Unit3 题西方文化导论
西方文化导论-课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as aredemonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their o wn gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
Unit3-题西方文化导论
Think and Discuss
Text Study
Think and Discuss
The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.
(1) Isaac Israeli (2) Baruch Spinoza (3) Sholem Aleyshem
(4) Issac Singer (5) Shmuel Agnon
a. pan-theological philosopher b. follower of Neo-platonism c. the Nobel Prize winner for
西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century，which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化导论 复习题
西方文化导论Cultural terms1.Mount Olympus2.Triumvirate3.Pulitzer4.Jacob’s Ladder5.Hesychasm6.asceticism7.Immanuel Kant8.impressionism9.the Apollonian style and the Dionysian style10.Lost Generation11.Oedipus Complex12.performance artQuestions1.What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as ahole? Give examples.2.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtainedfrom Greek culture? Give examples.3.Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.4.What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?5.Cite some facts to manifest the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire.6.What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.7.Give an account of the settings and general features of the Enlightenment.8.What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?9.Say something about the features and contributions of utilitarianism, utopian socialism andclassical economics.10.Try to work out the modernists influence on Chinese literature by selecting one or two figuresfor illustration.11.Give a general survey of the intellectual and ideological developments in Europe by focusingon one or two theoretical schools in the following list: positivism, pragmatism, intuitionalism, psychoanalysis, existentialism, logical atomism, logical positivism and naturalist philosophy.12.Try to recall how Chinese popular culture came into fashion in the last two or three decadeswith the introduction of Western pop music and art.。
西方文化导论课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, l i t e r a t u r e a n d s c i e n c e.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, ., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequentWestern culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture. Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unificationThe major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and JudaismIn spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 6simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库
《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章西方文化的起源一、填空1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心： ________ 和 ________ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。
2 、公元前 ________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是 ________ ，传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 ________ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。
3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是 ________ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ，陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。
5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1 、迈锡尼文化2 、荷马史诗三、问答题：1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么？第二章希腊古典时代的文化一、填空1 、在古希腊史上，通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ，这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期；公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期，为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
西方文化导论复习版
西方文化导论复习版1. What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is the cradle of Western civilization and has an enormous impact on Western culture. (The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.)①Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.②The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e. human society and the natural world.③Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as painting, sculpture, drama, (architecture, poetry and historical works). Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, which helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending itsinfluences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation. Instances can be found in these areas , such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to center on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and limited subjects but also depicting typical facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from stereotyped medieval models.3. Say something about the features and contributions of utilitarianism, utopian socialism and classical economics.Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to overall utility, That is, its contribution to the calculation of pleasure and gain one can have as a result of that action. The calculation is not just material, but spiritual or moral. Utilitarianism provides the motivation and condition for an action of any kind, either individual or collective, and offers the principle for making laws to ensure justice and equality required of a society.Utopian socialism refers to the beliefs held by early socialists, who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without practical consideration of actual conditions of the capitalist society they lived in and thus could not carry out their ideals due to the powerful hindrance. However some of the Utopianideals, such as those about women's equality andemancipation, were reasonable and consequently absorbed by Marxism.Classical economist is widely regarded as the beginning of modern economic thoughts. It is the idea that a free market can regulate itself. Its founders include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is considered to mark the beginning of classical economics.4. Give a general survey of the intellectual and ideological