#GCT综合英语第11单元课文翻译

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Unit11
White-Collar Crime
白领犯罪
1 when the public demands “law and order”, and when newspaper editorials talk about the “rising tide of crime”, they have in mind mostly street crime committed be the poor. Even the massive report of the presid ent’s crime commission, the challenge of crime in a free society, devoted only two pages to the entire subject of white –collar offenders and business crimes.
当市民们诉求“法律和秩序”时，当报纸社论谈及“犯罪上升潮”时，他们认为大部分的街道犯罪主要是穷人们引发的。

在总统所作的大量关于社会犯罪的报告中，如：“自由社会里面临的犯罪挑战”里仅有两页是专门谈及白领犯罪和商业犯罪的。

The deep concern with street crime is understandable. Unlike a swindler, who merely takes the victim’s money, an armed mugger threatens physical injury and even death. Yet the fact remains that a great deal of crime in American society—perhaps most crime, and certainly the
most costly crime–is committed by respectable middle-class and upper-class citizens.
对街头犯罪的深切关注是可以理解的。

这不像一个仅仅拿走受害人钱财的骗子，武装劫匪毕竟会威胁人身伤害，甚至死亡。

但事实仍然是：在美国社会里大量的犯罪，或许是大多数的犯罪，同时也是代价最高的犯罪，它被受人尊敬的中产阶级和上层阶级公民所引发的。

T he term “white-coll ar crime” was first used by Edwin Sutherland in an address to the American sociological association in 1939. “White-collar crime,” he declared, “may be defined approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation”. Sutherland documented the existence of this form of crime with a study of the careers of 70 large, reputable corporations, which together had committed 980 violations of the criminal law, or average of 14 convictions apiece.
1939年，“白领犯罪”一词在埃德温·萨瑟兰被美国社会学协会首次使用，该协会宣称：“白领犯罪可能被近似定义为：具有很好名声和很高社会地位的人在他的职业生涯里所犯的罪行”。

萨瑟兰犯罪档案显示
存在这样一种犯罪事实：通过研究超过70%的职业履历资料，声誉很好的公司一共有980次违法犯罪，或者平均每个公司有14人被定罪的记录。

Behind the offense of false advertising, unfair labor practices, restraint of trade, price-fixing agreements, stock manipulation copyright infringement, and outright swindles, were perfectly respectable middle-class executives. sociologists now use the term “white –collar crime ”to refer not only to crimes committed in the course of business activities for corporate benefit but also to crimes , such as embezzlement, typically committed by persons of high status for personal benefit.
在谴责虚假广告，不公平的劳动就业，贸易壁垒，操纵价格协议的背后，股票操纵、侵犯版权以及公然诈骗等行为完全由受人尊敬的中产阶级高管们操控。

社会学家现在使用的“白领犯罪”一词指：不仅指在公司经营活动过程中损害其利益的犯罪行为，还包括高职务人群为私人利益而实施的犯罪行为，如贪污。

2 As Sutherland pointed out, the full extent of white-collar crime is difficult to assess. Many corporate malpractices go undetected, and many wealthy people are able to commit crimes like expense-account fraud for
years without being found out.
正如萨瑟兰指出的那样，白领犯罪的充分程度是很难估量的。

许多企业舞弊很难被发现，许多富人都能够确保类似于费用报销单欺诈这样的犯罪行为在很多年里不被人发现。

More important, white-collar crimes are usually regarded as somehow less serious than the crimes of the lower class, and attract less attention from police and prosecutors. Even the victims may be unwilling to prosecute because of the offender’s “standing in the community” and trying to settle the matter out of court. 更重要的是，和下层社会的罪行相比，白领犯罪通常被认为无足轻重，警察和检察官对此也漠然。

受害者甚至可能因为对方的社会地位而不愿诉诸法律，转而通过法庭外的途径加以解决。

A company that finds its safe has been burgled in the night will immediately summon the police, but it might not do so if it finds that one of its executives has embezzled some of its funds. To avoid unwelcome publicity, the company official may simply allow the offender to resign after making an arrangement to repay the missing money.
当A公司察觉到有人在夜间入室行窃时，他将会立即报警；可如果它发现部份公司高管挪用公款时，他就不会这么做了。

该公司官员可能只是让罪犯承诺偿还丢失的钱财后立即辞职，以此来避免出现有损公司形象的言论。

3 on the whole, American society is remarkably tolerant of white-collar crime. A pickpocket who steals $100 may well go to prison, but imprisonment of a person evading payment of a similar sum in taxes is almost unheard of; indeed, tax evasion has to reach huge sums before the internal revenue service refers the matter to the FBI rather than settling it privately. The main reason for this tolerance seems to be that most white-collar crime involves large, impersonal organizations: there is little feeling that a specific individual has been unjustly victimized.
整体而言，美国社会对白领犯罪是非常宽容的。

一个偷了100美元的扒手很可能被送进监狱，但因逃避等值金额的税款而被押的人却是闻所未闻；的确，当逃税金额达到一定值后，国税局将把问题交由联邦调查局去处理，而不是私下去解决。

