辣椒碱(整理版)
辣椒碱原料
辣椒碱原料全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：辣椒碱原料是指用于生产辣椒碱的基础原材料，通常是以辣椒为主要成分，经过一系列加工处理得到的。
辣椒碱是辣椒中的一种生物碱，具有辛辣的味道和刺激性，是一种常见的调味品和药用成分。
辣椒碱原料主要有辣椒、乙醇、氢氧化钠等，下面将具体介绍一下这些主要原料。
首先是辣椒。
辣椒，又称胡椒、辛椒，是一种常见的辛辣植物，属于茄科植物。
辣椒主要生长在热带和温带地区，因其辛辣的味道和丰富的营养成分而受到人们的喜爱。
辣椒中含有辣椒素、维生素C、胡萝卜素等多种营养成分，具有抗氧化、抗菌、提神醒脑等功效。
在生产辣椒碱时，辣椒作为主要原料，经过研磨、提取等加工工艺，可以得到辣椒碱。
其次是乙醇。
乙醇，也称酒精，是一种常见的醇类化合物，无色透明液体，具有刺鼻的气味和燃烧性。
乙醇常用作有机溶剂、消毒剂、燃料等，在生产辣椒碱时，乙醇可以用作提取剂，帮助提取出辣椒中的辣椒碱成分。
通过酒精法提取，可以降低辣椒碱的独特味道和刺激性，使其更适合用于食品加工和制药。
最后是氢氧化钠。
氢氧化钠，也称烧碱，是一种强碱性物质，无色透明液体，在工业生产中常用作脱脂剂、碱式清洁剂等。
在生产辣椒碱时，氢氧化钠可以用作碱性处理剂，帮助提高辣椒碱的提纯度和纯度。
通过碱性处理，可以去除辣椒中的杂质和其他成分，使得最终的辣椒碱产品更加纯净和优质。
第二篇示例：辣椒碱的化学结构为C18H27NO3，其分子式为C18H27NO3，分子量为305.41。
它的化学名为(6E)-N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methyl-6-none namide。
辣椒碱本身并不具有毒性，但如果过量摄入，可能会产生一些不良反应，如胃肠道不适、皮肤过敏等。
在使用辣椒碱时，必须注意适量。
辣椒碱主要是由辣椒植物中的辣椒籽和果实中提取得到的。
实际上，辣椒碱是一种天然植物化合物，因此在辣椒中的含量也会随着辣椒的品种、成熟度和栽培方法不同而有所变化。
辣椒碱
•
减肥？
对，能 已经猜到了，那就是
• 辣椒碱！
好啦，言归正传
• 现在我们研究一下辣椒碱这种 生化产品，以及是怎样运用生 物技术把它提炼出来的，掌握 这种技术后还怕减肥困难么？
神奇的辣椒碱
• 辣椒燃烧脂肪的关键在于辣椒碱，只须吃 上一两勺，它的刺激口味即刻会向脑神经 发出“足够”讯号，导致食欲大减。同时 辣椒碱的另一大作用是刺激体内生热系统， 加快新陈代谢。快速的生热系统能提升机 体工作效率，像快速运转的机器能消耗大 量碳氢燃料。
• 按1\2比例加入无水乙醇至50℃下溶解, 再按的1\3比例加人中性氧化铝, 搅拌 均匀后于40℃下真空干燥。将干燥后 的氧化铝装入层析柱, 用复合溶剂上柱 洗脱, 洗脱液减压蒸馏回收溶剂, 剩余 物加乙醚溶解, -5℃下结晶, 再用乙醚 重结晶, 即可得白色针状辣椒碱晶体, 纯度可达98%以上.
乙醇浸出、超载柱柱层析、重结晶法
• 用高浓度95%乙醇提取辣椒色素, 用低 浓度75%乙醇提取辣椒碱, 在55℃下分 别回流9次和3次, 抽滤、减压蒸馏, 得 到辣椒油树脂再上硅胶超载柱柱层析, 依次用石油丙\酮=7\1, 石油醚\丙酮 =5\1, 氯仿\甲醇=100\3洗脱剂洗脱, 得 混合辣椒色素和粗辣椒碱。
生化产品在现实生活中扮演着越来越重要的 角色，虽然现阶段我们在生化研究方面有 所成就，但是大自然还有更多的甚至是更 好的生化产品等我们去开发等我们去创造， 因此我们还必须更加努力的充实自己开发 自己的潜能，为造福人类的美好生活而贡 献一份力量！
你喜欢吃辣椒么？
你对吃辣椒有什么看法？ 上火？ 皮肤粗糙？ 起痘痘？ 胃痛？
我对吃辣椒的看法是：
提高食欲 维生素C含量高（居蔬菜之首） 杀菌、防腐、调味、营养、驱 寒 镇疼、止痒、抗炎、抑菌、脂 质过氧化调节、心肌保护、减 肥等生理功能和持久的强消炎 镇痛作用。 还能减肥哦!
美国药典-中英文对照(翻译资料)
美国药典－中英文对照译文美国药典中记载的辣椒碱资料辣椒碱（辣椒素）分子结构式：C18H27NO3，分子量：305.41，化学名：（反）－N－[（4－N－羟基－3－甲氧基苯基）－甲基]－8－甲基－6－壬烯基酰胺以干燥提取物计算，辣椒碱含辣椒二萜类化合物总量为标示量的90％－100%,其中辣椒素的含量达到50％以上，辣椒素和二氢辣椒素总量超过75％，其它辣椒素类化合物总量不足15％。
注意事项：小心处置辣椒碱，谨防吸入辣椒碱微粒，勿使身体接触辣椒碱。
包装贮藏：密封包装，置避光，阴凉处保存。
标示量：以辣椒二萜类化合物总百分含量表示。
美国药典参考标准：美国药典辣椒素标准规范，美国药典二氢辣椒素标准规范。
鉴别：配制1.0mg/ml辣椒碱甲醇溶液，配制符合美国药典标准的辣椒碱1.0mg/ml甲醇溶液作为对照液，分别点样于0.25mm厚硅胶、凝胶混合薄层板上，点样量为10礚，将薄层板放于乙醚－甲醇（19:1）展开剂中展开，待展开剂前沿至薄层板3/4处时将薄层板取出，晾干，用0.5% 2,6-二溴苯醌-氯化亚胺甲醇溶液喷雾显色，放于氨气中片刻，取出，鉴别色谱图：供试液主要斑点颜色（兰色）及R值与对照液主要斑点颜色（兰色）及R值一致。
熔点〈741〉: 57°－66°, 一般熔融起始温度至结束温度温差不超过5°。
干燥失重〈731〉: 置40°P2O5真空干燥器中干燥5小时，失重不超过1.0%。
灼烧残渣：≤1.0％。
辣椒素，二氢辣椒素及其它辣椒二萜类化合物含量测定：流动相：磷酸水溶液（l ：1000，V/V）：乙腈(600:400)混匀，0.5祄微孔滤膜滤过，脱气。
流动相视色谱行为可作适当调整。
辣椒素对照液：精密称取美国药典标准的辣椒碱适量溶于甲醇中，配制约0.1 mg/mL的辣椒甲醇溶液。
二氢辣椒素对照液：精密称取美国药典标准的辣椒碱适量溶于甲醇中，配制约0.025mg/mL的辣椒甲醇溶液。
辣椒碱概况
努力是入场券600字作文努力是入场券。
英文回答：Effort is the key to success. It is the driving force that propels us forward, helping us overcome obstacles and achieve our goals. Without effort, we would simply be stagnant, never reaching our full potential.When we put in the effort, we are actively working towards our dreams and aspirations. We are willing to go the extra mile, to push ourselves beyond our limits. This determination and perseverance are what set us apart from others. It is through our efforts that we can truly make a difference in our lives and the lives of those around us.Hard work and dedication are essential ingredients for success. We must be willing to invest time and energy into honing our skills and improving ourselves. It is throughconsistent effort that we can develop expertise and mastery in our chosen fields.Effort also helps us to build resilience and overcome challenges. Life is full of ups and downs, and it is through our efforts that we can navigate through difficult times. When we encounter setbacks, it is our determination and perseverance that keep us going. We learn from our failures, adapt, and grow stronger.Furthermore, effort breeds confidence. When we knowthat we have put in the necessary work and effort, we can approach any task or challenge with a sense of self-assurance. We believe in our abilities and know that we have what it takes to succeed.中文回答：努力是成功的关键。
辣椒碱
辣椒碱辣椒碱又称辣椒素（capsaicin)，辣椒果实中的主要呈辣物质。
最早由Thresh 在1876 年从辣椒果实中分离出来，并命名为辣椒碱（capsaicin）。
此后，又有一些辣椒碱的同系物在辣椒果实中被发现，他们被统称为辣椒碱类物质，至今已发现约14 种以上的辣椒碱类物质。
其中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱(dihydrocapsaicin) 约占总量的90 %以上，其余仅占少量。
辣椒碱是一种极度辛辣的香草酰胺类生物碱。
其化学结构名称为: -8-甲基-(反)-6-壬烯酰胺。
纯品为白色片状结晶, 熔点为65-66℃。
易溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、氯仿及乙醚中, 也可溶于碱性水溶液, 在高温下会产生刺激性气体。
它可被水解为香草基胺和癸烯酸, 因其具有酚羟基而呈弱酸性, 且可与斐林试剂发生呈色反应。
通常采用从天然辣椒中提取的方法来制取辣椒碱。
早期的方法是将鲜红的干辣椒粉碎后，用乙醚或乙醇等有机溶剂抽提，浓缩得到一种暗红色至橙红色油状液体，这种油状物在国际上统称为辣椒油树脂，其主要成分为辣椒碱、二氢辣椒碱、正二氢辣椒碱、高二氢辣椒碱、辣椒红色素、胡萝卜素、黄色素以及柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸等多种物质。
此步得率一般占干果重量的1%左右。
辣椒油树脂再经乙醚，稀乙醇和碱性水溶液，或石油醚，二氯乙烷等溶剂进一步抽提浓缩后，经石油醚或正己烷结晶可得粗辣椒碱晶体。
用气相色谱法分析粗辣椒碱结晶成分，其中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量占76%~96%。
近年来，在辣椒碱的制备上出现了不少新工艺、新方法，如离子交换法、超临界流体萃取法、液-液萃取法、乙醇提取法、经生物细胞培养制取、化学合成辣椒碱结构类似物等。
