西方文化导论课件Unit6
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论Unit.pptx
_F_ Press de France Nouvelle.
5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
_T_
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Text Study
Text Study _4_3333 Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
(1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise.
A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s C. van Gogh’s D. Paul Gauguin’s
Hofmann, who benefited from the movements like cubism,
_fa_u_v_i_s_m_ and expressionism.
3. Action painting is a branch of a_b_s_t_ra_c_t_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_io_n_is_m__ .
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
1. _N_e_w__Y_o_rk__ became a new centre of world art during and after
the WWII, taking over from Paris.
2. One of the representative of abstract expressionism is Hans
《西方文化导读》课件
05
文艺复兴文化经典
文艺复兴文学
第一季度
第二季度
第三季度
第四季度
总结词
文艺复兴时期的文学以 人文主义为核心，强调 对人的尊严和价值的肯 定，开创了新的文学形 式和风格。
详细描述
文艺复兴文学以诗歌、 小说、戏剧等为主要形 式，展现了人的情感、 欲望、理性和信仰等多 元面貌，如彼特拉克、 薄伽丘、拉伯雷等作家
THANKS FOR WATCHING
感谢您的观看
古希腊戏剧
总结词
古希腊戏剧是西方戏剧的鼻祖，它以强烈的 情感和鲜明的性格描绘为主要特点，反映了 古希腊社会的价值观和文化特点。
详细描述
古希腊戏剧主要包括悲剧和喜剧两种类型。 悲剧主要描绘英勇、高尚的人物在命运面前 的无奈和抗争，如《俄狄浦斯王》等；喜剧 则以幽默、讽刺为主要特点，主要描绘了社 会底层人物的生活和情感，如《鸟》等。古 希腊戏剧对西方戏剧的发展产生了深远的影
的作品。
总结词
文艺复兴文学注重对古 典文化的继承和创新， 将古希腊罗马的文化精 髓与时代精神相结合， 形成了独特的文学风貌
。
详细描述
文艺复兴文学在语言、 形式、技巧等方面都有 所创新，如十四行诗、 小说、悲剧等文学形式 的出现和发展，以及对 古典修辞、文法和风格
的借鉴和改造。
文艺复兴艺术
总结词
文艺复兴时期的艺术以写实主义和自然主义为主要特点， 注重对人体的真实刻画和对自然的细致描绘。
古希腊哲学
总结词
古希腊哲学是西方哲学的发源地，它以理性思考和逻辑推理为基础，探讨了人类存在、知识和价值观等方面的问 题。
详细描述
古希腊哲学主要代表人物包括苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等。他们提出了许多重要的哲学思想，如柏拉图的 理念论、亚里士多德的形而上学和伦理学等。这些思想不仅对古希腊社会产生了深远影响，而且对整个西方哲学 和思想产生了重要影响。
《西方文化导论》(Quiz)精品PPT课件
(9) The major boost of Humanism is _______ . A. the fall of Constantinople B. the prosperity of the city of Florence C. the prosperous trade and production of handicraft D. the rich variety of urban social life
(7) The core idea of the Renaissance was _____ . A. rationalism B. realism C. humanism D. classicism
(8) The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______ . A. Italy’s prosperous trade
Unit 3
(1)The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____. A. 586 BC B. 450 BC C. 330 BC D. 586