宽容的主要原因似乎是大多数白领犯罪涉及数量巨大的非个人组织机构：
这多少给人一种当事人受到不公正待遇的感觉Thus, many people who would never dream of stealing items from a private home are quite willing to take “souvenirs” such as ashtrays, towels s heets from hotels. In fact, about one hotel guest in three steals something from his or her hotel room, amounting to a total annual loss of over $500 million. In commercial activity as well, we accept a certain mount of deception as being normal, the most striking examples of this tolerance of deceit may be found in the field of advertising. As one writer points out：
因此，许多人做梦也想不到，从一个私人住宅偷取烟灰缸，或从酒店里带走毛巾、床单这样的“纪念品”总让人乐此不疲。

事实上，正如一位作家指出的那样：一个旅客从酒店房间进行3次行窃，就意味着全年欺诈被认为是合理的，最突出的容忍欺诈的例子可以从广告业中发现。

Modern mass advertising at its heart represents a kind of. deception and misrepresentation…the long term effect of advertising is to encourage an attitude to engage in fraudulent practices and to accept such practices…at all social levels of our society….mass advertisin g promotes
a philosophy of behavior and of man’s nature which can’t help but exert indirect influence on the value patterns and dominant activities of our society.
现代大众广告本质上代表一种欺骗和歪曲,广告的长期效应是鼓励欺诈行为，并默许这种行为的立场。

在社会的各个层面....大众广告引导着人们的生存哲学和行为，也间接影响着社会主流价值观。

4 because most white-collar crime is unreported and therefore unrecorded, its total economic impact is difficult to ascertain. Even when it is detected, the cost is not easily measured. How do we evaluate the social and economic cost of illegal pollution of air and water, of the use of false advertising, or of a major stock swindle?
由于大多数白领犯罪是未被报告的，因此也未被记录，它造成的经济损失难以估量。

甚至当它被发现了，损失同样是不容易测算的。

我们如何评价：因非法排放废气和废水、利用虚假广告、严重股票诈骗而产生的社会和经济成本？
We do have some indications, however, of just how great the economic impact of white-collar crime—embezzlement, forgery, tax evasion, and fraud-with the annual cost of four categories of property
crime –auto theft, robbery, burglary, and larceny of sums exceeding $50.the total cost in 1967 of the white-collar crimes was almost three times that of the property crimes-$173000000 as opposed to $614000000. To cite another example, short weighting may cost American consumers as much as $10 billion a year
我们确实可以从一些迹象入手，然而，白领们每年通过贪污、伪造凭证、逃税和欺诈四类财产犯罪对经济造成很大的影响！与盗窃汽车，抢劫，和案值超过50美元的入室盗窃等常规犯罪相对，1967年白领犯罪总案值17.3亿美元几乎是同年财产犯罪案值6.14亿美元的3倍。

再举一个例子，很小的比重可能会让美国消费者负担每年高达10亿美元的经费。

5 These facts raise serious questions about our traditional conceptions of crime and criminals. So long as the typical criminal is stereotyped as a member of the depressed lower class, it is possible to regard criminality as rising from personal problems, disorganized surroundings, or gaps between goals and opportunities. 这些事实将我们关于犯罪和罪犯的传统观念提升到一个新的高度，只要是特殊犯罪常常被习惯性地划为更低层的社会成员，它可以将犯罪原因归于：复杂混杂
的环境，或者没有合适的机遇以达成目标等个人问题而引发
But if, as is possible, the typical criminal is a middle-class person who does not even regard himself of herself as criminal, our theories of the crime arises through the same process that generates lower-class crime: since business executives or professionals associate with others who regard white-collar crimes as normal, defensible practices, they are also likely to begin conforming to these illegal norms.
但是，很有可能的是，这些特殊罪犯是一个连他自己都会承认自己是罪犯的中产阶层，我们关于犯罪的理论是通过引发贫民犯罪这样一个过程发展起来的，因为企业高级主管和内部人士通过与被称作白领犯罪的人进行交往被看作是很正常的事，辩护行为，他们可能开始遵循这些非法规范。

6 theorists who study criminal behavior have been quick to point out the implications of white-collar crime. A single price-fixing arrangement, for instance, may present consumers with a bigger bill than thousands of burglaries, yet it is the burglar who receives the stigma and the severe penalties, whereas the offending business
executive receives only mild disapproval and nominal fine –often to be paid by the company.
研究犯罪行为的理论家已经迅速指出白领犯罪的影响。

比如：一个单一的定价安排可能会给消费者带来比成千上万入室行窃损失金额更多的成本支出，尽管这些窃贼已经被曝光和受到严厉的惩罚，同时这些卑鄙的企业高管受到的仅是轻微的批评和由公司代为支付的小额罚金。

The explanation of this discrepancy, some theorists assert, is to be found in the power structure of society; the offenses that are considered least serious are those that are most likely to be committed by members of the dominant group.
关于这种差异的解释，一些理论家是认为，在社会的权力机关中，核心层发出的指令被认为是最不严厉的。

