2017年研究生基础英语完型填空部分
考研英语完型填空专项试题及答案
考研英语完型填空专项试题及答案2017年考研英语完型填空专项试题及答案完形填空Text 1Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established1.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing2.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing参考答案：1-5. [C]. [D]. [A]. [D]. [A] 6-10. [B]. [C]. [D]. [A]. [B]11-15. [A]. [C]. [D]. [B]. [A] 16-20. [B]. [B]. [D]. [A]. [C]Text 2Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious __21__ to how they can be best __22__ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and __23__, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. __24__ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __26__ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be __27__ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, __28__, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, __29__ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide __30__ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful __31__ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the __32__ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult __33__ visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have __34__ attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized __35__ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to __36__ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants __37__. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. __38__ they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by __39__ for roles that are within their __40__ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1.[A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2.[A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance3.[A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure4.[A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5.[A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance6.[A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7.[A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8.[A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9.[A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging10.[A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11.[A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation12.[A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13.[A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14.[A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short15.[A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16.[A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17.[A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18.[A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole[D] On the other hand19.[A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20.[A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency参考答案：1-5. [A]. [B]. [C] [D]. [C] 6-10. [B]. [D]. [C]. [A]. [D]11-15. [A]. [D]. [B]. [D]. [C] 16-20. [D]. [B]. [A]. [C]. [A]Text 3The family is the center of most traditional Asians' lives. Many people worry about their families welfare, reputation, and honor. Asian families are often 1 , including several generations related by 2 or marriage living inthe same home. An Asian person's misdeeds are not blamed just on the individual but also on the family ---including the dead3 . Traditional Chinese, among many other Asians, respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty4 them. Children repay their parents'5 by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a6 part of life in China.7 ,taking care of the aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous8 in the United States,swheresaging and family support are not9 highly. 10 , in the youth-oriented United States, growing old is seen as a bad thing, and many old people do not receive respect. Pilipinos, the most Americanized of the Asians, are 11 extremely family-oriented. They are 12 to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an education. 13 , the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who leave the country for economic reasons 14 send large parts of their income home to their parents. The Vietnamese family 15 people currently 16 as well as the spirits of the dead and of the as-yet unborn. Any 17 or actions are done from family considerations, not individual desires. People's behavior is fudged 18 whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The Vietnamese do not particularly believe in self-reliance; in this way, they are the 19 of people in the United States. Many Vietnamese think that their actions in this life will influence their 20 in the next life.1. A. enlarged B. extended C. expanded D. lengthened2 . A. history B. interaction C. blood D. bond3. A. pioneer B. settlers C. immigrant D. ancestors4. A. toward B. for C. of D. on5. A. contributions B. sufferings C. sacrifices D. tributes6. A. formal B. natural C. regular D. peculiar7. A. in comparison B. to the same extent C. in a way D. in contrast8. A. relief B. responsibility C. burden D. business9. A. rewarded B. honored C. regarded D. complimented10. A. in fact B. of course C. and yet D. as a result11. A. but B. further C. still D. only12. A. confined B. dedicated C. corresponded D. exposed13. A. in turn B. in exchange C. in vain D. in debt14. A. occasionally B. intentionally C. typically D. steadily15. A. insists on B. consists of C. persists in D. resists to16. A. living B. lively C. alive D. life17. A. incidences B. decisions C. accidents D. expedition18. A. on B. for C. by D. in19. A. counterpart B. opposite C. competitor D. opponent20. A. station B. status C. stature D. state参考答案：1-10.BCDACBDCBA 11-20.CBACBCBABB。
考研英语完型填空练习题及答案
考研英语完型填空练习题及答案2017考研英语完型填空练习题及答案汇总2017考研英语考试备考啦，下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于2017考研英语完型填空练习题及答案，希望对备考考研英语的童鞋有所帮助。
2017考研英语完型填空练习题及答案一：ban-paymentsThe government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control. __39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain, laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,” he said. Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might beencouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts.1.[A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as2.[A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening3.[A] sketch[B] rough[C] preliminary[D] draft4.[A] illogical[B] illegal[C] improbable[D] improper5.[A] publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity6.[A] since[B] if[C] before[D] as7.[A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed8.[A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate9.[A] Release[B] Publication[C] Printing[D] Exposure10.[A] storm[B] rage[C] flare[D] flash11.[A] translation[B] interpretation[C] exhibition [D] demonstration12.[A] better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than13.[A] changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns14.[A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining[D] sustaining15.[A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified16.[A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by17.[A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue18.[A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told19.[A] what[B] when[C] which[D] that20.[A] assure[B] confide[C] ensure[D] guarantee参考答案：1-5. [D]. [A]. [D]. [B]. [A] 6-10. [C]. [D]. [B]. [B]. [A] 11-15. [B]. [C]. [B]. [A]. [C] 16-20. [A]. [D]. [C]. [D]. [C]2017考研英语完型填空练习题及答案二：Department-of-TransportA recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. The Department ofTransport is blamed for not doing enough to__1__facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while__2__ to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. The Ministry of Education is__3__of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to__4__adequate facilities for physical education and games. Young people in Britain have become crazy about football(soccer and rugby)，but too often as__5__“couch potatoes”。
2017年考研英语二完形填空真题及答案【最新完整版】
2017年考研英语二完形填空真题及答案【最新完整版】Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different,with academics,writers,and activists onceagain_____(1)that technology be replacing human workers.Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by_____(2)A few wealthy people will own all the capital,and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive_____(3)holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort,one_____(4)by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives_____(5),people will simply become lazy and depressed._____(6),today's unemployed don't seem to be having a great time.One Gallup poll found that20percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression,double the rate for_____(7)Americans.Also,some research suggests that the_____(8)for rising rates of mortality,mental-health problems,andaddicting_____(9)poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage ofwell-paid jobs.Perhaps this is why many_____(10)the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn't_____(11)follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.Such visions are based onthe_____(12)of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.In the_____(13)of work,a society designed with other ends in mind could_____(14)strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure.Today,the_____(15)of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring,degrading,unhealthy,and a waste of human potential,”says John Danaher,a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days,because leisure time is relatively_____(16)for most workers,people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional_____(17)of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard day's work, I often feel_____(18),"Danaher says,adding,"In a world in which I don't have to work,I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself_____(19)a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for_____(20)matters.1.【题干】_____【选项】A.boastingB.denyingC.warningD.ensuring【答案】C2.【题干】_____【选项】A.inequalityB.instabilityC.unreliabilityD.uncertainty3.【题干】_____【选项】A.policyB.guidelineC.resolutionD.prediction 【答案】D4.【题干】_____【选项】A.characterizedB.dividedC.balancedD.measured【答案】A5.【题干】_____【选项】A.wisdomB.meaningD.freedom【答案】B6.【题干】_____【选项】A.InsteadB.IndeedC.ThusD.Nevertheless 【答案】B7.【题干】_____【选项】A.richB.urbanC.workingcated【答案】C8.【题干】_____【选项】A.explanationB.requirementpensationD.substitute 【答案】A9.【题干】_____【选项】A.underB.beyondC.alongsideD.among【答案】D10.【题干】_____【选项】A.leave behindB.make upC.worry aboutD.set aside【答案】C11.【题干】_____【选项】A.statisticallyB.occasionallyC.necessarilyD.economically 【答案】C12.【题干】_____【选项】A.chancesB.downsidesC.benefitsD.principles 【答案】B13.【题干】_____【选项】A.absenceB.heightC.face【答案】A14.【题干】_____【选项】A.disturbB.restoreC.excludeD.yield【答案】D15.【题干】_____【选项】A.modelB.practiceC.virtueD.hardship【答案】C16.【题干】_____【选项】A.trickyC.mysteriousD.scarce【答案】D17.【题干】_____【选项】A.demandsB.standardsC.qualitiesD.threats【答案】A18.【题干】_____【选项】A.ignoredB.tiredC.confusedD.starved【答案】B19.【题干】_____A.offB.againstC.behindD.into【答案】D20.【题干】_____【选项】A.technologicalB.professionalcationalD.interpersonal【答案】B2017年考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案【最新完整版】Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Every Saturday morning,at9am,more than50,000runners set off to run5km around their local park.The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired400events in the UK and more abroad.Events are free,staffed by thousands of volunteers.Runners range from four years old to grandparents;their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13minutes48seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic"legacy"is failing.Ten years ago on Monday,it was announced that the Games of the30th Olympiad would be in London.Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter,healthier and produce more winners.It has not happened.The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise,by nearly 2million in the run-up to2012-but the general population was growing faster.Worse,the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate.The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved.Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London2012failed to"inspire a generation."The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial:Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody.There is as much joy over a puffed-outfirst-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders,by contrast,wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.The dual aim was mixed up:The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed,there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally"grassroots",concept as community sports associations.If there is a role for government,it should really be getting involved in providing common goods-making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools.But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces,squeezingmoney from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy,worthy strategies,future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive.Or at least not make them worse.21.【题干】According to Paragraph1,Parkrun has_____.【选项】A.gained great popularityB.created many jobsC.strengthened community tiesD.become an official festival【答案】A22.【题干】The author believes that London's Olympic"legacy"has failed to_____.【选项】A.boost population growthB.promote sport participationC.improve the city's imageD.increase sport hours in schools【答案】B23.【题干】Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____.【选项】A.aims at discovering talentsB.focuses on mass competitionC.does not emphasize elitismD.does not attract first-timers【答案】C24.【题干】With regard to mass sport,the author holds that governments should_____.【选项】anize"grassroots"sports eventsB.supervise local sports associationsC.increase funds for sports clubsD.invest in public sports facilities【答案】D25.【题干】The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____.【选项】A.tolerantB.criticalC.uncertainD.sympathetic【答案】BText2With so much focus on children's use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use."Tech is designed to really suck on you in,"says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,"and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine."Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started20percent fewer verbal and39percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents'faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device-it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children.Radesky cites the"still face experiment"devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback;The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention."Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,"says Radesky.On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids'use of screens are born out of an"oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting"with their children:"It's basedon a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you're failing to expose your child to30,000words you are neglecting them."Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it-particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents,he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26.【题干】According to Jenny Radesky,digital products are designed to______.【选项】A.simplify routine mattersB.absorb user attentionC.better interpersonal relationsD.increase work efficiency【答案】B27.【题干】Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers'use of devices______.【选项】A.takes away babies'appetiteB.distracts children's attentionC.slows down babies'verbal developmentD.reduces mother-child communication【答案】D28.【题干】Radesky's cites the"still face experiment"to show that _______.【选项】A.it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB.verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC.children are insensitive to changes in their parents'moodD.parents need to respond to children's emotional needs【答案】D29.【题干】The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.【选项】A.protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB.teach their kids at least30,000words a yearC.ensure constant interaction with their childrenD.remain concerned about kid's use of screens【答案】C30.【题干】According to Tronick,kid's use of screens may_______.【选项】A.give their parents some free timeB.make their parents more creativeC.help them with their homeworkD.help them become more attentive【答案】AText3Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn't it?And after going to school for12years,it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.But while this may be true,it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated"race to the finish line,"whether that be toward graduate school,medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits-in fact,it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes-all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brandnew environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly 80percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31.【题干】One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that_____.【选项】A.they think it academically misleadingB.they have a lot of fun to expect in collegeC.it feels strange to do differently from othersD.it seems worthless to take off-campus courses【答案】C32.【题干】Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps_____.【选项】A.keep students from being unrealisticB.lower risks in choosing careersC.ease freshmen's financial burdensD.relieve freshmen of pressures【答案】D33.【题干】The word"acclimation"(Line8,Para.3)is closest in meaning to_____.【选项】A.adaptationB.applicationC.motivationpetition【答案】A34.【题干】A gap year may save money for students by helping them_____.【选项】A.avoid academic failuresB.establish long-term goalsC.switch to another collegeD.decide on the right major【答案】D35.【题干】The most suitable title for this text would be_____.【选项】A.In Favor of the Gap YearB.The ABCs of the Gap YearC.The Gap Year Comes BackD.The Gap Year:A Dilemma【答案】AText4Though often viewed as a problem for western states,the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars,says Professor Max Moritz,a specialist in fire ecology and management.In2015,the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its$5.5billion annual budget fighting fires-nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts20years ago.In effect,fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work-such as forest conservation,watershed and cultural resources management,and infrastructure upkeep-that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts.As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?"It's already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,"he says.We need to take a magnifying glass to that.Like,"Wait a minute,is this OK?""Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?"Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire,researchers say.For one thing,conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade,the focus has been on climate change-how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element,Moritz says,it shouldn't come at the expense of the rest of the equation."The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked,and the interactions go both ways,"he says.Failing to recognize that,he notes, leads to"an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be.Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited."At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity,says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies,and practices that make it as safe as possible,she says."We've disconnected ourselves from living with fire,"Balch says."It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today."36.【题干】More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in2015they_____.【选项】A.exhausted unprecedented management effortsB.consumed a record-high percentage of budgetC.severely damaged the ecology of western statesD.caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure【答案】B37.【题干】Moritz calls for the use of"a magnifying glass"to_____.【选项】A.raise more funds for fire-prone areasB.avoid the redirection of federal moneyC.find wildfire-free parts of the landscapeD.guarantee safer spending of public funds【答案】D38.【题干】While admitting that climate is a key element,Moritz notes that_____.【选项】A.public debates have not settled yetB.fire-fighting conditions are improvingC.other factors should not be overlookedD.a shift in the view of fire has taken place【答案】C39.【题干】The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to_____.【选项】A.discover the fundamental makeup of natureB.explore the mechanism of the human systemsC.maximize the role of landscape in human lifeD.understand the interrelations of man and nature【答案】D40.【题干】Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should _____.【选项】A.do away withe to terms withC.pay a price forD.keep away from【答案】B2017年考研英语二新题型真题及答案【最新完整版】Part BDirections：Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.Thereare two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump."We don't make anything anymore,"he told Fox News,while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question,manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades,and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country,factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge:instead of having too many workers,they may end up with too few.Despite trade competition and outsourcing,American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place,other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners,it all adds up to stiff competition for workers-and upward pressure on wages."They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell,president of Wolverine Coil Spring,a family-owned firm, "They may be coming[into the workforce],but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing,"Mr.Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing,a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in1980,Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly200workers,five are retiring this year.Mr.Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of$13an hour that rises to$17after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant,young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors.It's his first week on the job.Asked about his choice of career,he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering."I love working with tools.I love creating."he says.But to win over these young workers,manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle:parents,who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression,telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials"remember their father and mother both were laid off.They blame it on the manufacturing recession,"says Birgit Klohs,chief executive of The Right Place,a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren't misplaced:Employment in manufacturing has fallen from17million in1970to12million in2013.When the recovery began,worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades.Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels."The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,"says Rob Spohr,a business professor at Montcalm Community College."There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill.It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is."Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing:a work/life balance.While their parents were content to work long hours,young people value flexibility."Overtime is not attractive to this generation.They really want to live their lives," she says.[A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools。