(3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____. A. farming
B. handicraft and trade
C. religionD.来自philosophy(4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.
西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century，which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化概论 PPT课件
二．爱琴文明的分支
1.克里特文明2.迈锡尼文明
三．古希腊的民族性格特点
1.崇尚勇敢，热爱自由2.尊重理性，推崇科学3.重视体育， 团结统一4.希波战争和伯罗奔尼撒战争
四．雅典大殖民运动是什么形式及其意义
1.形式：移民2.意义：实现了东西文明之间的大规模的交
流，缓解了雅典的政治和经济压力
五．古罗马经历的时代
1.罗马王政时代2.罗马共和国时代3.罗马大帝国时代
六．罗马的第一部成文法律
十二铜表法
七．古罗马第一位皇帝
屋大维号称奥古斯都
八．罗马帝国灭亡的原因
专制滋生腐败，腐败酿成了政治混乱和分裂，内外交困的政
治经济形式，加之基督教宣扬来世不关心现实世界的教义，
外部蛮族的入侵，就形成了摧枯拉朽之势。
第三章 欧洲中古制度，宗教制
度到政教分离，经历了宗教专制、宗教理性化和宗教改革
②：拜占庭文化和斯拉夫文化 ③：《罗马民法大全》《斯提芬· 杜尚法典》 ④：神殿式；罗马式；哥特式；文艺复兴式；巴罗克艺术 ⑤：多元化的政治经济格局——采邑；世俗政权与神权斗争 激烈;基督教与世俗王权对抗，还要应对更为有力的宗教异端； 中世纪西欧各国封建王朝建立后，原东法兰克王国成为德意志 帝国
展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，
带来一段科学与艺术革命时期 核心武器：人文主义思想
第四章 现代西方文化
（公元16世纪以后）
一、新历史时期的大西洋文化
二、启蒙主义思想家的学说 三、工业文明时代 四、西方的殖民扩张 五、西方对非洲的殖民 六、西方在美洲的殖民与移民 七、西方文化体系构成
一、三大逻辑
墨经逻辑:中国古典逻辑的代表 因明逻辑:是印度古典逻辑中最为重要的 古希腊亚里士多德逻辑:西方形式逻辑代表
Building relationships西方文化第六章ppt
Connections, means “the relationships between individuals and events”,everyone has them. Humans have been rightly labeled “wellsocial animals. Being “wellconnected” means a lot in our society. All species and populations in isolation accomplish little.
But the connection means different things in China and in West countries.
• In China,connection means you can have more convenient or other things. For example When you go to a hospital,you’ll have a lot of trouble to find the best doctor if you do not have a connection.走后门 connection.走后门 When everybody adds fuel, the flames high.众人拾柴火焰高 rise high.众人拾柴火焰高
Different meanings of kiss
• For westerners, kissing as a casual physical touch, which most of the time was a way of greeting and showing amity .
Different meanings of kiss
西方文化史课件word文档
西方文化史“西方文化”是指发端于古代希腊与古代罗马的那一支文化，以后这支文化在欧洲地区得到充分发展与演变，近代以后有传播到其他洲，最后其影响遍及世界各地区。
“西方文化史”即西方文化发生与演变的历史。
（西欧、北美）第一章西方文化的起源欧洲于公元前3000年代后半期在南欧的爱琴海地区出现了最初的奴隶制文明——爱琴文化，它成为现代西方文化的源头。
在爱琴文化基础上发展起来的希腊-罗马古典文化，是现代西方文化的“基石”。
现代西方文化是掺杂了大量其他民族文化因素后形成的一种新文化。
（两河流域、尼罗河流域。
希伯来-犹太文化）一、欧洲史前文化人类社会的史前时期，是指有文字记载的历史之前的原始时代。
我们通过考古文物所了解到的史前原始人类所创造的文化，称为史前文化。
旧石器文化（时间、代表性的文化）新石器文化（主要特征、代表性的文化）二、爱琴文化从公元前3000年代的后半期到公元前12世纪，爱琴海区域（希腊半岛、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚西部沿海地带）出现了欧洲最早的奴隶制文明，并创造出了辉煌的青铜文化，即爱琴文化，亦称为克里特-迈锡尼文化。
爱琴文化的发现：（德）亨利·谢里曼、（英）阿瑟·伊文斯 克里特文化迈锡尼文化克里特文化时间：公元前2600年至公元前1250年，约1350年。
分期：1、早期——公元前2600-前2000年；铜器青铜器，原始公社制逐步解体；陶器2、中期——公元前2000年-前15世纪末；奴隶制国家，米诺斯王朝（前1700-前1450）；建筑规模宏大、结构复杂，陶器、青铜器、石器；线形文字A；宗教活动；航海业发达3、后期——前15世纪末-前1250年；衰落。
爱琴文化由以克里特文化为主转入以迈锡尼文化为主的时期。
迈锡尼文化文化中心：迈锡尼、梯伦、派罗斯特点：建筑；坟墓；线形文字B；贸易发达爱琴社会的农业、手工业生产技术和航海技术，为古希腊人所继承。
壁画和雕刻艺术、建筑方法到希腊古典时代得到了广泛发展。
西方文化概论pppt课件
第三节 罗马文化
一 罗马帝国的兴衰
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（一） 罗马的起源
母 狼 哺 育 罗 慕 洛 斯 兄 弟
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• 罗马在起源上是一种强制性的混杂产物。
• 公元前7世纪，埃特鲁斯坎人征服了罗马，建立起一个王 国，此即罗马历史上的“王政时期”。
• 在经历了七个王的统治之后，拉丁人终于联合起来推翻了 最后一位埃特鲁斯坎人的王，建立起罗马共和国，从此揭 开了独立的拉丁罗马国家的历史序幕。
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（四）雅典的政治与文化