Passage One
City police Sunday arrested former Mayor Richard Weekly on a long list of bribery, official misconduct, fraud, and corruption charges. Weekly, holding his handcuffed hands in front of his face, refused to speak to reporters as he was hauled into Weekly City Court house where he will be accused later this week. Ironically, he
will be held in the crumbling cells the courthouse complex built during his last term which allegedly brought him more than＄400,000 in kickbacks from construction companies.
The arrest came after a 19-month special investigation of numerous irregularities during Weekly’s administration—called the most corrupt in American history.
Attorney for the investigation committee, Robert Renner, told newsman the investigation has unearthed evidence of Weekly and accomplices who will be arrested shortly, made a desperate effort to cover up the scandal with attempted bribery and demoralization of law-enforcement officials.
Weekly regularly abused his authority to channel government contracts to his friends and secret business partners. “He entered more than 50 made-up names on city payrolls and simply collected their salaries,”Renner said.
Weekly bribed federal bureaucrats to overlook misuse of federal funds and “a large portion of that money went to him and his gang,” he said.
Renner charged Weekly and more than 40 other city officials were guilty of a wide range of offenses that illegally netted them more than＄150 million in his 16-year reign as mayor of the state’s fourth largest city. “He really was a king of corruption,” Renner said.
1.Which of the following is among the charges against Richard Weekly?
A. Burglary
B. Cheating
C. Theft
D. Murder
2. The jail Weekly stayed in was named Weekly Courthouse because__________.
A. it bought him a big sum of money
B. he invested in the construction of the jail
C. it was built during his administration
D. he graduated from that place
3. Weekly’s dirty gains were mainly from ___________.
A. city, state, federal governments
B. his friends and business partners
C. related construction companies
D. Corrupted city police officers
4. In order to get away from the laws, weekly attempted to __________.
A. say nothing to the reporters
B. shield his partners in crime
C. corrupt newsman with money
D. buy off those who enforce the law
5. During Weekly’s office, the total of city officials who were corrupted is most close to __________.
A. more than 50
B. one and the only
C. no less than 41
D. no more than 19
Passage Two
As technology’s benefits have made computers an increasing important part of our society, an accurate and candid assessment of the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks has become a national priority. Criminal hackers could seriously threaten the operation of business and governments across the nation and around the world. The threat was real, increasing and already has proven costly.
The variety and severity of computer viruses that spread across the Internet in just the last few years underscores the impact. Cyber attacks—ranging from the “I LOVE YOU”virus to the “Trinoo”attacks and the recent “Ramen Lion”and “Code Red”worms—have cost an estimated＄5 billion.
Today, computer systems are at the heart of
government operations ranging from the smallest city hall to the Pentagon. They are an essential part of the critical infrastructures that drive our economy, including telecommunications, energy transmission, financial services, manufacturing, water distribution, transportations and health care.
Securing these critical infrastructures will require close collaboration between government and the private sector, continued efforts to enhance technology security, tougher penalties for cyber crimes and increased funding for law enforcement efforts to fight them.
Today, criminal hackers are working around the clocking and around the world to find exploit vnlnerabilities in software, steal data, violate people’s privacy and maliciously shut down computer networks. Additional resources are needed by the Department of Justice and the FBI to hire, train and equip agents and prosecutors specializing in cyber crime. International cyber crime laws and penalties must be strengthened. The author of the Lovebug virus remains free because his nation did not have cyber crime laws. The “AnnaKournikova”virus caused billions of dollars in
damage, but the individual who distribute it received only 150 hours of community service as a penalty.
As an industry leader, Microsoft recognizes its responsibility to address the challenges of cyber crime. In October, we announced a Strategic Technology Protection Program—an unprecedented mobilization of Microsoft resources to help customers of all sizes secure and protect their computing systems and data. A key part of this program is the Secure Windows Initiative—Microsoft’s commitment to improving its own software development processes in order to deliver more secure and reliable products and technologies. While no software system is 100 percent virus and vulnerability free, we are committed to doing everything possible to help ensure our customers’security in this increasingly interconnected world.
6. According to the passage, cyber attacks are_________.
A. disastrous
B. risky
C. accurate
D. national
7. “The impact” in Line 2, para.2 refers to the impact of ____________.
A. variety and severity
B. computer viruses
C. the Internet
D. computers
8. In order to secure the critical infrastructure, all of the following are required except __________.
A. closer cooperation between governments and the private sector
B. tougher punishment for computer criminals
C. increased funding for enforcing computer crime laws
D. narrowing the range in which computer systems are used
9. In can be inferred from the passage that cyber crimes may be encouraged by___________________.
A. vulnerabilities in software
B. lack of cyber crime laws and penalties
C. inefficient work of FBI
D. inability to detect cyber crimes
10. As stated in the passage, Microsoft is committed to ____________.
A. eliminating all computers viruses from networks
B. making software system 100% virus proof and vulnerability free
C. helping customers recognize cyber crimes
D. developing more secure and reliable products and technologies。