2017年考研英语一完型详解
2017年考研英语一完型详解一、概述2017年考研英语一的完型填空部分难度适中，内容涵盖了各个领域，考查了考生对于词汇、语法、逻辑和语境的理解能力。
下面将针对这一部分进行详细的解析，希望能够对考生们有所帮助。
二、题型特点1. 词汇考查广泛，覆盖面广。
2. 句子结构多样，有时考查非常细微的语法知识点。
3. 短文背景涉及社会、文化、科技等多个领域，考生需具备一定的综合素养。
三、题目解析1. 第一遍阅读时，以理解为主，不理解的地方可暂时跳过。
2. 第二遍重点注意句子结构、逻辑关系，分析空格处应填入的词性和含义。
3. 适当利用上下文的语境信息来帮助理解和答题。
四、解题技巧1. 词汇题：通过上下文推测词义，排除干扰选项。
2. 语法题：注意句子成分、语态、时态等细微差别。
3. 逻辑题：注意语境关系，理清逻辑顺序。
4. 熟悉常考的词汇和句型结构，增加答题把握。
五、练习建议1. 多读英文文章，提高词汇量和阅读速度。
2. 注重词汇和语法的积累和总结，做到知识面广、知识点深。
3. 适当背诵一些经典文章，加深对句子结构和表达方式的理解。
4. 进行模拟题和历年真题的练习，检验复习效果。
六、结语2017年考研英语一完型填空部分考查了考生对于英语词汇、语法和逻辑的综合能力，需要考生在平时的复习中注重积累和总结，加强综合能力的培养。
希望以上解析和建议对考生们有所帮助，祝愿大家取得优异的成绩。
七、题目详解接下来，我们将对2017年考研英语一完型填空部分进行详细的题目解析，希望能够帮助考生们更好地理解和掌握解题技巧。
1. 第一道题目题目内容：__________, people have always sought to predict the future.预测：题目考查了people这个词的前面应该用一个词，用来说明人们追求预测未来的永恒的道理。
解析：空格处应填入词汇"Throughout"。
"Throughout"表示贯穿整个时间或空间范围，符合题意。
2017考研英语二完型填空来源及浅析
2017考研英语二完型填空来源及浅析Dculture. “We think it’s bad to just sit around with nothing to do,” says Everett. “For the Pirahã, it’s quite a desirable state.”Gray likens these aspects of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the carefree adventures of many children in developed countries, who at some point in life are expected to put away childish th ings. But that hasn’t always been the case. According to Gary Cross’s 1990 book A Social History of Leisure Since 1600, free time in the U.S. looked quite different before the 18th and 19th centuries. Farmers—which was a fair way to describe a huge number of Americans at that time—mixed work and play in their daily lives. There were no managers or overseers, so they would switch fluidly between working, taking breaks, joining in neighborhood games, playing pranks, and spending time with family and friends. Not to mention festivals and other gatherings: France, for instance, had 84 holidays a year in 1700, and weather kept them from farming another 80 or so days a year.This all changed, writes Cross, during the Industrial Revolution, which replaced farms with factories and farmers with employees. Factory owners created a more rigidly scheduled environment that clearly divided work from play. Meanwhile, clocks—which were becoming widespread at that time—began to give life a quicker pace, and religious leaders, who traditionally endorsed most festivities, started associating leisure with sin and tried to replace rowdy festivals with sermons.As workers started moving into cities, families no longer spent their days together on the farm. Instead, men worked in factories, women stayed home or worked in factories, and children went to school, stayed home, or worked in factories too. During the workday, families became physically separated, which affected the way people entertained themselves: Adults stopped playing “childish” games and sports, and the streets were mostly wiped clean of fun, as middle- and upper-class families found working-class activities like cockfighting and dice games distasteful. Many such diversions were soon outlawed.With workers’ old outlets for play having disappeared in a haze of factory smoke, many of them turned to new, more urban ones. Bars became a refuge where tired workers drank and watched live shows with singing and dancing. If free time means beer and TV to a lot of Americans, this might be why.At times, developed societies have, for a privileged few, produced lifestyles that were nearly as play-filled as hunter-gatherers’. Throughout history, aristocrats who earned their income simply byowning land spent only a tiny portion of their time minding financial exigencies. According to Randolph Trumbach, a professor of history at Baruch College, 18th-century English aristocrats spent their days visiting friends, eating elaborate meals, hosting salons, hunting, writing letters, fishing, and going to church. They also spent a good deal of time participating in politics, without pay. Their children would learn to dance, play instruments, speak foreign languages, and read Latin. Russian nobles frequently became intellectuals, writers, and ar tists. “As a 17th-century aristocrat said, ‘We sit down to eat and rise up to play, for what is a gentleman but his pleasure?’” Trumbach says.It’s unlikely that a world without work would be abundant enough to provide everyone with such lavish lifestyles. But Gray insists that injecting any amount of additional play into people’s lives would be a good thing, because, contrary to that 17th-century aristocrat, play is about more than pleasure. Through play, Gray says, children (as well as adults) learn how to strategize, create new mental connections, express their creativity, cooperate, overcome narcissism, and get along with other people. “Male mammals typically have difficulty living in close proximity to each other,” he says, and play’s harmony-promoting properties may explain why it came to be so central to hunter-gatherer societies. While most of today’s adults may have forgotten how to play, Gray doesn’t believe it’s an unrecoverable skill: It’s not uncommon, he says, for grandparents to re-learn the concept of play after spending time with their young grandchildren.When people ponder the nature of a world without work, they often transpose present-day assumptions about labor and leisure onto a future where they might no longer apply; if automation does end up rendering a good portion of human labor unnecessary, such a society might exist on completely different terms than societies do today.So what might a work-free U.S. look like? Gray has some ideas. School, for one thing, would be very different. “I think our system of schooling would completely fall by the wayside,” says Gray. “The primary purpose of the educational system is to teach people to work. I don’t think anybody would want to put our kids through what we put our kids through now.” Instead,Gray suggests that teachers could build lessons around what students are most curious about. Or, perhaps, formal schooling would disappear altogether.Trumbach, meanwhile, wonders if schooling would become more about teaching children to be leaders, rather than workers, through subjects like philosophy and rhetoric. He also thinks that people might participate in political and public life more, like aristocrats of yore. “Ifgreater numbers of people were using their leisure to run the country, that would g ive people a sense of purpose,” says Trumbach.Social life might look a lot different too. Since the Industrial Revolution, mothers, fathers, and children have spent most of their waking hours apart. In a work-free world, people of different ages might come together again. “We would become much less isolated from each other,” Gray imagines, perhaps a little optimistically. “When a mom is having a baby, everybody in the neighborhood would want to help that mom.” Researchers have found that having close relationships is the number-one predictor of happiness, and the social connections that a work-free world might enable could well displace the aimlessness that so many futurists predict.In general, without work, Gray thinks people would be more likely to pursue their passions, get involved in the arts, and visit friends. Perhaps leisure would cease to be about unwinding after a period of hard work, and would instead become a more colorful, varied thing. “We wouldn’t have to be as self-or iented as we think we have to be now,” he says. “I believe we would become more human.”。
2017年考研英语一完形填空真题及答案解析
2017年考研英语一完形填空真题及答案解析2017年考研英语考试已经结束!店铺考研网在考后第一时间为大家提供2017年考研英语一完形填空真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017年考研英语一完形填空真题及答案解析今天分析一下英语1完形填空。
我们看到这样的情况我听到有同学讲最后答案内容，在顺序上有些差异。
待会儿会最终把答案报一下。
这里看一下整体规律性的内容。
第一文章主题是拥抱能否让你远离疾病，这篇文章可以发现我们一直强调英语1考察，更多的是一个叫准学术话题。
这篇文章是人体身心健康，2001年改成这样的题目来看60%的题目全部考人体身心健康的话题。
反应出了英语1考察方向。
我们一直强调英语1更多针对学术硕士，需要有一些学术阅读能力，所以英语1更多考察准学术话题。
第二出题思路分析，基本来说，这道题目实词占40%，历年英语1平均占67%，上过课的同学知道我是数据控，我喜欢通过数据分析，来找出趋势和做出判断。
所以在这点上来讲实词题，动词部分考了12题，这是今年典型特点，这是过往没有过的，2011年动词考过九题，今年考过12到动词。
这一点文章不难词汇本身难度不大的情况下，动词的考察数量增加，在某种程度上，也是提升了完形填空的难度。
因为动词考察的要求是最高的，不仅仅考察你对单词的认知，更多的考察对于单词的辨析和理解过程，以及上下文搭配。
这是动词考察。
再看虚词。
逻辑词三题，介词两题，和以往数据分析一致。
最后一道题词组。
接下来答案的部分，答案大家可以发现，无论你的版本怎么样的，因为现在已经有同学说版本差异了，一题多卷情况，大家可以发现无论版本差异怎么样的情况，我们20道完形填空题目答案分布规律依然是完美的5A、5B、5C、5D。
15题是B选项而不是D选项。
看A选项，第一道题A选项答案是beside。
第3题是B选项，第5题第四选项。
后面的时候我们公众号也会把具体答案写出来。
8是C，13是B 选项，15题这道是B选项。
2017考研英语完型填空模拟题及答案（10）
2017考研英语完型填空模拟题及答案（10）店铺考研网为大家提供2017考研英语完型填空模拟题及答案(10)，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2017考研英语完型填空模拟题及答案(10)A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“Forimmediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped答案1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C总体分析本文主要讨论了听行为对人际交流的影响。
2017年考研英语完形填空精选练习题第一套
Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. __1__the turn of the century when jazz (爵⼠乐) was born, America had no prominent__2__of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was__ 3__, or by whom. But it began to be__4__in the early 1900s. Jazz is America's contribution to__5__music. In contrast to classical music, which__6__ formal European traditions. jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy,__7__ moods, interests and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz__8__like America. And__9__it does today. The__10__of this music arc as interesting as the music__11__, American Negroes , or blacks, as they are called today were the Jazz__12__. They were brought to the Southern states__ 13__ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__14__. When a Negro died his friends and relatives__15__a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the__ 16__. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.__17__on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one oftheir__18__, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played__19__music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes__20__at the funeral. This music made everyone wan to dance. It was an early form of Jazz . 1. A) By B) At C) In D) On 2. A) music B) song C) melody D) style 3. A) discovered B) acted C) invented D) designed 4. A) noticed B) found C) listened D) heard 5. A) classical B) sacred C) Popular D) light 6. A) forms B) follows C) approaches D) introduces 7. A) expressing B) explaining C) exposing D) illustrating 8. A) appeared B) felt C)seemed D) sounded 9. A) as B) so C) either D) neither 10. A) origins B) originals C) discoveries D) resources 11. A) concerned B) itself C) available D) oneself 12. A) Players B) fo llowers C) fans D) pioneers 13. A) for B) as C) with D) by 14. A) months B) weeks C) hours D) times 15. A) demonstrated B) composed C) hosted D) formed 16. A) demonstration B) procession C) body D) march 17. A) Even B) Therefore C) Furthermore D) But 18. A) number B) members C) body D) relations 19. A) sad B) solemn C) happy D) funeral 20. A) whistled B) sung C) presented D) showed 参考答案：1.B2.A3.C4.A5.C6.B7.A8.D9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C。
2017考研英一完型答案
2017年考研英一完型答案1A.Besides B.Unlike C.Throughout D.Despite【答案】A【解析】根据本句句内逻辑关系，“it turns out that hugs…”说明拥抱还有其他结果。
因此，前文的逻辑关系应该为“除此以外”，结合选项，A.Besides(除此之外)最为合适。
2A.equal B.restricted C.connected D.inferior【答案】C【解析】本题实为逻辑关系题。
根据句子前后结构“helping you feel close and _____(2)”，我们可以判断，由于空格处与前面内容通过and连接，说明我们要选择一个单词与feel close同义，并且要与后面介词to连用。