辣椒碱的应用广泛，目前在食品工业中用作添加剂的一般都属于低纯度辣椒碱产品，杂质多，异味重，价格低，经济效益不高；高纯辣椒碱具有许多生理活性，可镇痛消炎、活血化瘀，现已被广泛用于治疗风湿性关节炎、跌打损伤、冻伤、戒毒、镇痛、止痒、杀菌消炎等多种药物的生产，如德国的辣椒风湿膏，美国的戒毒针剂，中国的卡普欣软膏和辣椒止痛膏等；在农业上用作趋避害虫和有害生物防治的农药制剂；在军事上，辣椒碱是制造催泪弹、催泪枪和防卫武器的主要成分；在其他领域辣椒碱的应用也有报道，美国于1995年以辣椒碱类化合物应用于涂料，涂于轮船外壳阻止海藻和海洋生物附着，也可用于木材、金属、塑料等表面涂层。
辣度的检测标准
辣度的检测标准一、辣椒素类辣椒素类物质是辣椒中主要的辣味成分，其种类和含量直接影响辣椒的辣度。
因此，对辣椒素类物质的检测是辣度检测的重要环节。
1.1 辣椒碱（Capsaicin）辣椒碱是辣椒中最主要的辣味物质，也是决定辣椒辣度的主要成分。
其化学结构为8-甲基-N-香草基辛酰胺，分子式为C18H27NO3。
辣椒碱具有强烈的辛辣味道，在低浓度时即可产生辣味，而且对热稳定，因此常用于食品添加剂中。
1.2 二氢辣椒碱（Dihydrocapsaicin）二氢辣椒碱是辣椒中另一种重要的辣味物质，化学结构为9-甲基-N-香草基辛酰胺，分子式为C18H29NO3。
它的辣度比辣椒碱稍低，但在含量上通常比辣椒碱高。
1.3 异欧前胡素（Isolationophenol）和香兰素胺（Vanillylamide）这两种物质也是辣椒中常见的辣味成分，但含量相对较少。
异欧前胡素是一种弱的辛辣成分，而香兰素胺具有香草气味。
二、酰胺类酰胺类物质也是辣椒中常见的辣味成分，包括丙酰胺、戊酰胺、己酰胺等。
这类物质在低浓度时即可产生辣味，但与辣椒素类物质相比，其辣度较低。
三、酮类辣椒中含有一些酮类物质，如2-戊酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮等。
这些物质在低浓度时即可产生辣味，但同样其辣度也较低。
四、酚类酚类物质在辣椒中含量较少，主要包括儿茶酚、没食子酸等。
这些物质具有抗氧化作用，对提高辣椒的营养价值有一定的贡献。
五、其他有机酸类辣椒中还含有一些其他有机酸类物质，如苹果酸、柠檬酸等。
这些物质对提高辣椒的口感和风味起到一定的作用。
六、挥发性物质辣椒中含有大量的挥发性物质，如醇、醛、酮等。
这些物质对辣椒的香气和口感有很大的贡献。
通过检测这些物质的含量，可以对辣椒的质量进行一定的评估。
七、矿物质元素辣椒中含有多种矿物质元素，如钾、钙、磷等。
这些元素对辣椒的营养价值有一定的影响。
同时，通过对矿物质元素的检测，可以对辣椒的品种和质量进行一定的评估。
八、其他成分除了上述主要成分外，辣椒中还含有一些其他成分，如维生素C、胡萝卜素等。
合成 辣椒碱
二者除了具有比较接近的辣味外，其它的如：辣味口感\香味\化学成分\化学结构式\化学分子式\CAS №\挥发性\毒性与否\颜色\结晶形状\......是完全不一样的。
总的来说：是两种不同的物质！辣椒碱产品概述辣椒素又名辣椒碱（capsaicin），是一种含香草酰胺的生物碱，通常其制得途径主要有天然辣椒碱和合成辣椒碱。
天然辣椒碱是辣椒中辛辣味和具有药物功能的主要来源，因其品种、成熟程度等因素的不同，它在辣椒中的含量为0.1～1％之间。
天然辣椒碱是一种混合生物碱，由辣椒碱（～69％）、二氢辣椒碱（～22％）、降二氢辣椒碱（～7％）、高降二氢辣椒碱（～1％）、高辣椒碱（～1％）、和微量的壬酰荚兰胺、辛酰香荚兰胺等系列同类物族所组成，它们均为邻甲氧基酚的衍生物。
其中辣椒碱（8－甲基－N－香兰基－6－壬烯基酰胺）是天然辣椒碱中最具有强烈的辛辣味和非常强烈的刺激性，是辣椒果实中辛辣的主要化学成份。
其纯品为白色片状晶体，熔点为65-66℃，沸点范围为210～220℃，易溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、三氯甲烷、二氯甲、乙酸乙酯及碱性水溶液中,难溶于冷水，在高温下产生刺激性气体。
天然辣椒素具有抗病菌、抗肿瘤和镇痛消炎作用，能促进胃液分泌、增强食欲，促进血液循环，提高机体的抗病能力，还有驱虫、发汗、无瘾镇痛等功效；可用于高档特种防污涂料，可以防止海洋水生生物对船体的附着，在电缆料中加入适量的辣素，可以有效地驱赶老鼠对电缆的咬啃，在农药、医药、轻工、食品添加剂等方面具有较高的应用价值；在美国、西欧、日本、韩等国家，已经形成广阔的市场。
其中医药占60%，农药占5%，其他占25%。
但由于天然辣椒碱由香草酰胺的系列同系物组成，要得到高纯度的8－甲基－N－香兰基－6－壬烯基酰胺很困难。
目前我国市场高纯度的辣椒碱主要依赖进口，其价格高达4万元美金/公斤；国产95%天然辣椒碱市场销售价格也约4万元人民币/公斤。
因此最近，天然辣椒素的提取新工艺和高纯度纯化研究成为国内外此领域的研究热点。
天然辣椒碱
天然辣椒碱（capsaicin），是一种含香草酰胺的混合生物碱，是由辣椒碱（46%~69%），二氢辣椒碱（21%~40%），降二氢辣椒碱（~7%），高降二氢辣椒碱（~1%），和微量的壬酰荚兰胺，辛酰香荚兰胺等系列同类物族所组成，它们均为邻甲氧基酚的衍生物。
其中辣椒碱（8—甲基—N—香兰基—6—壬烯基酰胺）是天然辣椒碱中最具有强烈的辛辣味和非常强烈的刺激性，是辣椒果实中辛辣的主要化学成份。
其纯品为白色片状晶体，熔点为61—66℃，沸点范围为210—220℃，易溶于甲醇，乙醇，丙酮，三氯甲烷，二氯甲，乙酸乙酯及碱性水溶液中，难溶于冷水。
在高温下产生刺激性气体。
3.有效而强烈的抗炎作用，天然辣椒碱对丁酸菌引起的关节炎有显著抗炎性，对组织胺引发的人体皮肤炎症亦有显著抗炎作用。
4.快速渗透透皮作用，天然辣椒碱可迅速透过皮肤是很好的渗透剂，它可促使药物向病变部位加速移动。
利用天然辣椒碱抗炎性和透皮作用制成各种剂型用于外用药，治疗带状疱疹，风湿性关节炎，牛皮癣等。
利用天然辣椒碱透皮性使药物进入病靶，制作祛斑剂，消除老年斑，青春痘等。
二、抑制葡萄糖吸收和促使脂肪燃烧达到减肥的作用1.天然辣椒碱可降低肠内对葡萄糖的吸收，对血浆中葡萄糖增加起抑制作用。
天然辣椒碱能打开细胞膜上的Ca2+、Na+通道，阻止小肠吸收脂肪，抑制体内脂肪沉积。
天然辣椒碱具有燃烧脂肪活性，可使脂肪分解成CO2和H2O，排出体外。
2.利用天然辣椒碱燃烧脂肪的活性和透皮性，制作减肥膏霜，使其快速渗入皮肤将脂肪燃烧而分解成CO2和H2O排出体外，随意使身体的某个部位达到减肥作用。
3.利用天然辣椒碱抑制糖的吸收和脂肪的积累，制成防糖防脂口服药，预防糖尿病和肥胖症的发生。
三、天然辣椒碱不仅内服可以促进胃液分泌，增进食欲，缓解肠胃胀气，而且还可以改善消化功能和促进血液循环的功效。
四、将天然辣椒碱经过调剂制成醒脑内服片，可提神醒脑，如当司机疲劳驾驶的时候，服用后精神百倍，疲劳尽消。
辣椒碱的提取
2.医药保健方面的应用 我国是最早将辣椒作为药物使用的国家 之一, 中医用辣椒治疗胃寒, 风湿等症。国外 研究表明, 辣椒碱对带状疤疹后遗神经痛, 三 叉神经痛、糖尿病神经痛、风湿性关节炎、 骨关节炎、牛皮癣、秃发等有显著疗效, 还可 用于消炎、镇痛、麻醉和戒毒等方面。辣椒 碱的镇痛作用与吗啡等同, 但比吗啡更持久, 吗啡镇痛时间为6h,而辣椒碱可达7~10d。辣 椒碱还可抑制恶性肿瘤的发生, 美国匹兹堡大 学桑贾伊· 斯里瓦斯塔瓦研究小组发现辣椒碱 对胰腺癌细胞具有抑制作用。辣椒碱还有治 疗皮肤病、减肥等特殊功效。
三、辣椒碱的分离纯化
1.离子交换树脂法
•以干辣椒为原料，用甲醇回流提取，所得浸 膏以2％的盐酸溶解。乙醚萃取除去辣红素后， 上样离子交换柱，碱化后再以氯仿洗脱，得到 了较纯的辣椒碱。 •以辣椒精为原料，将辣椒精溶于1％氢氧化钠 的溶液中以2％的硫酸酸化，正己烷萃取并浓 缩得辣椒碱类化合物粗品（纯度82％～84％）。 粗品辣椒碱类化合物溶于氢氧化钠溶液中，经 离子交换法，以乙醇～乙酸乙酯洗脱、浓缩、 结晶得辣椒碱类化合物晶体，回收率为2.8％ (相对于辣素)。按GB10783～96标准检验，辣 椒碱的纯度为98.5％。
辣椒碱的提取
杨钰慧 生物科学1201班
辣椒碱的组成与性质
辣椒碱的提纯与测定
辣椒碱的分离纯化
辣椒碱的应用
一、辣椒碱的组成与性质
辣椒碱最早由Thres(1876)从辣椒果实 中分离出来, 并为它命名。其化学名称为8甲基-6癸烯香草基胺, 分子式为C18H21NO3， 是香草基胺的酞胺衍生。此后又有一些辣 椒碱的衍生物从辣椒碱中被发现, 它们统称 为辣椒素类物质。迄今为止, 已发现辣椒素 类物质约14种以上，它们相互之间只有R基 团有所不同。其中有五种组成物质的含量 之和已接近100%，它们的名称、含量、分 子式和结构式如下：
辣椒碱
辣椒碱（可用于食品、药物，化妆品的着色等）辣椒碱（Capsaicin）是一种天然的植物碱，是由茄科植物辣椒的成熟果实中提取得到的有效成分。
医用价值：辣椒碱及其软膏制剂已经收载于美国药典24版，广泛用于治疗：关节炎、肌肉疼痛、背痛、运动扭伤和带状疱疹后遗留神经痛等疾病。
美国医学会（AmericaMedicalAssociation）主持编著的《临床药物大典》将该药作为临床医生治疗疱疹后神经痛、糖尿病性神经痛的首选用药进行推介。
目前主要用作外用止痛剂、戒毒镇痛剂、止痒剂、健胃消食剂、预防心脏病药、减肥药、杀虫剂等。
临床应用：外用止痛剂（辣椒碱软膏），用于风寒病痛，使皮肤局部血管起反射性扩张，促进局部血液循环，故有去淤肿和利关节功效；戒毒、强效镇痛剂，美国科学家研究发现，高纯度辣椒碱制成的戒毒针剂，是一种广谱高效的戒毒新药，几乎对所有毒瘾都具有强大的戒毒作用，用辣椒碱制成的镇痛针剂对因大面积创伤、癌症晚期等产生的剧痛尤有强大的镇痛作用；健胃消食剂，辣椒能刺激口腔黏膜，反射性增加胃的运动，增加消化酶的活性，从而具有促进食欲、改善消化功能的作用；治疗各种皮肤病如顽固性牛皮癣、荨麻疹、湿疹、神经性皮炎、瘙痒症以及血液透析引起的瘙痒症。
军用价值：辣椒碱在军事上可以用于制作催泪弹、催泪枪和防卫武器。
其它价值：在船舶涂料生产中用作无公害辣味防污漆添加剂；在农业生产中用作环保型绿色生物农药；添加到电线、电缆、光缆护套中可防止老鼠、白蚁的食蚀伤害；在建筑材料生产中用作防白蚁涂料，也可用于木材、金属、塑料等表面涂层。
辣椒碱市场价值：据农业科技报报道，全球需要辣椒碱5000吨。
产量只有1200吨。
中国辣椒碱产量只有200多吨，市场缺口300吨。
辣椒碱深加工和精加工可使辣椒碱增值一倍、甚至十倍，百倍，国际市场上辣椒碱每公斤售价高达4万美元以上。
作用机理：辣椒碱的作用机理是它作用于C型感觉神经元上的P物质，从而使局部疼痛消失。
辣椒碱的合成研究进展
DOI：10.13822/ki.hxsj.2021007833 化学试剂，2021,43(2)，163〜167辣椒碱的合成研究进展邹帅•，王金玉，于艳杰，闫增元，薛田(中国人民解放军61699部队，湖北枝江443200)摘要：辣椒碱（反式8-甲基-/V-香草基-6-壬烯酰胺）是辣椒中产生辛辣及刺激性味道的主要生物活性物质，是一种含香草酰胺的生物碱，具有重要的生理、药理活性，被广泛应用于医药、食品、农业、涂料及军事领域，具有巨大的市场需求。
然 而从天然辣椒中提取分离的辣椒碱纯度低、产率低，难以实现规模化制备。