developments in Europe by focusing on one or two theoretical schools in the following list: positivism, pragmatism, intuitionalism, psychoanalysis, existentialism, logical atomism, logical positivism and naturalist philosophy.Existentialism is an important school of thought in the modern age. It is a term that has been used in the work of 19th and 20th century philosophers among whom are Soren Aabye Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. Despite the doctrinal differences and disagreements among them, they all take the human subject and the condition of existence as a starting point for philosophical exploration.Existential philosophy begins with a sense of confusion in the face of an absurd world. Many existentialists regard traditional philosophy, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experiences. Existentialism has exerted its influence upon Western literature in terms of providing the philosophical basis for the emergence of the “theatre of the absurd” in the field of play.5. Try to recall how Chinese popular culture came into fashion in the last 2 or 3 decades with the introduction of western pop music and art.Chinese popular culture came into fashion in the early 1980s along with China's opening up to the outside world. There emerged many popular singers among whom are Deng Lijun, Mao Amin, etc. Cui Jian deserves credit for his contribution to C hina’s rock music, being the first musician of the genre. Now Chinese popular music has entered a period of prosperous development in which old and new musicians compete for excellence and the audience is large in number. Popular music has become a profitable industry.As for art, both in painting and sculpture, Chinese artists have been influenced by the Western postmodernist ideas, but they are still at the early stage of learning and imitation. More and more artists begin to voice their concerns for environment, globalization, morality and many other social problems brought about by the rapid economy development.6. 人文研究的价值（无标准答案）Since Renaissance, Humanistic Studies have gradually spread in Western countries, which helps people emancipate from the religious principles. Thus, people have a good chance to know themselves and the world better. Humanism lays the ideological basis for the modern science and leads talents to explore the nature and create more inventions. It’s a process of research from god to human, from culture to science that contributes to the firm belief that the value of human is the most important.Andreas Vesalius: dissection of human bodiesBaruch Spinoza: pan-theological philosopherCleisthenes: carry out legislative reformCopernicus: heliocentrismDa Vinci: The Last SupperDaniel Defoe: Robinson CrusoeDante: The Divine ComedyDraco: punish trivial crimes with the death sentenceEmile Zola: Rougon-MacquartExpressionism: Eugene O’NeillFrancois Rabelais: GargantuaFuturism: MarinettiGaius Julius Caesar: The Civil WarGalileo: invention of the pendulum clockGeoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury TalesGoncourt brothers: Germinie LacerteuxGuy de Maupassant: The NecklaceHenry Fielding: T om JonesImagism: Ezra PoundIsaac Israeli: follower of Neo-platonismIssac Singer: the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1978Jack London: The Sea-WolfJohn Bunyan: Pilgrim’s ProgressJohn Milton: Paradise LostJonathan Swift: Gulliver’s TravelsLivy: History of RomeMichel Montaigne: EssaisMiguel de Cervantes: Don QuixoteNewton: establishment of the modern study of opticsOvid: Appollo and DaphnePaphael Sanzio: The School of AthensPeisistratus: advocate peasants’ welfare and popular entertainments Pericles: supreme council check the behavior of leadersShmuel Agnon: the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1966 Sholem Aleyshem: the Mark Twain of JewsSolon: abolish slave laborSymbolism: BaudelaireTerence: The Mother-in-LawTheodore Dreiser: An American TragedyVirgil: The AeneidWilliam Harvey: systemic circulationWilliam Shakespeare: A Mid-summer Night’s DreamAsceticism: A theory or practice which advocates spiritual improvement by living a particularly hard life, as is seen in the experiences of some religious practice.Jacob’s Ladder: A Biblical term suggesting a ladder to heaven which appeared in the Book of Genesis. When the Biblical patriarch Jacob fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven.Lost generation: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers, men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernst Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald and others.Mount Olympus is a high mountain in Greece, well-known for the “home of the gods”in Greek mythology. The deities who are said to dwell on this mountain are ruled by Zeus, including his wife, his brothers, his sisters and his children. Performance art: A term usually used to refer to a kind of advent-garde or conceptual art which grew out of the visual arts and began to be identified in the 1960s .Performance art is unconventional and often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways.Pulitzer: Joseph Pulitzer was a famous Hungarian-bornAmerican journalist and newspaper publisher. He ran newspapers in St. Louis and New York City, and established and endowed the Pulitzer Prizes.The Apollonian style and the Dionysian style:The two terms by Nietzsche initiated in his The Birth of Tragedy, which refers separately to the cheerful and optimistic style and the gloomy and passionate style.。
西方文化导论(英文)
Comments on Leaves of Grass
• 1). Nature’s beauty uplifts the human spirit(line
•
•
15, 23,24 specially refer to this theme).The nature stimulate the mind of human and give them relaxing and satifatory feeling. 2). People sometimes fail to appreciate nature’s wonders as they go about their routines(17 &18) 3). Nature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need of the human attention