因此，通过对于四个选项含义判断，C选项有“关联的”含义最为符合。
3A.view B.host C.lesson D.choice【答案】B【解析】此题为固定搭配。
“a host of”表示大量的。
其他选项搭配不合理。
4 A.avoid B.forget C.recall D.keep【答案】A【解析】根据题干信息“a warm embrace might even help you_____(4)getting sick this winter.”中，出现“even”，表示“甚至”，说明此句话与上一句话存在递进的逻辑关系。
上一句话的语义表示“拥抱可以带来大量的好处”，因此，这句话也应该表示拥抱的好处。
根据四个选项含义，A.avoid(避免)B.forget(忘记)C.recall(回忆)D.keep(保持)，A选项“避免生病”最符合文意。
5A.collecting B.affecting C.guiding D.involving【答案】D【解析】本题考查现在分词做后置定语，需要选择一个现在分词修饰前面的“study”，因此，结合四个选项A.collecting(收集)B.affecting(影响)C.guiding(引导)D.involving(涉及、卷入)，根据句子含义，应该表达“关于涉及400人”的研究。
2017年考研英语二完形解析
2017年考研英语二完形解析一、背景介绍考研英语是我国研究生招生考试中的重要科目之一，其考试题型涵盖阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、写作等部分。
而完形填空作为考研英语中的一个重要部分，对考生的英语综合能力和语言功底有着较高的要求。
2017年考研英语二的完形填空部分题目难度适中，考察了考生在词汇、语法、逻辑推理等方面的能力。
二、文章分析1. 题目总体情况2017年考研英语二完形填空部分包含了一篇长文，共有15个空格，考生需要在每个空格中选择最恰当的词语完成句子，以使整篇文章通顺、连贯。
文章内容涉及社会、文化、环境等方面，涵盖了多个语境和主题。
2. 题目难度从整体来看，2017年考研英语二完形填空的难度较为适中。
题目的语言比较通顺，对于考生的词汇量和语法掌握要求较高。
但是，文章整体逻辑清晰，考生可以根据上下文语境和逻辑推理来准确填写空格，难度不算很大。
3. 考点分析这篇文章涉及的考点包括但不限于词汇、语法、逻辑推理、上下文逻辑关系等。
考生在做题时需要结合文章整体语境，准确把握每个空格的意思和句子结构，从而选择正确的词语填入空格中。
三、解题技巧1. 阅读全文在做完形填空题时，考生应该先通读整篇文章，把握文章的主题和大意，了解文章的结构和逻辑关系，从而更好地把握每个空格所在句子的语境和意义，准确选择填空词语。
2. 结合语境选择词语在填空时，考生需要结合每个空格所在句子的语境和上下文逻辑关系，合理选择填空词语。
有些空格需要考生做逻辑推理，有些空格需要考生根据上下文的语境来选择词语。
3. 逻辑推理有些完形填空题目需要考生进行逻辑推理，结合文章内容和上下文语境，准确选择填空词语。
考生在做题时需要注重逻辑推理能力的发挥。
四、小结2017年考研英语二完形填空部分的题目整体难度适中，考察了考生的词汇量、语法掌握能力以及逻辑推理能力。
考生在做题时需要注意阅读全文，结合语境选择词语，并注重逻辑推理能力的发挥，才能更好地完成题目。
2017年研究生基础英语完型填空部分
2017年研究生基础英语完型填空部分（1）A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 publicized by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 promoted as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 obstacles to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 however complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 composed of 600 nouns (representing ), and things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and 6 properties 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 common use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 in part/ partially by eliminating numerous 9 extending words which have the same or similar meanings and by the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 instead o f "ascend”。
2017考研英语真题：完形填空题源解析
2017考研英语真题：完形填空题源解析2017考研英语一完型填空真题来源是2015年的U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》，原标题是The Health Benefits of Hugging。
主题是关于拥抱对于健康的好处，内容贴近生活，节选的片段难度一般。
如果考生考场上有时间做完形填空的话，一般还是可以拿到一半左右的分数的(遗憾的是大多数都是没时间做，因此采用了蒙的战术)。
完型填空确实是满满的套路啊，第一题选了Besides，让步词despite没有选。
其次是对短语的考查第三题a host of大量的，把短语拆开来考不太好识别!但是，这个短语在2012年的阅读真题中就出现过，在文都考研的课堂都是作为考点词汇来讲的哦。
所以，要考研就必须要好好研究学习真题。
以下是考研英语一完型填空的题源，供大家阅读参考：Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" Besides helping you feel close and connected to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a host of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you avoid getting sick this winter.In a 2015 study involving 404 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being exposed to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-buffering effects of hugging explained 32 percent of that beneficial effect. Even among those who got a cold, those who felt greater social supportand received more frequent hugs had less severe symptoms."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the increased risk for colds [that's] usually associated with stress," notes study lead author Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. Hugging "is a marker of intimacyand helps generate the feeling that others are there to help in the face of adversity."Some experts attribute the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the releaseof oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" because it promotes attachment in relationships, including between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the hypothalamus in the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream through the pituitary gland. But some of it remains in the brain, where it influences mood, behavior and physiology.How hugging fits in: "When you're hugging or cuddling with someone, [he or she is] stimulating pressure receptors under your skin in a way that leads to a cascade of events including an increase in vagal activity, which puts you in a relaxed state," explains psychologist Tiffany Field, director of the Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami School ofMedicine. One theory is that stimulation of the vagus nerve triggers an increase in oxytocin levels.The hugging and oxytocin release that comes with it can then have trickle-down effects throughout the body, causing a decrease in heart rate and a drop in the stress hormones cortisol and norepinephrine. In a 2011 study of postpartum mothers, researchers at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill found that higher oxytocin levels were associated with lower cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous system reactivity to stress. A 2005 study from the University of North Carolina found that premenopausal women who got more frequent hugs from their partners had higher oxytocin levels and lower blood pressure than their peers who didn't get as many hugs.Moreover, in some studies involving animals, "oxytocin has been found to diminish inflammation following acute stroke and cardiac arrest," notes Greg Norman, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Chicago's Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience.There's also some evidence that oxytocin can improve immune function and pain tolerance.A 2010 study from Ohio State University found that couples with more positive communication behaviors have higher levels of oxytocin and they heal faster from wounds. More recently, a 2015 study from King's College in London found that oxytocin has analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in perceived pain intensity and lower pain ratings when participants were subjected to brief radiant heat pulses that were generated by an infrared laser.On the mood front, oxytocin is known to increase levels of feel-good hormones such as serotonin and dopamine, which may be why it has calming effects. "It reduces depression and anxiety, and it may have an effect on attentional disorders," Field says. In fact, a 2010 study from Ohio State University found that when socially-housed animals were treated with a pharmacological agent that inhibited oxytocin signaling, they exhibited an increase in depressive-like behavior.The take-home message: Just because we're in the midst of cold and flu season, there's no reason to keep your distance from people you care about. "Like diet and exercise, you need a steady daily dose of hugging," Field says. But the quality of the hugging counts, too. "If you get a flimsy hug, that's not going to do it," Field says. "You need a firm hug" to stimulate oxytocin release.Getting a firm, feel-good hug before going into a stressful situation (such as giving a presentation at work orgoing for a worrisome medical examination) could even help you stay calm, cool and collected during the event because your oxytocin levels are likely to stay elevated.A 2012 study from The Netherlands found that when oxytocin is administered nasally, saliva levels of the hormone stay high for more than two hours.Of course, you won't actually know if your oxytocin level shoots up with hugging, but don't sweat it. The hug itself is likely to make you feel supported and cared about. "I suggest not worrying too much about the oxytocin portion, since what really matters is how these interactions impact emotional well-being," Norman says. In this case, feeling is as good as believing in the power of oxytocin.。
2017考研英语(一)真题：完形填空题源解析
2017考研英语（一）真题：完形填空题源解析来源：文都教育2017考研英语一完型填空真题来源是2015年的U.S. News & World Report 《美国新闻与世界报道》，原标题是The Health Benefits of Hugging。
主题是关于拥抱对于健康的好处，内容贴近生活，节选的片段难度一般。
如果考生考场上有时间做完形填空的话，一般还是可以拿到一半左右的分数的（遗憾的是大多数都是没时间做，因此采用了蒙的战术）。
完型填空确实是满满的套路啊，第一题选了Besides，让步词despite没有选。
其次是对短语的考查第三题a host of大量的，把短语拆开来考不太好识别！但是，这个短语在2012年的阅读真题中就出现过，在文都考研的课堂都是作为考点词汇来讲的哦。
所以，要考研就必须要好好研究学习真题。
以下是考研英语一完型填空的题源，供大家阅读参考：Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" Besides helping you feel close and connected to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a host of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you avoid getting sick this winter.In a 2015 study involving 404 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being exposed to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-buffering effects of hugging explained 32 percent of that beneficial effect. Even among those who got a cold, those who felt greater social supportand received more frequent hugs had less severe symptoms."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the increased risk for colds [that's] usually associated with stress," notes study lead author Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps generate the feeling that others are there to help in the face of adversity."Some experts attribute the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" because it promotes attachment in relationships, including between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the hypothalamus in the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream through the pituitary gland. But some of it remains in the brain, where it influences mood, behavior and physiology.How hugging fits in: "When you're hugging or cuddling with someone, [he or she is] stimulating pressure receptors under your skin in a way that leads to a cascade of events including an increase in vagal activity, which puts you in a relaxed state," explains psychologist Tiffany Field, director of the Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami School of Medicine. One theory is that stimulation of the vagus nerve triggers an increase in oxytocin levels.The hugging and oxytocin release that comes with it can then have trickle-down effects throughout the body, causing a decrease in heart rate and a drop in the stress hormones cortisol and norepinephrine. In a 2011 study of postpartum mothers, researchers at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill found that higher oxytocin levels were associated with lower cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous system reactivity to stress. A 2005 study from the University of North Carolina found that premenopausal women who got more frequent hugs from their partners had higher oxytocin levels and lower blood pressure than their peers who didn't get as many hugs.Moreover, in some studies involving animals, "oxytocin has been found to diminish inflammation following acute stroke and cardiac arrest," notes Greg Norman, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Chicago's Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience.There's also some evidence that oxytocin can improve immune function and pain tolerance. A 2010 study from Ohio State University found that couples with more positive communication behaviors have higher levels of oxytocin and they heal faster from wounds. More recently, a 2015 study from King's College in London found that oxytocin has analgesic effects, leading to a reduction in perceived pain intensity and lower pain ratings when participants were subjected to brief radiant heat pulses that were generated by an infrared laser.On the mood front, oxytocin is known to increase levels of feel-good hormones such as serotonin and dopamine, which may be why it has calming effects. "It reduces depression and anxiety, and it may have an effect on attentional disorders," Field says. In fact, a 2010 study from Ohio State University found that when socially-housed animals were treated with a pharmacological agent that inhibited oxytocin signaling, they exhibited an increase in depressive-like behavior.The take-home message: Just because we're in the midst of cold and flu season, there's no reason to keep your distance from people you care about. "Like diet and exercise, you need a steady daily dose of hugging," Field says. But the quality of the hugging counts, too. "If you get a flimsy hug, that's not going to do it," Field says. "You need a firm hug" to stimulate oxytocin release.Getting a firm, feel-good hug before going into a stressful situation (such as giving a presentation at work orgoing for a worrisome medical examination) could even help you stay calm, cool and collected during the event because your oxytocin levels are likely to stay elevated. A 2012 study from The Netherlands found that when oxytocin is administered nasally, saliva levels of the hormone stay high for more than two hours.Of course, you won't actually know if your oxytocin level shoots up with hugging, but don't sweat it. The hug itself is likely to make you feel supported and cared about. "I suggest not worrying too much about the oxytocin portion, since what really matters is how these interactions impact emotional well-being," Norman says. In this case, feeling is as good as believing in the power of oxytocin.。