因此，化学家们致力于发展化学合成法制备高纯度、高产率的辣椒碱。
系统总结了现有辣椒碱的合成方法，并简单介绍了反应特点，以期为发展辣椒碱规模化制备工艺提供参考。
关键词：辣椒碱；合成；研究进展；生物活性；生物碱中图分类号：〇626.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0258-3283( 2021) 02-0163-05Progress in Synthesis of Capsaicin ZOU Shuai*, Wang Jin-yu, YU Yan-jiey YAN Z eng-yuan, XUE Tian( Chinese People's Liberation Army 61699 Troops,Zhijiang 443200，China)，Huaxue Shiji,2021，43(2)，163〜167Abstract ： Capsaicin ( CAP , fra/i5-8-methyl-A^-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the primary bioactive substance in chili peppers that produces the spicy and irritating.lt is an alkaloid containing vanillamide and has important physiological and pharmacological activities and is widely used in medicine, food, agriculture, coatings and military fields.lt also has huge market demand. However, the capsaicin extracted and separated from natural peppers has low purity and low yield,making it difficult to achieve large-scale production.Therefore, chemists are committed to the development of chemical synthesis to prepare high-purity and high-yield capsaicin. It systematically summarizes the existing synthesis methods of capsaicin and briefly introduces the reaction characteristics, with a view to developing a large-scale production process of capsaicin for reference.Key words ： capsaicin ； synthesis ； research progress ； bioactive ； alkaloid辣椒是世界上最常用的香料之一，以其辛辣及刺激性而闻名。
绿色农药辣椒碱――在厦门问世
生产成本降低
随着技术的进步和规模化 生产，绿色农药辣椒碱的 生产成本不断降低，提高 了产品的市场竞争力。
市场现状与趋势
市场需求增长
绿色农药辣椒碱在国内外市场上 的需求量逐年增长，对产品的品 质、效果和安全性提出了更高的
要求。
市场竞争力提升
厦门的绿色农药辣椒碱产品具有 较高的品质和安全性，赢得了国 内外市场的认可，市场竞争力不
国际化合作
厦门的绿色农药辣椒碱产业积极开展国际化合作，与国际 先进企业开展合作交流，引进先进技术和管理经验，提升 了产业的国际竞争力。
04
绿色农药辣椒碱的未来发展与挑战
技术创新与研发方向
持续研发高效低毒的农药
随着人们环保意识的增强和对食品安全的关注，研发高效低毒、 对环境友好的农药成为未来的重要方向。
剂型与配方研发
研发出适宜的剂型和配方，提高了辣椒碱的使用效果和稳定性。
厦门绿色农药辣椒碱的推广与应用情况
推广情况
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2
宣传培训：通过举办培训班、技术讲座、现场会 等形式，向农民和农业技术人员宣传推广绿色农 药辣椒碱。
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与农业合作社合作：与当地农业合作社合作，提 供技术指导和支持，鼓励农民使用绿色农药辣椒 碱。
厦门绿色农药辣椒碱的研发过程与成果展示
成果展示
辣椒碱高效提取技术：成功开发出高效提取辣椒碱的技术，提高了提取效率和纯度。
生物活性验证：证实了辣椒碱对多种农业害虫具有显著的生物活性，且具有低毒、低残留的 优点。
厦门绿色农药辣椒碱的研发过程与成果展示
安全性评估
经过严格的安全性评估，证明辣椒碱对人体和环境均具有较高的安全性。
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相关链接与参考文献
相关链接（包括厦门市农业农村局、厦门市科技局等官方 网站）
辣椒碱饲料添加剂的功能和应用
从辣椒 中提取 的辣 椒碱 ，是一种 高辛辣 香草 酰氨 素 等 天然色 素在蛋黄 巾的沉 积 ，改 善鸡 肉味道 。辣椒
类 牛 物碱 ，是 辣 椒辛 辣 味 的来源 ，具有 抑菌 、诱食 、开 碱 饲 料添 ＤｌｌＮ 可以提 高 猪 、鸡 、牛等 多种 畜 禽生 产性
胃 、增加 消化 液分泌 等 多种生 物学功 能 在 饲料 中添 能 ，增 强抗 病 力 ，减缓 应 激 反心 ．防 止饲料 霉 变 ，是一
加 辣椒 碱 ，可 以提高 禽畜采 食量 和 Ｈ增 重 ，改 善饲 料 种 新型优 质纯天然 饲料添 加剂 、
利 用效率 ，提 高抗病 力 ，改 善 肉质 ，而 且辣椒 碱无 毒剐 １ 辣椒 的种植 生产 情况
作 用 、健 康环保 。辣 椒碱 对枯草 杆菌 、变形链 球 菌 、幽
辣椒是 人 类最 喜爱 的蔬 菜之 一 ，种 植遍布 界各
ａｎｄ ｄａｉｌｙ ｇａｉｎ ｎｆ ｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋ， ｉｍｔｎ’ｏｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｅｅｄ ｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ａｎｄ ｅｒｒｈａｎｃｅ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ｒｅｃａｌ ａｎｄ ｃｈｅｍ ｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ｂｉｏｈ）ｇｉｃａｌ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ，ｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｔｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｌ１ ｉｎ
ａｎｉｍａｌ ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇ．ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ ａｎｄ ｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ ｔｅｔ’ｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｏｆ ｃａｐｓａｉｃｉｎ ａｌ’ｅ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ．
０ 。 ：：：ｃａｐｓａｉｃｉｎ；ａｎｔｉ—ｂａｃｔｍ。ｉａｌ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ；ａｐｐｅｔｉｚｉｎｇ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ；ｇｌ’ｏｗｄｌ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ；ｆｅｅｄ ａｔＭｉｔｉｖｅ
辣椒碱检测
迪信泰检测平台
辣椒碱检测
辣椒碱（capsaicin），又称辣椒素，是一种极度辛辣的香草酰胺类生物碱，也是辣椒属植物红辣椒的活性成分，存在于茄科植物辣椒及其变种中。
广泛用于治疗关节炎、肌肉疼痛、背痛、运动扭伤和带状疱疹后遗留神经痛等疾病。
迪信泰检测平台采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液质联用(LC-MS)技术，可高效、精准的检测辣椒碱的含量变化。
此外，迪信泰检测平台还提供生物碱检测服务，以满足您的不同需求。
HPLC和LC-MS测定辣椒碱样本要求：
1. 请确保样本量大于0.2g或者0.2mL。
周期：2~3周。
项目结束后迪信泰检测平台将会提供详细中英文双语技术报告，报告包括：
1. 实验步骤（中英文）。
2. 相关质谱参数（中英文）。
3. 质谱图片。
4. 原始数据。
5. 辣椒碱含量信息。
迪信泰检测平台可根据需求定制其他物质测定方案，具体可免费咨询技术支持。
辣椒碱辣椒碱,工艺,提取
