stored in a humidity room for 28 days moist curing.(14)The prism specimens were stored in a 50% humidity chamber at 23℃ for up to 90 days to adequately dry thetop surface onto which the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) was bonded.(15)Before bonding the CFRP layer, the concrete surface was sandblasted to achieve a surface profile of #4.(16)Bonding the CFRP was performed according to the manufacturer's application guideline using commercialepoxy resins.(17) A thread roller was used to squeeze out natural air voids at the interface. To ensure that no resin crossed to thecracked areas, a careful application procedure was followed.(18)were cast in steel moulds and compacted using a vibrating table/a tamping rod(19)water-curing tank9.环境类别(1)high atmospheric humidity(2)sea water(3)rain water(4)acid rain(5)exposure to freeze-thaw cycles(6)deteriorating chemicals(7)alkaline environment(8)environmental variables(9)to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions(10)aggressive media/influences(11)Chloride-laden environement10.材料性能(1)compressive strength-f cb (MPa)(2)flexural tensile strength-f tb (MPa)(3)tensile strength-f tf (MPa)(4)ultimate strain-ε(%)(5)elastic modulus-E f (GPa)/ modulus of elasticity。