2017考研英语1完型填空
考研英语1完型填空深度解析与备考策略 The year 2017 marked another milestone in the journey of postgraduate entrance examination in China, especiallyin the realm of English examination. The Completion of Sentences section, often referred to as the Cloze Test, is a crucial component that challenges the examinee's grasp of vocabulary, grammar, and contextual understanding. This article aims to delve into the intricacies of the 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English 1 Completion of Sentences section, offering insights into its content, structure, and key takeaways for future aspirants.**Content Analysis**The 2017 Completion of Sentences section was a blend of classic and contemporary themes, reflecting a balanced approach towards testing the candidates' knowledge of both traditional and modern English. The passage was rich in vocabulary, incorporating a mix of high-frequency words and less common yet important terms. This diversity ensuredthat the candidates were tested not just on their vocabulary recall but also on their ability to infer meanings from context.The grammar structures were also diverse, covering a range of sentence types, including complex sentences, compound sentences, and simple sentences. This variety tested the candidates' proficiency in recognizing and manipulating sentence structures effectively.**Key Takeaways**1. **Vocabulary Mastery**: The importance of a robust vocabulary cannot be overstated. Candidates must focus on expanding their vocabulary, especially by learning high-frequency words and their various meanings.2. **Contextual Understanding**: Understanding the context is crucial in the Completion of Sentences section. Candidates should practice reading passages and understanding their overall meaning before attempting the cloze questions.3.**Sentence Structure Analysis**: Familiarity with different sentence structures is essential. Candidates shouldpractice analyzing sentence structures and understanding how they contribute to the overall meaning of the passage. **Preparation Strategies**1. **Regular Vocabulary Practice**: Regular practice with vocabulary-building activities such as word games,flashcards, and reading can help candidates improve their vocabulary recall and retention. 2. **Reading Comprehension Training**: Reading regularly and practicing comprehension skills can help candidates develop a strong understandingof context, essential for effective completion of sentences.3. **Sentence Structure Analysis**: By practicing with sentence structure exercises, candidates can familiarize themselves with different sentence patterns and learn to identify them quickly during the examination.**Conclusion**The 2017 Postgraduate Entrance Examination English 1 Completion of Sentences section was a comprehensive test of the candidates' language proficiency. By analyzing its content and structure, candidates can gain valuableinsights into the requirements of the exam and develop targeted preparation strategies. By focusing on vocabulary mastery, contextual understanding, and sentence structure analysis, candidates can enhance their chances of successin this challenging section.**考研英语1完型填空深度解析与备考策略**2017年对于中国的考研旅程而言是一个里程碑式的年份，尤其是在英语考试方面。
2017年考研英语一完形填空
2017年考研英语一完形填空Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be aresounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 ."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior andphysiology.1.[A]Unlike [B]Besides [C]Despite [D]Throughout2.[A]connected [B]restricted [C]equal [D]inferior3.[A]choice [B]view [C]lesson [D]host4.[A]recall [B]forget [C]avoid [D]keep5.[A]collecting [B]involving [C]guiding [D]affecting6.[A]of [B]in [C]at [D]on7.[A]devoted [B]exposed [C]lost [D]attracted8.[A]across [B]along [C]down [D]out9.[A]calculated [B]denied [C]doubted [D]imagined10.[A]served [B]required [C]restored [D]explained11.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Thus12.[A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]tests [D]errors13.[A]minimized [B]highlighted [C]controlled [D]increased14.[A]equipped [B]associated [C]presented [D]compared15.[A]assess [B]moderate [C]generate [D]record16.[A]in the face of [B]in the form of [C]in the way of [D]in the name of17.[A]transfer [B]commit [C]attribute [D]return18.[A]because [B]unless [C]though [D]until19.[A]emerges [B]vanishes [C]remains [D]decreases20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influences 【答案】1-5 BADCB 6-10 DBCAD 11-15 ABDBC 16-20 ACACD。
2017年考研英语答案：《英语二》完形填空原文
2017年考研英语答案：《英语二》完形填空原文Would a Work-Free World Be So Bad?Fears of civilization-wide idleness are based too much on the downsides of being unemployed in a society premised on the concept of employment.A 1567 painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicts a mythical landof plenty, where people grow idle in the absence of work. Wikimedia · Ilana E. Strauss· Jun 28, 2016People have speculated for centuries about a future without work, and today is no different, with academics, writers, and activistsonce again warning that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by inequality: A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different, less paranoid, and not mutually exclusive prediction holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one characterized by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives meaning, people will simply become lazy and depressed. Indeed,today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed forat least a year report having depression, double the rate for working Americans. Also, some research suggests that the explanation forrising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction among poorly-educated, middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Another study shows that people are often happier at work thanin their free time. Perhaps this is why many worry about theagonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t necessarily follow from findings like these thata world without work would be filled with malaise. Such visions are based on the downsides of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the absence of work, a society designedwith other ends in mind could yield strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the virtueof work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a squandering of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway who has written about a world without work. “Global surveys find that thevast majority of people are unhappy at work.”These days, because leisure time is relatively scarce for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance theintellectual and emotional demands of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel tired,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself into a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for professional matters.Having a job can provide a measure of financial stability, but in addition to stressing over how to cover life’s necessities, today’s jobless are frequently made to feel like social outcasts. “People who avoid work are viewed as parasites and leeches,” Danaher says. Perhaps as a result of this cultural attitude, for most people, self-esteem and identity are tied up intricately with their job, or lack of job.Plus, in many modern-day societies, unemployment can also be downright boring. American towns and cities aren’t really built for lots of free time: Public spaces tend to be small islands in seas of private property, and there aren’t many places without entry fees where adults can meet new people or come up with ways to entertain one another.The roots of this boredom may run even deeper. Peter Gray, a professor of psychology at Boston College who studies the concept of play, thinks that if work disappeared tomorrow, people might be at a loss for things to do, growing bored and depressed because they have forgotten how to play. “We teach children a distinction between play and work,” Gray explains. “Work is something that you don’t want to do but you have to do.” He says this training, which starts in school, eventually “drills the play” out of many children, who grow up to be adults who are aimless when presented with free time. “Sometimes people retire from their work, and they don’t know what to do,” Gray says. “They’ve lost the ability to create their own activities.” It’s a problem that never seems to plague young children. “There are no three-year-olds that are going to be lazy and depressed because they don’t have a structured activity,” he says.But need it be this way? Work-free societies are more than just a thought experiment—they’ve existed throughout human history. Consider hunter-gatherers, who have no bosses, paychecks, or eight-hour workdays. Ten thousand years ago, all humans were hunter-gatherers, and some still are. Daniel Everett, an anthropologist at Bentley University, in Massachusetts, studied a group of hunter-gath ers in the Amazon called the Pirahã for years. According toEverett, while some might consider hunting and gathering work,hunter-gatherers don’t. “They think of it as fun,” he says. “They don’t have a concept of work the way we do.”