The effects of chronic low-dose capsaicin treatment on substance P levelsNuray Erin a ,⁎,Berrin Z ık b ,Münevver Sar ıgül a ,Şerife Tütüncüba Department of Internal Medicine ,Faculty of Medicine,Akdeniz University,Antalya,TurkeybDepartment of Histology-Embryology,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Uludag University,Bursa,Turkeya b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 7July 2008Received in revised form 2October 2008Accepted 8October 2008Available online 5November 2008Keywords:Neuronal SPNon-neuronal SP Low dose Capsaicin Skin LungCapsaicin,the pungent ingredient of red pepper,is consumed in varying amounts by many ethnic groups.It serves both therapeutically and as a speci fic tool to investigate sensory neurons.Although effects of high capsaicin doses are well-established,systemic effects of chronic low-dose capsaicin exposure are unknown.Sprague-Dawley rats (21-day old)were injected with capsaicin (0.5mg/kg,ip)for 6and 19days.Changes in Substance P (SP)levels of lung and skin were measured.Two-step sequential acetic acid extraction was used to estimate neuronal and non-neuronal SP.Six-day,but not 19-day capsaicin treatment decreased SP levels in first as well as second extractions of both tissues.Because the cumulative dose used here was much lower than the neurotoxic doses of capsaicin,initial decrease of SP levels must be due to continuous release of SP from nerve endings as well as non-neuronal tissues.The fact that SP levels returned to control values at the end of 19-day treatment demonstrates that reactive increases in SP synthesis occurred.These findings suggest that systemic exposure to low-dose capsaicin enhances sensory nerve function and also increases SP in non-neuronal tissues.In addition,signi ficantly decreased SP levels of both tissues were observed in 40-day,compared to 27-day old rats.©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionCapsaicin,the pungent ingredient of red pepper,is used topically to treat post-hepatic neuralgia,diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthritis [1].These therapeutic applications of capsaicin are based on modi fication of sensory nerve endings.After initial irritation,capsaicin renders animals and man insensitive to further noxious stimuli [2,3].Capsaicin is also used widely to examine the function of sensory neurons,speci fically peripheral C-fibers.High doses of capsaicin cause desensitization to chemical stimuli,loss of neurogenic in flammation,and depletion of neuropeptides.Neuropeptides,mod-ulate immune response,blood flow,as well as cell proliferation,playing an important role in tissue modeling and wound healing [4,5].Substance P,a sensory neuropeptide,mediates some pathophy-siological effects of capsaicin.Capsaicin causes acute release of SP from terminals of primary sensory neurons [6],followed by long-lasting depletion of SP [7].Wound healing is delayed markedly in animals treated with capsaicin neonatally,causing permanent degeneration of C-fibers.In these animals,injection of SP restores the skins'healing capacity [8].Besides wound healing,SP is involved in multiple fundamental functions,such as immune regulation,control of cancer progression and in flammation.For example aerosolized Substance P decreasesin flammation and number of lung tumors due to side stream cigarette smoke in rats [9].Capsaicin is used not only as a research tool and as a topical ointment for treatment of pain,but also is consumed as hot chili pepper.The amount varies among ethnically different groups but most people are exposed to low levels of capsaicin through diet.Although effects of high dose capsaicin are well-established,effects of repeated exposure to low doses are unknown.Hence,the goal of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of repeated exposure to low doses of capsaicin in adolescent (3week-old)rats.We also examined levels of Substance P in control animals with 2-week age difference to determine whether content of sensory neurons changes rapidly during this critical period of transition from adolescence to adulthood.2.Material and methods 2.1.AnimalsIn the present study,30immature female Sprague-Dawley rats (both sexes,21days old were used.Animals used in these experiments were born in the same day.Rats were inbred in Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center,Uludag University,Turkey.Animals provided with food and water ad libitum,were housed five per cage,in controlled conditions of temperature (20–24°C),humidity (60–70%)and12h light/dark cycle.Experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Uludag University.Regulatory Peptides 153(2009)83–87⁎Corresponding author.Akdeniz University,School of Medicine B-blok kat 1Immunoloji Antalya 07070Turkey.E-mail address:nerin@.tr (N.Erin).0167-0115/$–see front matter ©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2008.10.007Contents lists available at ScienceDirectRegulatory Peptidesj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w ww.