雅典人的城邦生活
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开明贵族德拉古在公元前621年制定了第 一部成文法典，对贵族权利进行了限制；
梭伦在公元前594年进行了更为彻底的政 治改革，通过法律的形式废除了债务奴隶制， 设置了四百人会议和公民陪审法庭；
继梭伦之后，僭主庇西特拉图和民主派领 袖克利斯梯尼又先后进行了政治改革，基本 确立了雅典的民主制度，摧毁了传统贵族依 凭的氏族秩序；
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（三） 罗马政治体制的演变
十 二 铜 表 法
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• 王政时期：库里亚大会、元老院（即长老议事机关）和国 王
• 王政时期结束后，早期的罗马共和国实行寡头政治。公元 前470年左右，平民迫使贵族同意设立保护平民权利的保 民官，公元前366年产生了第一位平民出身的执政官。
• 到了公元前2世纪下半叶，革拉古兄弟的两次改革均以失 败告终，平民与元老院之间的矛盾终于演成不可调和之势， 激起了内战，并导致了军事独裁制的出现。
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（四）希腊哲学的发生与演化
柏
泰勒斯
拉 图
与
亚
里
毕达哥拉斯
士
多
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• 希腊哲学最初也有一个神话的起源。希腊哲学与希腊神话 的根本差异在于：它采用了一些还原性和抽象性的哲学范 畴来解释万物的产生与变化，以此来取代神话中的感性直 观的神祇和扑朔迷离的“命运”。
西方文化导论课件Unit
(1) Italy’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
(2) its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life
中世纪（Middle Ages）（约公元476年~公元1453年），是欧洲历史
上的一个时代（主要是西欧），自西罗马帝国灭亡（公元476年）到 东罗马帝国灭亡（公元1453年）的这段时期。这个时期的欧洲没有一 个强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产 力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪 早期在欧美普遍被称作“黑暗时代”，传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上 发展比较缓慢的时期。
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Text Study
monastic chapter 教会或修道院管理处: a Christian administrative office within the church
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
Factors that contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance:
西方文化导论
The relationship of art and society, can use a metaphor to illustrate -----
the society is the source of art, and art is the social source out of a living water.
The importance of art to a society
4.Art is a great tool for learning. Art can be found in almost everywhere where there is a school. Art is fun and acts as an interactive tool for reluctant learners and younger students. they can learn to appreciate art for what it can do for them. People can learn a lot because art is almost as effective as written things.
The importance of art to a society
7.Art can show the passage of time. During parts of history, writing was not used by certain civilizations because they did not know how to use it.However, people were still able to communicate through means of art. They used art to represent things in life. This is why we understand so much about the past.
欧洲文化入门第六章ppt课件
French Philosophy and
Literature
Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Voltaire (pseudonym of Jean Francois Arouset, 1694-1778)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau Denis Diderot
1776: the American War of Independence 1789: the French Revolution 1760-1840: the Industrial Revolution
为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社 会主义 思想和 党的十 九大精 神,贯彻 全国教 育大会 精神,充 分发挥 中小学 图书室 育人功 能
a. A Modest Proposal温 和的建议
b. Gulliver’s Travels格 列佛游记
为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社 会主义 思想和 党的十 九大精 神,贯彻 全国教 育大会 精神,充 分发挥 中小学 图书室 育人功 能
Samuel Richardson理查森
His type of novel is called the epistolary 书 信体novel,i.e. stories told in a series of letters.