“It’s a pretty laid-back life most of the time,” Everett says. He described a typical day for the Pirahã: A man might get up, spend a few hours canoeing and fishing, have a barbecue, go for a swim, bring fish back to his family, and play until the evening. Such subsistence living is surely not without its own set of worries, but the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins argued in a 1968 essay that hunter-gathers belonged to “the original affluent society,” seeing as they only “worked” a few hours a day; Everett estimates that Pirahã adults on average work about 20 hours a week (not to mention without bosses peering over their shoulders). Meanwhile, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average employed American with children works about nine hours a day.Does this leisurely life lead to the depression and purposelessness seen among so many of today’s unemployed? “I’ve never seen anything remotely like depression there, except people who are physically ill,” Everett says. “They have a blast. They playall the time.” While many may consider work a staple of human life, work as it exists today is a relatively new invention in the course of thousands of years of human culture. “We think it’s bad to just sit around with nothing to do,” says Everett. “For the Pirahã, it’s quite a desirable state.”Gray likens these aspects of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the carefree adventures of many children in developed countries, who at some point in life are expected to put away childish things. But that hasn’t always been the case. According to Gary Cross’s 1990 book A Social History of Leisure Since 1600, free time in the U.S. looked quite different before the 18th and 19th centuries. Farmers—which was a fair way to describe a huge number of Americans at that time—mixed work and play in their daily lives. There were no managers or overseers, so they would switch fluidly between working, taking breaks, joining in neighborhood games, playing pranks, and spending time with family and friends. Not to mention festivals and other gatherings: France, for instance, had 84 holidays a year in 1700, and weather kept them from farming another 80 or so days a year.This all changed, writes Cross, during the Industrial Revolution, which replaced farms with factories and farmers with employees. Factory owners created a more rigidly scheduled environment that clearly divided work from play. Meanwhile, clocks—which were becoming widespread at that time—began to give life a quicker pace, and religious leaders, who traditionally endorsed most festivities, started associating leisure with sin and tried to replace rowdyfestivals with sermons.As workers started moving into cities, families no longer spent their days together on the farm. Instead, men worked in factories, women stayed home or worked in factories, and children went to school, stayed home, or worked in factories too. During the workday, families became physically separated, which affected the way peopleentertained themselves: Adults stopped playing “childish” games and sports, and the streets were mostly wiped clean of fun, as middle-and upper-class families found working-class activities like cockfighting and dice games distasteful. Many such diversions were soon outlawed.With workers’ old outlets for play having disappeared in a hazeof factory smoke, many of them turned to new, more urban ones. Bars became a refuge where tired workers drank and watched live shows with singing and dancing. If free time means beer and TV to a lot of Americans, this might be why.At times, developed societies have, for a privileged few, produced lifestyles that were nearly as play-filled as hunter-gatherers’. Throughout history, aristocrats who earned their income simply by owning land spent only a tiny portion of their time minding financial exigencies. According to Randolph Trumbach, a professor of history at Baruch College, 18th-century English aristocrats spenttheir days visiting friends, eating elaborate meals, hosting salons, hunting, writing letters, fishing, and going to church. They also spent a good deal of time participating in politics, without pay. Their children would learn to dance, play instruments, speak foreign languages, and read Latin. Russian nobles frequently became intellectuals, writers, and artists. “As a 17th-century aristocrat said, ‘We sit down to eat and rise up to play, for what is a gentleman but his pleasure?’” Trumbach says.It’s unlikely that a world without work would be abundant enough to provide everyone with such lavish lifestyles. But Gray insists that injecting any amount of additional play into people’s lives would be a good thing, because, contrary to that 17th-century aristocrat, play is about more than pleasure. Through play, Gray says, children (aswell as adults) learn how to strategize, create new mental connections, express their creativity, cooperate, overcome narcissism, and get along with other people. “Male mammals typically havedifficulty living in close proximity to each other,” he says, and play’s harmony-promoting properties may explain why it came to be so central to hunter-gatherer societies. While most of today’s adults may have forgotten how to play, Gray doesn’t believe it’s an unrecoverable skill: It’s not uncommon, he says, for grandparents to re-learn the concept of play after spending time with their younggrandchildren.When people ponder the nature of a world without work, they often transpose present-day assumptions about labor and leisure onto afuture where they might no longer apply; if automation does end up rendering a good portion of human labor unnecessary, such a society might exist on completely different terms than societies do today.So what might a work-free U.S. look like? Gray has some ideas. School, for one thing, would be very different. “I think our system of schooling would completely fall by the wayside,” says Gray. “The primary purpose of the educational system is to teach people to work.I don’t think anybody would want to put our kids through what we put our kids through now.” Instead, Gray suggests that teachers could build lessons around what students are most curious about. Or, perhaps, formal schooling would disappear altogether.Trumbach, meanwhile, wonders if schooling would become more about teaching children to be leaders, rather than workers, throughsubjects like philosophy and rhetoric. He also thinks that people might participate in political and public life more, like aristocrats of yore. “If greater numbers of people were using their leisure to run the country, that would give people a sense of purpose,” says Trumbach.Social life might look a lot different too. Since the Industrial Revolution, mothers, fathers, and children have spent most of their waking hours apart. In a work-free world, people of different ages might come together again. “We would become much less isolated from each other,” Gray imagines, perhaps a little optimistically. “Whena mom is having a baby, everybody in the neighborhood would want to help that mom.” Researchers have found that having closerelationships is the number-one predictor of happiness, and thesocial connections that a work-free world might enable could well displace the aimlessness that so many futurists predict.In general, without work, Gray thinks people would be more likely to pursue their passions, get involved in the arts, and visit friends. Perhaps leisure would cease to be about unwinding after a period of hard work, and would instead become a more colorful, varied thing. “We wouldn’t have to be as self-oriented as we think we have to be now,” he says. “I believe we would become more human.”。
2017年考研《英语二》完形填空答案(文都版)
2017年考研《英语二》完形填空答案(文都版)考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。
Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future withoutwork .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 , people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6,today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance theintellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring[答案][C] warning2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty[答案][A] inequality3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction[答案][D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured[答案][A] characterized5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom[答案][B] meaning6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless[答案][B] Indeed7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated[答案][C] working8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute[答案][A] explanation9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among[答案][D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside[答案][C] worry about11.[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically[答案][C] necessarily12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles[答案][B] downsides13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course[答案][A] absence14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield[答案][D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship[答案][C] virtue16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce[答案][D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats[答案][A] demands18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved[答案][B] tired19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into[答案][D] into20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal[答案][B] professional。
2017年考研英语完形填空
2017年考研英语完形填空 National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates （NETEM） Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points） In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a__1__underground It's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's __2__ to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，__3__ into your phone. This universal armor sends the__4__：Please don't approach me. What is it that makes us feel we need to hide__5__our screens？ One answer is fear，according to Jon Wortmann，executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be__6__ascreep，We fear we'llbe__7__We fear we'll be disruptive Strangers are inherently__8__to us，so we are more likely to feel__9__when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety，we__10__to our phones.Phones become our security blanket，Wortmann says.They are our happy glasses。
考研英语完型填空专项练习及答案（2）
考研英语完型填空专项练习及答案（2）2017年考研英语完型填空专项练习及答案1.[A] perspectives [B] outlooks [C] prospects [D] spectacles2.[A] creatively [B] originally [C] authentically [D] initially3.[A] displayed [B] demonstrated [C] embarked [D] unveiled4.[A] go beyond [B] set out [C] come around [D] spread over5.[A] applications [B] enterprises [C] functions[D]performances6.[A] districts [B] vicinities [C] resorts [D] locations7.[A] acquired [B] purchased [C] presided [D] attained8.[A] lodgers [B] tenants [C] dwellers [D] boarders9.[A] for [B] in [C] of [D] as10.[A] figures [B] exhibits [C] convinces [D] speculates11.[A] deprives [B] retrieves [C] spares [D] exempts12.[A] conjunction [B] convenience [C] department [D] ornament13.[A] delegated [B] designated [C] devoted [D] dedicated14.[A] clever [B] smart [C] ingenious [D] intelligent15.[A] checking [B] gathering [C] holding [D] accommodating16.[A] as [B] for [C] with [D] of17.[A] but for [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than18.[A] unique [B] single [C] unitary [D] only19.[A] devices [B] instruments [C] readers [D] examiners20.[A] reduce [B] narrow [C] dwarf [D] shrink总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。
2017年考研英语完型填空、新题型题源