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /re g p e p2.2.Experimental protocolCapsaicin (Sigma Chemical Co)was prepared in a solvent consisting of 10%methanol ,10%Tween 80,and 80%distilled water).The rats were divided at random into the following groups of five each:1A.6-day capsaicin injected (0.5mg/kg,intra peritoneal everyday)1B.6-day vehicle injected1C.Age-matched control group (no-injection).2A.19-day capsaicin injected (0.5mg/kg,everyday)2B.19-day vehicle injected2C.Age-matched control group (no-injection).Rats were sacri ficed 2days after the last dose by ether and tissues,removed quickly were frozen in liquid nitrogen.Multiple skin tissues were taken from the back of the animal after hair was removed with a blade.Samples were kept at −80°C until extraction.Extraction of Substance P was performed,as described before,without column extraction [10].Brie fly,30–50mg tissue were cut into small pieces and kept in 1ml of 2%acetic acid at 95°C for 15min.Supernatants were kept for the first extraction.Tissues reincubated in 1ml of 2%acetic acid at 95°C for 45min and supernatants were kept for the second extraction.Supernatants dried out completely in a speed-vacuum,were resuspended in sample buffer of SP EIA kit.SP EIA kit was from Cayman Chem.,Catalog No.583751.It was veri fied by multiple studiesthat SP antibody used here recognize intact peptide and shows 100%speci fic for SP,93%for SP (2–11),30%for SP (7–11)and it did not cross-react with neurokinin A (2.7%)or neurokinin B (0.04%)[11,12].It was also reported by using HPLC that SP-like immunoreactivity measured by SP EIA come from SP,SP2–11,SP5–11,and SP4–11but not C-terminal fragments smaller than SP5–11because the antiserum used in the EIA was speci fic for the C-terminal portion of SP [13].Statistical Analysis was performed using either ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer multiple comparison test or Student's t-test.p b 0.05was considered signi ficant.3.Results3.1.Sub chronic treatment with low doses of capsaicin alters Substance P levels in skin and lung21day old rats were injected with low-dose capsaicin (0.5mg/kg,ip)every day for 6to 19days.The placebo group received the vehicle everyday.We here used a two step acetic acid extraction in order to determine changes in neuronal and non-neuronal SP levels.In this assay,first extraction includes SP found in capsaicin sensitive nerve endings and non-neuronal tissues while second extraction includes SP in non-neuronal tissue (submitted for publication).As seen Fig.1,levels of SP in first,as well as second,extractions of skin samples were markedly decreased following treatment with 0.5mg/kg capsaicin for 6days (Fig.1A).Total SP level also decreased in lung,it differentlywasFig.1.The effects of 6-day capsaicin treatment on Substance P (SP)levels.Sprague-Dawley rats (21-days old,n =5)injected with 0.5mg/kg capsaicin (ip)daily for 6days.As described in Methods two-step sequential acetic acid extraction was used to estimate neuronal and non-neuronal SP content.SP levels were expressed as pg of peptide per gram of tissue.Panel A –results from the skin and Panel B –results from the lung.⁎Signi ficantly different from vehicle-injected group with ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post test;#signi ficantly different from vehicle-injected group witht-test).Fig.2.The effects of 19-day capsaicin treatment on Substance P (SP)levels.Sprague-Dawley rats (21-days old,n =5)injected with 0.5mg/kg capsaicin (ip)daily for 19days.As described in Methods two-step sequential acetic acid extraction was used to estimate neuronal and non-neuronal SP content.SP levels were expressed as pg of peptide per gram of tissue.Panel A –results from the skin and Panel B –results from the lung.⁎p b 0,05signi ficantly different from vehicle-injected group with ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post test.84N.Erin et al./Regulatory Peptides 153(2009)83–87mostly con fined to second extraction (Fig.1B).The cumulative dose of capsaicin used here was much lower than the toxic dose (3mg/kg vs 50–125mg/kg)hence decreased levels might be due to continuous release and consequently depletion of SP by everyday injection.It was,however,surprising to observe marked changes in second extraction (even more than first extraction)in both tissues.When duration of capsaicin treatment increased from 6days to 19days,SP levels altered differently.Total SP levels,as well as SP recovered in the first extractions of skin and lung,were unchanged at the end of 19-days of treatment.Surprisingly,SP levels increased in second extractions obtained from skin samples (Fig.2A).3.2.Age dependent changes in SP levels during adolescenceChanges in SP levels by advanced-age have been reported previously in rodents.Previous studies mostly compared adult animals (approximately 3months old)with aged ones (e.g.28months old).None of the published studies examined the critical period between adolescence to adulthood.We have observed that even a 2weeks age difference during this period markedly affect SP levels.Speci fically,total SP levels of both lung and skin markedly decreased in 40-day old rats compared to 27-day old ones (Fig.3).This decline was more prominent in first extraction of skin (Fig.3A),whereas a signi ficant decrease was observed in second extraction of lung