为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社 会主义 思想和 党的十 九大精 神,贯彻 全国教 育大会 精神,充 分发挥 中小学 图书室 育人功 能
The Age of Enlightenment
Ⅰ. General Introduction Ⅱ. French Philosophy and Literature
西方文化概论ppt+绪论
相关参考书籍选：（在“爱问共享资料网站”大部分书都可以下载）
1、赵林：《西方文化概论》，高等教育出版社 《西方宗教文化》《神旨的感召：西方文化的传统与演进》 《中西文化分野的历史反思》《告别洪荒--人类文明的演进》 2、李新柳 《东西方文化比较导论》，高等教育出版社 3、刘文荣 《西方文化之旅》，文汇出版社 4、叶胜年 《西方文化史鉴》，上海外语教育出版社 5、陈刚 《西方精神史》，江苏人民出版社 6、易杰雄主编 《欧洲文明的历程丛书》，华夏出版社， 7、（瑞士）雅各布·布克哈特 《希腊人与希腊文明》，上海人民出版社 《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》，商务印书馆 8、（美）雅克巴尔赞《西方文化生活五百年》，世界知识出版社 9、（美）阿瑟·赫尔曼《西方文化悲观主义的形成与演变》，上海人民出版社 10、（美）詹姆斯·埃德加·斯温《世界文化史》，台湾开明书店 11、（美）桑戴克《世界文化史》，上海文化出版社 12、裔昭印《世界文化史》，华东师范大学出版社 13、（美）罗伯特·C·拉姆《西方人文史》，百花文艺出版社 14、（法）艾黎·福尔《世界艺术史》，长江文艺出版社 15、（英）罗素 《西方哲学史》，商务印书馆 16、（美）塞缪尔·亨廷顿《文化的重要作用》，新华出版社
文艺复兴和启蒙时期，希腊精神得以复兴，并有了 进一步的发展，西方文化的两大支柱逐渐走向共存、共 荣。
现代时期，19世纪以来，资本主义制度的确立和科 技革命的推动，西方文化走向了现代化，民主、科学的 理性精神占居了牢固的统治地位。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
西方文化形成过程中的两个最基本元素 或称为两大起源的就是两“希”（希腊 文化 希伯来文化）或两“H”， （hellenism hebraism），这是西方 文化最为根本性或本质性的东西，后来 西方文化千变万化的发展，从某种意义 上来说，都是这两大基本元素的冲撞、 交融和变异而已。
西方文化导论Unit课件
B. In 1054 BC
C. In 1055
D. In 380
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
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Comprehensio n Exercises
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(2) In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.
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Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
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Comprehensio n Exercises
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(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggres_A_sl_oe_rx_sa_,_nl_idk_e__r_t_h_e__G_ reat _t_h_e__R_o__m__anasnd , the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.
A. Lutheran Church
B. Anglicanism
C. Presbyterian
D. Free Churches
Comprehension Exercise
Fill in the blanks.
Text
Comprehensio n Exercises
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(1) The New Testament contains altog_2_e7_ther
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Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries towards the end of the Middle Ages changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities culminating in the birth of a self-conscious new age with a new spirit
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Text Study
Supplementary Resources
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The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed
中世纪（Middle Ages）（约公元476年~公元1453年），是欧洲历史
上的一个时代（主要是西欧），自西罗马帝国灭亡（公元476年）到 东罗马帝国灭亡（公元1453年）的这段时期。这个时期的欧洲没有一 个强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产 力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪 早期在欧美普遍被称作“黑暗时代”，传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上 发展比较缓慢的时期。 政治上：封建专制制度的建立和完善，（领主，庄园主，骑士） 经济上：以奴隶为主的生产方式——以农民为主的半雇佣劳动制度 文化思想上：以基督教为中心和主导 （唯灵主义）
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Factors that contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance:
the break-up of feudal structures the strengthening of city-states in Italy the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England the thrive of many different kinds of social structures, such as guilds, civic associations, councils and monastic chapters, which were based on some form of autonomy
Text Study
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
monastic chapter 教会或修道院管理处: a Christian administrative office within the church
Text Study
Text Study
I. Background to the Renaissance II. Source, Feature and Significance of the Renaissance III. Cultural Achievements of the Renaissance
Text Study
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Bologna University 博洛尼亚大学: one of the oldest universities (together with that of Paris) established in Bologna, a city in northern Italy, famous for the studies of law and other medieval and Renaissance subjects
Text Study
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
folk culture 民间文化: cultural activities about the ordinary people, particularly the lower class people, which often included vulgarity jokes and sarcasm of the lower class, especially against the upper-class culture which cared for order, social classes, peace and good manners of aristocracy and the royal family
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as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation. The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.
IV. Social Ideology during the Renaissance V. The Religious Reformation
VI. Developments of Natural Science VII. Beginning of Modern Philosophy VIII. Classicism and the Cultural Salon
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The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.
(1) Italy’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development