2017年考研英语完型填空、新题型题源的更新!2017年考研英语完型填空、新题型题源Would a Work-Free World Be So Bad?People have speculated for centuries about a future without work, and today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again warning that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by inequality: A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different, less paranoid, and not mutually exclusiveprediction holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one characterized by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives meaning, people will simply become lazy and depressed. Indeed, today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for working Americans. Also, some research suggests that the explanation for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction among poorly-educated, middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Another study shows that people are often happier at work than in their free time. Perhaps this is why many worry about the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t necessarily follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with malaise. Such visions are based on the downsides of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the absence of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could yield strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor andleisure. Today, the virtue of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a squandering of human potential,”says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway who has written about a world without work. “Global surveys find that the vast majority of people are unhappy at work.”These days, because leisure time is relatively scarce for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional demands of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel tired,”Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself into a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for professional matters.Having a job can provide a measure of financial stability, but in addition to stressing over how to cover life’s necessities, today’s jobless are frequently made to feel like social outcasts. “People who avoid work are viewed as parasites andleeches,”Danaher says. Perhaps as a result of this cultural attitude, for most people, self-esteem and identity are tied up intricately with their job, or lack of job.Plus, in many modern-day societies, unemployment can also be downright boring. American towns and cities aren’t really built for lots of free time: Public spaces tend to be small islands in seas of private property, and there aren’t many places without entry fees where adults can meet new people or come up with ways to entertain one another.The roots of this boredom may run even deeper. Peter Gray, a professor of psychology at Boston College who studies the concept of play, thinks that if work disappeared tomorrow, people might be at a loss for things to do, growing bored and depressed because they have forgotten how to play. “We teach children a distinction between play and work,”Gray explains. “Work is something that you don’t want to do but you have to do.”He says this training, which starts in school, eventually “drills the play”out of many children, who growup to be adults who are aimless when presented with free time.“Sometimes people retire from their work, and they don’t know what to do,”Gray says. “They’ve lost the ability to create their own activities.”It’s a problem that never seems to plague young children. “There are no three-year-olds that are going to be lazy and depressed because they don’t have a structured activity,”he says.But need it be this way? Work-free societies are more than just a thought experiment—they’ve existed throughout human history. Consider hunter-gatherers, who have no bosses, paychecks, or eight-hour workdays. Ten thousand years ago, all humans were hunter-gatherers, and some still are. Daniel Everett, an anthropologist at Bentley University, in Massachusetts, studied a group of hunter-gathers in the Amazon called the Pirahã for years. According to Everett, while some might consider hunting and gathering work, hunter-gatherers don’t. “They think of it as fun,”he says.“They don’t have a concept of work the way we do.”“It’s a pretty laid-back life most of the time,”Everett says. He described a typical day for the Pirahã: A man might get up, spend a few hours canoeing and fishing, have a barbecue, go for a swim, bring fish back to his family, and play until the evening. Such subsistence living is surely not without its own set of worries, but the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins argued in a 1968 essay that hunter-gathers belonged to “the original affluent society,”seeing as they only “worked”a few hours a day; Everett estimates that Pirahã adults on average work about 20 hours a week (not to mention without bosses peering over their shoulders). Meanwhile, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average employed American with children works about nine hours a day.Does this leisurely life lead to the depression and purposelessness seen among so many of today’s unemployed? “I’ve never seen anything remotely like depression there, except people who are physically ill,”Everett says. “They havea blast. They play all the time.”While many may consider work a staple of human life, work as it exists today is a relatively new invention in the course of thousands of years of human culture. “We think it’s bad to just sit around with nothing to do,”says Everett. “For the Pirahã, it’s quite a desirable state.”Gray likens these aspects of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the carefree adventures of many children in developed countries, who at some point in life are expected to put away childish things. But that hasn’t always been the case. According to Gary Cross’s 1990 book A Social History of Leisure Since 1600, free time in the U.S. looked quite different before the 18th and 19th centuries. Farmers—which was a fair way to describe a huge number of Americans at that time—mixed work and play in their daily lives. There were no managers or overseers, so they would switch fluidly between working, taking breaks, joining in neighborhood games, playing pranks, and spending time with family and friends. Not to mention festivals and other gatherings: France, for instance, had 84 holidays a year in 1700, and weather keptthem from farming another 80 or so days a year.This all changed, writes Cross, during the Industrial Revolution, which replaced farms with factories and farmers with employees. Factory owners created a more rigidly scheduled environment that clearly divided work from play. Meanwhile, clocks—which were becoming widespread at that time—began to give life a quicker pace, and religious leaders, who traditionally endorsed most festivities, started associating leisure with sin and tried to replace rowdy festivals with sermons.As workers started moving into cities, families no longer spent their days together on the farm. Instead, men worked in factories, women stayed home or worked in factories, and children went to school, stayed home, or worked in factories too. During the workday, families became physically separated, which affected the way people entertained themselves: Adults stopped playing “childish”games and sports, and the streets were mostly wiped clean of fun, as middle- and upper-classfamilies found working-class activities like cockfighting and dice games distasteful. Many such diversions were soon outlawed.With workers’old outlets for play having disappeared in a haze of factory smoke, many of them turned to new, more urban ones. Bars became a refuge where tired workers drank and watched live shows with singing and dancing. If free time means beer and TV to a lot of Americans, this might be why.At times, developed societies have, for a privileged few, produced lifestyles that were nearly as play-filled as hunter-gatherers’. Throughout history, aristocrats who earned their income simply by owning land spent only a tiny portion of their time minding financial exigencies. According to Randolph Trumbach, a professor of history at Baruch College, 18th-century English aristocrats spent their days visiting friends, eating elaborate meals, hosting salons, hunting, writing letters, fishing, and going to church. They also spent a good deal of time participating in politics, without pay. Theirchildren would learn to dance, play instruments, speak foreign languages, and read Latin. Russian nobles frequently became intellectuals, writers, and artists. “As a 17th-century aristocrat said, ‘We sit down to eat and rise up to play, for what is a gentleman but his pleasure?’”Trumbach says.It’s unlikely that a world without work would be abundant enough to provide everyone with such lavish lifestyles. But Gray insists that injecting any amount of additional play into people’s lives would be a good thing, because, contrary to that 17th-century aristocrat, play is about more than pleasure. Through play, Gray says, children (as well as adults) learn how to strategize, create new mental connections, express their creativity, cooperate, overcome narcissism, and get along with other people. “Male mammals typically have difficulty living in close proximity to each other,”he says, and play’s harmony-promoting properties may explain why it came to be so central to hunter-gatherer societies. While most of today’s adults may have forgotten how to play, Gray doesn’t believe it’s an unrecoverable skill: It’s not uncommon, he says, for grandparents to re-learn theconcept of play after spending time with their young grandchildren.When people ponder the nature of a world without work, they often transpose present-day assumptions about labor and leisure onto a future where they might no longer apply; if automation does end up rendering a good portion of human labor unnecessary, such a society might exist on completely different terms than societies do today.So what might a work-free U.S. look like? Gray has some ideas. School, for one thing, would be very different. “I think our system of schooling would completely fall by the wayside,”says Gray. “The primary purpose of the educational system is to teach people to work. I don’t think anybody would want to put our kids through what we put our kids through now.”Instead, Gray suggests that teachers could build lessons around what students are most curious about. Or, perhaps, formal schooling would disappear altogether.Trumbach, meanwhile, wonders if schooling would become more about teaching children to be leaders, rather than workers, through subjects like philosophy and rhetoric. He also thinks that people might participate in political and public life more, like aristocrats of yore. “If greater numbers of people were using their leisure to run the country, that would give people a sense of purpose,”says Trumbach.Social life might look a lot different too. Since the Industrial Revolution, mothers, fathers, and children have spent most of their waking hours apart. In a work-free world, people of different ages might come together again. “We would become much less isolated from each other,”Gray imagines, perhaps a little optimistically. “When a mom is having a baby, everybody in the neighborhood would want to help that mom.”Researchers have found that having close relationships is the number-one predictor of happiness, and the social connections that a work-free world might enable could well displace the aimlessness that so many futurists predict.In general, without work, Gray thinks people would be more likely to pursue their passions, get involved in the arts, and visit friends. Perhaps leisure would cease to be about unwinding after a period of hard work, and would instead become a more colorful, varied thing. “We wouldn’t have to be as self-oriented as we think we have to be now,”he says. “I believe we would become more human.”新题型The surprising truth about American manufacturingThe decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,”he told Fox News last October, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.On Tuesday, in rust belt Pennsylvania, he doubled down, saying that he had "visited cities and towns across this country where a third or even half of manufacturing jobs have been wiped out in the last 20 years." The Pacific trade deal, he added, "would be the death blow for American manufacturing."Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.In reality, United States manufacturing output is at an all-time high, worth $2.2 trillion in 2015, up from $1.7 trillion in 2009. And while total employment has fallen by nearly a third since 1970, the jobs that remain are increasingly skilled.