samples (Fig.3B).These results demonstrate that the period fromadolescence to adulthood is critical for the plasticity of these nerve endings which seem to be changing continuously.3.3.Everyday injection and handling for 6days in adolescent rats increased Substance P levelsIt is well-known that stressful conditions alter neuropeptide content.Here we demonstrate that even mild stress during adoles-cence markedly alters Substance P levels.Effects of injection for 6days on SP levels differed among tissues examined.For example,in lung,SP measured in first extraction and total levels increased signi ficantly after 6-day injection of vehicle.In skin samples,however increased SP content was observed only in second extraction whereas total amount was unchanged (Fig.4A and B).This is surprising since stress-induced alterations of neuropeptide content would be expected to be con fined to neuronal origin.Here,we observed the opposite for skin;SP levels were not different in the first extractions,demonstrating that SP in capsaicin-sensitive neurons was not altered.These data demonstrate that even mild repeated stress markedly alters SP content of tissues.This result should be taken into consideration during experimental design.4.DiscussionA major source of SP was thought to be the primary sensory neurons sensitive to capsaicin.Systemic high dose capsaicin treatment,whichFig. 3.Age-dependent changes in Substance P (SP)levels.The levels of SP were compared between 27-days old (n =5)and 40-day old Sprague-Dawley rats (n =5).As described in Methods two-step sequential extraction was used to estimate neuronal and non-neuronal SP content.SP levels were expressed as pg of peptide per gram of tissue.Panel A –results from the skin and Panel B –results from the lung.⁎Signi ficantly different from from 27-day old group with ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post test;#signi ficantly different from 27-day old group witht-test.Fig.4.The effects of handling-injection stress on Substance P (SP)levels.Sprague-Dawley rats (21-days old)injected with vehicle (ip)daily for 6days (n =5).As described in Methods two-step sequential extraction was used to estimate neuronal and non-neuronal SP content.SP levels were expressed as pg of peptide per gram of tissue.Panel A –results from the skin of 6-day injected animals,Panel B –results from the lung of 6-day injected animals,⁎Signi ficantly different from control group with ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post test;#signi ficantly different from control group with t-test.85N.Erin et al./Regulatory Peptides 153(2009)83–87depletes SP in sensory neurons,however,caused only approximately 50%decrease in tissue SP levels[10].Similarly SP was also found in fibroblasts,endothelial and immune cells[14,15],demonstrating the presence of SP in non-neuronal tissues.Because SP in sensory neurons may function differently from non-neuronal SP,we here used a two step acetic acid extraction to determine changes in neuronal as well as non-neuronal SP.Our results demonstrate that for thefirst time that repeated exposure to low dose capsaicin alters SP levels infirst and second extractions,pointing to changes in non-neuronal tissue.We have specifically demonstrated that treatment with a low capsaicin dose(0.5mg/kg)daily for6days induces comparable decreases in SP fraction of thefirst,as well as second,extraction from skin.In lung tissue,marked reduction of SP levels was observed in second extraction which suggests that capsaicin-induced neuropeptides may induce SP release and hydrolysis in non-neuronal cells.In support of ourfindings, neutral endopeptidase,a cell surface peptide with hydrolyzing activity of SP,was upregulated infibroblasts by exogenous SP[14].Capsaicin causes acute release of SP from terminals of primary sensory neurons[6],followed by long-lasting depletion of SP[7]. Decreased levels of SP after6-day capsaicin injections are probably due to depletion from continuous SP release by nerve endings and non-neuronal cells.Although literature documented that capsaicin depletes SP from nerve endings,it is also possible that capsaicin may inhibit SP synthesis.We are,however,not able to distinguish between an inhibition of SP release and an inhibition of SP synthesis in the current work.Previous studies demonstrated that tachyphylaxis occurs for capsaicin under in-vitro conditions,SP release diminishing in the continuous presence of capsaicin[6,16,17];however,this probably is not applicable for low dose capsaicin under in-vivo conditions.If tachyphylaxis occurred in-vivo,there should be either no change in SP levels or slight elevation due to reactive increases in biosynthesis as demonstrated before.Specifically single subcutaneous dose of50mg/kg capsaicin decreased SP levels5h later,whereas increased4days