2. What does “wander” mean?
Questions about the theme
3. Why do you think the poet chooses to personify daffodils in the poem?
4. What is the relation between the poet and daffodils as described in the poem? 5. What’s the function of nature?
The theme
• The poem was about nature and
describing the great power of nature which may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem. There is not only the visual effect but also the emotional response . • The choose of the word “lonely” in “I wandered lonely as a cloud” instead of other words like carefree, leisure or jolly convey to us the poet’s depression and disconsolateness悲伤 at the very beginning.
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库.doc
《西方文化导论》复习综合题库.doc《西方文化导论》综合复习第一章两方文化的起源一、填空1、希腊历史的第一页是__非洲 ________ 文明的历史。
爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先?形成了两大中心： _________ 和__________ ，因此又通称克里特岛一迈锡尼文化。
2、公元前_________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。
克里特文化的中心是________ ，传说中的_________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。
克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称____________ ,以区别迈锡尼的__________ 。
3、迈锡尼文化以_________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是________ i继续，只不过乂加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。
4、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为__________ ,陶器表面多用_________ 来装饰, 所以荷马吋代的考古文化通称为 __________ 风格文化。
5、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。
随着希腊文化屮心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了________ 和__________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具冇特色的希腊民族文化。
奠定了日后 _________ 的根基。
二、名词解释1、迈锡尼文化2、荷马史诗三、问答题：1、荷马史诗的成就是什么？第二章希腊古典吋代的文化一、填空1、在A希腊史上，通常把公元前8世纪一前6世纪称为_______________ ,这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重耍时期；公元前6世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为________ ,是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一吋期，为_________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于________ 、、________ 三大洲许多地区的吋代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。
《西方文化导论》练习题
Chapter One Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3. 3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. 5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6. 6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .8.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会）11.11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（《俄狄浦斯王》）, Electra（《伊莱克特拉》(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone.Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.17.Euripides (欧里庇得斯) wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wro te about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans （伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27.27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.28.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king, “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式）style.30.30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.II. Multiple choices:1. 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. 2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3. 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6. 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.”?A. PythagorasB. HeracleitusC. AristotleD. Plato9.9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras10.10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. EpicurusChapter Two Roman CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。
西方文化导论-复习题1-7章
Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.The Homer's epics consisted of_ Iliad and Odyssey .8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is __ citizen-assembly._（公民大会）11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone.Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Media, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds,Wasps and Birds.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island ofSicily.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric（多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式）style.30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than2000 years.II.Choice1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C. B.700 B. C.C.146 B. C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.Antigone B PersiansC ElectraD Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A AristophanesB EuripidesC SophoclesD Aeschylus8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?A PythagorasB HeracleitusC Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A HeracleitusB AristotleC SocratesD Pythagoras10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A ProtagorasB PythagorasC PyrrhonD EpicurusIII. Interpretation:1. PlatoPlato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, an d Plato was called idealist.2. "Democracy" in ancient Greece1)Democracy means "exercise of power by the whole people", but in Greece by "the whole people" the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.IV. Questions:1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse（击退）of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters(束缚) of any inherited orthodoxy(正统的实践活动、风俗或信仰).2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer's epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes' comedies, Plato's Dialogues, ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron（拜伦）'s Isles of Greece（《哀希腊》）, Shelley（雪莱）'s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound （《解放了的普罗米修斯》）and Keats（济慈）'s Ode on a Grecian Urn（《希腊古瓮》）.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce（乔伊斯）'s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Roman Culture 1I. Fill in the blanks.1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。