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: Instead of having too many workers, as they did during the Great Recession, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place. Other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay. And those industries don’t have the stigma of 40 years of recurring layoffs and downsizing.“We’ve never had so much attention from manufacturers. They’re calling and saying: ‘Can we meet your students?’They’re asking, ‘Why aren’t they looking at my job postings?' ”says Julie Parks, executive director of workforce training at Grand Rapids Community College in western Michigan.The region is a microcosm of the national challenge. Unemployment here is low (around 3 percent, compared with a statewide average of 5 percent). There aren’t many extra workers waiting for a job. And the need is high:1 in 5 people work in manufacturing, churning out auto parts, machinery, plastics, office furniture, and medical devices. Other industries, including agribusiness and life sciences, are vying for the same workers.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers –and upward pressure on wages. “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,”says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm. “They may be coming [into the workforce], but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,”Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture. He is also part of a public-private initiative to promote manufacturing to students that includes job fairs and sending a mobiledemonstration vehicle to rural schools. One of their messages is that factories are no longer dark, dirty, and dangerous; computer-run systems are the norm and recruits can receive apprenticeships that include paid-for college classes.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers. Five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job; this is his first encounter with Roth, his boss. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering.“I love working with tools. I love creating,”he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,”says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. The steepest declines came after 2001, when China gained entry to the World Trade Organization and ramped up exports of consumer goods to the US and other rich countries. In areas exposed to foreign trade, every additional $1,000 of imports per worker meant a $550 annual drop in householdincome per working-age adult, according to a 2013 study in the American Economic Review. And unemployment, Social Security, and other government benefits went up $60 per person.The 2008-09 recession was another blow. And advances in computing and robotics offer new ways for factory owners to increase productivity using fewer workers.When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Electricians, plumbers, and pipefitters are in in short supply across Michigan and elsewhere; vocational schools and union-run apprenticeships aren’t keeping pace with demand and older tradespeople are leaving the workforce. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.“The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill,”says Rob Spohr, a businessprofessor at Montcalm Community College an hour from Grand Rapids. “There’s enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in between, and that’s where the problem is.”Ms. Parks of Grand Rapids Community College points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives,”she says.Roth says he gets this distinction. At RoMan, workers can set their own hours on their shift, choosing to start earlier or end later, provided they get the job done. That the factory floor isn’t a standard assembly line –everything is custom-built for industrial clients –makes it easier to drop the punch-clocks.“People have lives outside,”Roth says. “It’s not always easy to schedule doctors’appointments around a ‘punch-in at 7 and leave at 3:30’schedule.”While factory owners like Roth like to stress the flexibility of manufacturing careers, one aspect is nonnegotiable: location. Millennials looking for a job that allow them to work from home are not likely to get a callback. "I'm not putting a machine tool in your garage," says Roth.21。
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（1）A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 publicized by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 promoted as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 obstacles to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 however complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 composed of 600 nouns (representing ), and things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and 6 properties 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 common use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 in part/ partially by eliminating numerous 9 extending words which have the same or similar meanings and by the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 instead o f "ascend”。
(2) To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community:I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO,I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit,as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.I believe Apple’s brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.（4）Employment rates for new college graduates have fallen as sharply in the last two years, __as__have starting salaries more for those who can find work. 2 What’s __more__, only half of the jobs landed by these new graduates even require a college degree, reviving debates about after all whether higher education is 3 “worth it aftel all.“I have friends with the same degree as me, from a worse school, but because of who they knew or when they happened to graduate, _happened to_ 4they’re in much better jobs,” said Kyle Bishop, 23, a 2009 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh who has spent the last two years waiting tables, delivering beer, working at a bookstore and entering data. “It’s luck 5 more about _luck_than anything else.”The _median_ starting salary for students graduating formfouryear colleges in 2009 and 2010 was $27,000, down from $ 30,000 for decline those who entered the __work force_ 7 in 2006 to 2008, according to a study released by the John J. Heldrich Center for Workerforce Development at Rutgers University. raise That is a _decline_of 10 percent, 8 even before taking inflation into account 9 account.Of course, these are the lucky ones ― the graduates who found a job. Among the members of the class of 2010, just 56 percent has held at least one job by this spring, conducted when the survey was _conducted_10 .That compares with 90 percent of graduatesfrom the classes of 2006 and 2007.（6）Although, as we have seen, people generally long to leave their places of work and get home, readyto put their hard-earned free time to good use (n.), 1 all too often they have no ideawhat to do there (home).2 Ironically, jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like (pre.) flow (happy) activities they (work) have built-ingoals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one (anybody/ worker) to become involved (join) in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself (be absorbed) in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand (on the contrary), is unstructured (unorganized), and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something (meaningful) that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests (tastes), and especially inner discipline(n./vt.), help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5 supposed to be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole (in general), people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly (completely) than they do with working time. It is in the improvident (unwise/ wasteful) use of our leisure time, I suspect (think),7 that the greatest wastes of American life occur. [tourism and recreation industryMass leisure, mass culture, arid (meaningless) even high culture when only (they are) attended to (actively<->) passively and for 8 external Reasons ― such as the wish to display (show) one's status ― are parasites (寄生虫) of the mind. They absorb (=exhaust) psychic energy without providing substantive (considerable) strength 9 in return. They leave (=make) us more exhausted, more disheartened (depressed) than we were before.10 Unless a person takes charge (control) of them, both work and free time are likely (possible) to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities ― especially thoseinvolving the passive consumption of mass media ― are not designed (intended) to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work.（8）Popular Musicis music produced for and sold to a broad audience. Types of popular music include jazz, music from motion pictures and musical comedies, country-and-western music, soul music, and rock music.2 Shaped by social, economic, and technological forces, popular music is closely linked to the social identity of its performers and audiences. Early musical styles were also very influential in shaping popular music.Another important development at the close (end) of the 20th century was the influence of digital 5 technology, including storage media such as recordable compact discs (=CD) and DVDs (Digital Video Discs), the Internet, and MP3 compression, which allows 6 sound files to be compressed to less than 10 percent of their original size. The transformation of musical sound into digital files allowed music to be transmitted (convey/ transfer), reproduced, and 7 manipulated (process) in a virtual form, easily passing from one computer to another in a different part of the world in just minutes (or seconds). This has raised legal and technological questions which will no doubt shape (form/decide) the 8 course (route) of American popular music for years to come: What kind of rights does a consumer 9 purchase (buy) when they buy a copy of a recording? What does it mean when a consumer licenses the right to download and use the contents of a(n) 10 album rather than buying a physical copy of it? How will the transformation of music into pure information affect musicians and how they are compensated? What will the music industry of tomorrow look like?（12）In the past, young people in America usually lived with their parens until they got married. Today, some still do, yet, most young people live a more independent life. They have a job. They travel. They rent or own their own apartment or house. They wait longer to get married. While waiting, they date.Often a friend will plan a meeting between two unmarried people who do not know 3 one another. This is called a “blind date”.The people involved are not 4 blind. They just have never seen each other.However, most unmarried people have to find their own 5 dates. Many go to public eating, drinking or dancing places. Every city in America has them. Some places are 6 popular with young people. Others are for older people.Many Americans want to go where they are sure they can meet people with similar 7 interests. For example, they may go to a bookstore. Some bookstores in America now serve coffee and food. Many 8 offer special programs (project) and social activities for single people. Other singles join health clubs to exercise and to meet people. 9 Or, they may join groups for people who like to take long walks or watch birds. When they 10 get along well enough, they may decide to spend the rest of their lives together.。