afterward,demonstrating that within4days, capsaicin-induced decreases are not only compensated,but also SP biosynthesis increased[18].In addition,the cumulative dose used here (3mg/kg total)was markedly lower than neurotoxic doses of SP(50–125mg/kg)[6].Total SP levels,however,returned to control levels in the group that received capsaicin for19days.Together with previous findings,this demonstrated that despite continuous release reactive increases occurred in neuronal tissue.Interestingly,SP recovered in the second skin extraction increased,demonstrating that,reactive increases in biosynthesis in non-neuronal cells were even more than neuronal cells.Similarly exogenous SP was reported to upregulate PPT-A mRNA expression and SP levels infibroblasts[14].Increased SP following chronic low dose capsaicin treatment and possible increased sensory nerve activity might be significant in prevention and treatment of certain diseases.It was reported that inactivation of capsaicin sensitive neurons markedly enhanced breast cancer metastases to lung and heart in a murine model[19].Similarly, exogenous administration of SP delayed melanoma growth by inducing cytotoxic immunity[20].Intact capsaicin sensitive neurons,as well as SP, are required for wound healing[21],which can be critical,especially in diabetic patients[22].Sensory neuropathies predispose to skin ulcera-tion[23],as well as to connective tissue malfunction[24].Similarly substance P(SP),released by sensory nerves,protected against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced hypotension[25].Lastly,it was suggested that supplementation of food with capsaicin,which stimu-lates SP release,may help prevent aspiration pneumonia[26].The thirdfinding of this study was that SP levels changes rapidly during the critical period between adolescence and early adulthood. We herein compared27-day old rats with40-day old ones and observed significantly decreased SP levels in both lung and skin.The effect was more prominent in thefirst extraction of skin,demonstrat-ing that the age-dependent decrease is due mostly to neuronal plasticity.In accordance with ourfindings,Hislop et al demonstrated that airway innervation between0to3.5year old and8.3–10.75year old children differ significantly.Specifically,fewer peptide-containing nerves occurred in the bronchioli and respiratory units of older children[27].Previous animal studies examined broader age range, e.g.3months apart starting from3-month old animals;levels of SP were constant until28months of age when levels increased two-fold [28].These observations together with ours,suggest that neuronal changes are most marked during adolescence and in elderly.Lastly,we observed that even mild injection-handling stress in adolescent animals markedly alters SP levels.It is well-known that stressful conditions alter neuropeptide content.It was previously shown that isolation stress for24h increased SP levels in the central nervous system[29].Plasticity of the cutaneous peptidergic innervation in response to sonic stress was reported in mouse skin,such that the number of SP+nervefibers in the back skin of C57BL/6mice increased significantly[30].Interestingly,we here observe that increased SP levels due to handling-injection stress was more prominent in second extractions especially in skin,suggesting that stress also affects levels of non-neuronal SP.It is likely that neuromediators released during stress alter peptide levels in non-neuronal cells.In conclusion our results demonstrate that systemic exposure to low-dose capsaicin may enhance sensory nerve function and Substance P levels.These effects may have therapeutic applications. Further studies are needed to document beneficial effects of chronic low-dose capsaicin treatment for various diseases,such as cancer and wound healing.We also observed that during adolescent life,rapid plasticity of sensory neurons stly mild stress alters neuronal and non-neuronal Substance P contents of lung and skin during adolescence,affect that should be taken into consideration in the design of certain experiments.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by funds from Akdeniz University Research Units,Antalya,Turkey and from TÜBİTAK-TOVAG(The scientific and technological research council of Turkey;project no:104 O372),from Loreal Young Investigator Award,and from The Young Scientists Award Programme(GEBİP)of Turkish Academy of Sciences. 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辣椒碱标准方程的建立用分光光度法测定辣椒碱含量由于香兰素结构中苯环及所带基团与辣椒碱一样，本实验以香兰素为标准品，参考相关资料[3]，选择最佳吸收波长为760nm 实验得标准回归曲线方程：样品含量测定方法将辣椒碱提取液浓缩的浸膏用0.1mol/LNaOH 溶液溶解，抽滤液用0.1mol/LNaOH 溶液定容至50mL，即为待测原液吸取待测原液2mL 于10mL 容量瓶中，用0.1mol/LNaOH 溶液定容至10mL 取该液1mL 于10mL 容量瓶中，加入1mL 钨酸钠磷钼酸显色剂，充分振荡混匀，用饱和碳酸钠溶液定容至10mL 在波长为760nm 下，用1cm 光径的比色皿测定吸光度A，以0.1mol/LNaOH 溶液作为空白辣椒碱对照品(美国Sigma公司);摘要: 辣椒果实中的辣味成分包括辣椒碱及其衍生物(统称为辣椒碱类化合物), 其中, 引起辛辣味的主要化学成分辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱约占总量的90%以上。
本试验的目的是检测不同辣椒品种的不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量。
因此建立了高效液相色谱方法, 采用色谱条件为: C18色谱柱( 46mm 250mm,5m ), 1磷酸水溶液乙腈( 600 400) 为流动相, 流速为1。
5mL /m in, 柱温为30 , 检测波长为281nm。
该法简便, 结果准确, 可用于测定辣椒中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量。
利用该方法, 检测了不同辣椒品种的不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量, 结果发现印度Te ja中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量最高; 辣椒果实不同部位辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量的趋势为胎座> 果肉> 种子, 为合理选择果实不同部位生产辣椒碱提供参考。
辣椒起源于南美洲的秘鲁和中美洲的墨西哥一带, 约16世纪末传入中国, 被作为药物和调味品使用。
辣椒中含有多种有效成分, 引起辛辣味的物质为辣椒碱类化合物, 其中最主要的成分为辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱。
有研究表明, 辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的合成与辣椒种类和品种有着密切的关系, 辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的分布也非均匀分布。
本文主要目的是建立HPLC 法测定辣椒中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量的方法, 并且利用该方法测定了不同辣椒品种的不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量, 为辣椒质量控制提供参考丙酮辣椒碱又称辣椒素（capsaicin)，辣椒果实中的主要呈辣物质。
最早由Thresh在1876 年从辣椒果实中分离出来，并命名为辣椒碱（capsaicin）。
此后，又有一些辣椒碱的同系物在辣椒果实中被发现，他们被统称为辣椒碱类物质，至今已发现约14 种以上的辣椒碱类物质。
其中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱(dihydrocapsaicin) 约占总量的90 %以上，其余仅占少量。
辣椒碱是一种极度辛辣的香草酰胺类生物碱。
其化学结构名称为: -8-甲基-(反)-6-壬烯酰胺。
纯品为白色片状结晶, 熔点为65-66℃。
易溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、氯仿及乙醚中, 也可溶于碱性水溶液, 在高温下会产生刺激性气体。
它可被水解为香草基胺和癸烯酸, 因其具有酚羟基而呈弱酸性, 且可与斐林试剂发生呈色反应。
通常采用从天然辣椒中提取的方法来制取辣椒碱。
早期的方法是将鲜红的干辣椒粉碎后，用乙醚或乙醇等有机溶剂抽提，浓缩得到一种暗红色至橙红色油状液体，这种油状物在国际上统称为辣椒油树脂，其主要成分为辣椒碱、二氢辣椒碱、正二氢辣椒碱、高二氢辣椒碱、辣椒红色素、胡萝卜素、黄色素以及柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸等多种物质。
此步得率一般占干果重量的1%左右。
辣椒油树脂再经乙醚，稀乙醇和碱性水溶液，或石油醚，二氯乙烷等溶剂进一步抽提浓缩后，经石油醚或正己烷结晶可得粗辣椒碱晶体。
用气相色谱法分析粗辣椒碱结晶成分，其中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量占76%~96%。
近年来，在辣椒碱的制备上出现了不少新工艺、新方法，如离子交换法、超临界流体萃取法、液-液萃取法、乙醇提取法、经生物细胞培养制取、化学合成辣椒碱结构类似物等。
辣椒碱的应用广泛，目前在食品工业中用作添加剂的一般都属于低纯度辣椒碱产品，杂质多，异味重，价格低，经济效益不高；高纯辣椒碱具有许多生理活性，可镇痛消炎、活血化瘀，现已被广泛用于治疗风湿性关节炎、跌打损伤、冻伤、戒毒、镇痛、止痒、杀菌消炎等多种药物的生产，如德国的辣椒风湿膏，美国的戒毒针剂，中国的卡普欣软膏和辣椒止痛膏等；在农业上用作趋避害虫和有害生物防治的农药制剂；在军事上，辣椒碱是制造催泪弹、催泪枪和防卫武器的主要成分；在其他领域辣椒碱的应用也有报道，美国于1995年以辣椒碱类化合物应用于涂料，涂于轮船外壳阻止海藻和海洋生物附着，也可用于木材、金属、塑料等表面涂层。
1辣椒碱的制备·············1.1辣椒碱的提取：早期辣椒碱的提取用鲜红的干辣椒经粉碎后用有机溶剂抽提，浓缩后得到一种红色至橙红色的油状液体。
这种油状液体称辣椒油树脂，其中含有辣椒碱、二氢辣椒碱、正二氢辣椒碱和高二氢辣椒碱、辣椒红色素、胡萝卜素及酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸等多种成分。
辣椒油树脂再经乙醚、稀乙醇和碱性水溶液，或石油醚、二氯乙烷等溶剂进一步抽提后，经石油醚或正乙烷结晶可得粗辣椒碱结晶。
目前，辣椒碱的提取方法主要有乙醇法、丙酮法、酸碱法、超临界CO2萃取法等。
周端美等对红辣椒进行超临界CO2萃取，用循环法测定了辣椒红色素及辣椒碱地超临界流体中的溶解度，并对以水、乙醇、丙酮为夹带剂的萃取效果进行了比较，得出了几种夹带剂对辣椒碱溶解度增大效应及选择性作用顺序为水＞乙醇＞丙酮。
贵州五倍子发展有限公司利用超临界CO2萃取技术，从辣椒中提取出纯白色辣椒碱晶体，其工艺独特，产品的品质和纯度均高于国内外同类产品，并实现了批量生产。
3辣椒碱生物活性3.1治疗疼痛：辣椒碱碱临床主要应用于治疗及缓解顽固性疼痛及瘙痒等症状。
如治疗带状疱疹后神经痛、糖尿病性神经痛、风湿性关节炎和骨关节炎、银屑病与瘙痒等。
美国科研人员将辣椒中提取出的辣椒碱应用于消炎、镇痛、麻醉和戒毒方面。
辣椒碱的镇痛作用与吗啡等同，但比吗啡更持久，吗啡镇痛时间为6h，而辣椒碱可达7～10d。
3.2抗炎作用：肖安菊等研究辣椒碱的抗炎作用，将辣椒素霜作用于二甲苯、巴豆油所致耳廓肿胀的小鼠，结果发现，使用辣椒素霜后，小鼠肿胀耳廓质量明显减轻，说明辣椒素对二甲苯、巴豆油所致小鼠耳廓肿胀有明显抑制作用，从而揭示辣椒碱具有抗炎作用。
张范英等利用辣椒碱对实验性变应性鼻炎进行治疗，组织病理学显示，经辣椒碱处理后，炎性细胞明显减少，黏膜结构恢复正常。
3.3抗菌作用：杨海燕等研究表明，辣椒碱能够抑制食品中主要细菌及真菌，如大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、啤酒酵母、澳大利亚酵母等，但对霉菌类无抑制作用。
辣椒碱在不同的pH值范围内均较稳定，在中性条件下能够很好地发挥抑菌作用；抑菌作用在高温下也较稳定。
3.4其他方面：辣椒碱对害虫的触杀作用明显，害虫与辣椒碱接触后即表现麻痹（不活动、不取食）、瘫痪，最终死亡的现象。
刘新等研究了辣椒碱对桃蚜的生物活性及其与几种杀虫剂的联合作用，结果表明，辣椒碱对桃蚜具有较强的毒力和良好的防治效果，与阿维菌素和三唑磷复配增效明显，而辣椒碱与高效氯氰菊酯复配，拮抗作用明显。
5展望我国是一个辣椒碱生产和消费大国，但在辣椒的系统研究与产品开发方面与国外相比有一定的差距。
辣椒碱在医药工业等方面应用前景广阔，在现有研究的基础上，应在辣椒碱的生物合成、最佳提取与分离纯化工艺、药理作用的研究等方面给予足够的重视及深入研究，为辣椒碱的应用提供理论及技术支持。
同时，对辣椒碱进行结构修饰，合成其类似物，重点关注在止痛、抗炎方面的活性，以期发现新的止痛药物及消炎药物。
乙醇和酸性水溶液提取辣椒碱的最佳工艺分别为60%乙醇溶液，3倍量，在70℃下提取3次，每次1h和1%盐酸溶液，1倍量，在80℃下提取3次，每次3h。
辣椒中辣椒碱含量因辣椒的品种、产地、栽培条件和生长周期等因素的不同而差异很大，其次还受到提取工艺的影响。
从提取工艺的筛选结果看，采用乙醇溶液提取辣椒碱的效果略优于采用盐酸水溶液提取。
但二者的提取机制略有不同，乙醇在提取中是起着溶剂的作用，而盐酸溶剂是作为质子酸与辣椒碱作用，从正交试验结果看，提取率随着酸度的提高而提高，可能酸度提高，提取率还将提高，有待于进一步通过试验验证。
此外，酸性水溶液提取还有如下优点:①提取液成本低，且不必回收，能耗和物耗少，综合成本低;②工艺较简单，设备投入少，无挥发废气产生，对车间安全生产要求不高，为工业化生产创造有利条件。
所以，采用酸水提取工艺目前虽尚不成熟，还有待完善，但从长远考虑，将有广阔的应用前景。
辣椒碱，是辣椒中含有的一种及其辛辣的香草酰胺类生物碱。
是以优质干红辣椒为原料，采用改性溶剂法，通过粉碎、萃取、分离、浓缩、精制、纯化而得到的片状或针状晶体。
高纯辣椒碱具有许多生理活性，可镇痛消炎、活血化瘀。
(2)溶剂法：溶剂法是指将去除次品杂质的干辣椒磨成粉后，在一定温度条件下用有机溶剂如丙酮、乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、三氯乙烷、正己烷等进行浸提，将浸提液浓缩得到粗辣椒油树脂，减压蒸馏得粗制品。
但这种粗制品含杂质多，同时还带有辣椒特有的辣味，为此需采用多种改进方法，以消除杂质及异味。
其主要方法有：①先将粗制的辣椒油树脂进行水蒸汽蒸馏，去除辣椒异味，再用碱水处理，有机溶剂提取，蒸馏得到辣椒红素；或先用碱水处理辣椒油树脂，然后用溶剂提取，浓缩，添加与油溶法相同的食用油，再用水蒸汽蒸馏以除去异味。
②在辣椒油树脂中加入脂肪醇与碱性物质如甲醇—甲醇钠，乙醇—乙醇钠，正丙醇—正丙醇钠异丙醇—异丙醇钠，丁醇—丁醇钠等，通过这些碱性物质的催化作用，促使辣椒油树脂中的脂肪成分发生酯交换反应，然后蒸馏过量的醇，再将留下的椒渣中加水或食盐水，用酸调至中性，分层，油层中加入非极性或低极性溶剂，如正己烷，石油醚，析出固体，过滤得到辣椒红素，该法制出的辣椒红素质量上乘且无异味。
③先以15%—40%的NaOH(或KOH)溶液处理辣椒油树脂，使辣椒红素中的脂肪成分发生皂化反应，再用有机溶剂如丙酮进行提取浓缩，然后用水蒸汽蒸馏或在减压下用惰性气体处理即可得到无异味的辣椒红素。
此法所制出的辣椒红素收率高，质量好，生产安全简便易行。
④该方法是以20%的碱性金属化合处理辣椒油树脂，然后再加入适量的碱土金属化合物，使其形成一个水溶液体系，该水溶液体系以稀酸在室温下处理，形成盐后过滤，分出固体，水洗，再用有机溶剂提取，减压浓缩可得辣椒红素，所得的产品质地优良无异味。
辣椒碱的提取工艺胡震张利于海莲【摘要】：采用酸碱法,以朝天椒为原料,用NaOH溶液浸泡,经盐酸调pH后得到辣椒碱。