西方文化导论三单元犹太文化与旧约练习
Unit 3 Jewish culture and the Old TestamentI Translate the following words or phrases into ChineseBabylonian Assyrian Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Jerusalem celestial temples rabbis the Babylonian Captivity Macedonian king the Diaspora Torah Mishna Talmud Jewish Enlightenment Hebrew Pentateuch Yiddish Zionist movements Judaism the Holocaust Messiah prophet Ezekiel Pentateuch GenesisExodus Leviticus Prophets Hagiogra-pha & Apocrypha NehemiasII Fill in the blanks1.lt is said that Jews belong to the ______race. They claim to be descended from_______，and have emigrated from _______ and to have settled in the ______ century BC in north Egypt, then entered ______in the 12th century BC and ultimately settled on both sides of_______.2. During1040-1012 BC,_____became the first king of the unified nation built up by the Jews. After his death, in 1012 BC – 972 BC,______ declared the founding of a unified Israel country and made_____ the capital. His son _______(972-932 BC)became the king of Israel and built imperial palaces and _______.3.During _______BC, the kingdom was divided into two kingdoms: the Northern kingdom of_____ and the Southern kingdom of ______.4. In _____,the ________sacked Jerusalem (Assyrian Captivity), and Israel was ruined. In 586 BC, ________attacked Judah, and then Judah and Israel were non-existent as independent countries.5.In 538 BC，the Persian king _______allowed the Jews to go back to rebuild Jerusalem after he had defeated Babylonia.6.In 333 BC，the Macedonian king _______took Jerusalem and started to Hellenize the Jewish people .In______, the Roman Empire took control of Judea and Israel. The Jews could not bear the Romans’ cruelty and revolted against Romans. They were ______in large numbers and the rest were taken as slaves. Only a minority of the population escaped to go elsewhere in the world.7.Much of Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the______ and the______ before they compiled finally the _______,, a multi-volume encyclopedia of Jewish religion.8. In the 20th century, about ________Jews were murdered by Hitler during the Second World War. On _______, the United Nations declared the founding of the Jewish nation of Israel.9. Jewish literature falls into _____historical phases. The early period (200 BC–100 AD)includes_______, ______and _______ literatures. Medieval Literature (100 – 18th century)is ______in essence, made up of _______or the descriptions of _______and its ritual ceremonies. Modern Jewish literature can be classified into two groups:___________.10.Most of Jewish historical and religious documents were written in_______.Modern Hebrew literature has passed _______stages in its development.The first stage centred round______ and was featured with the revival of ________and Jewish traditional culture. The second stage focused on____________.11._______is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.______helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the Babylonian Captivity and later period.The core of Judaism is Moses’______and______.III Explain the following termsJewish Enlightenment ,Moses’ Ten Commandments;IV Please introduce major Jewish FestivalsV Introduce the Old TestamentAnswers:1.Semitic; Abraham; Mesopotamia; 16th ;Canaan; the Jordan River2. Saul; King David; Jerusalem; Solomon; celestial temples3. 932-914; Israel; Judah4.722 BC; Assyrian King; Babylonia King5. Cyrus the Great6. Alexander the Great; 63 BC; slaughtered7. Torah; Mishna; Talmud8. six million; May 14, 19489. Three; classical; historical; Talmud; religious; Biblical notations; Jewish theology; Yiddish and Hebrew 10. Hebrew; three; Europe; Jewish national dignity; the establishment of Israel as a modern state; 11.Johovah; Ezekiel; Ten Commandments; the rabbis' interpretations of the prophet's doctrinesIII Explain the following termsJewish Enlightenment (The Haskalah) 犹太启蒙运动: It refers to an intellectual movement in Europe in the late 18th century. It encouraged Jews to borrow enlightenment values, learn secular knowledge, Hebrew, and Jewish history and assimilate into European society. It ultimately resulted in both the Reform and Zionist movements.。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案.
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy － the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culturecreated d their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made and others’ culture; they createbrilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture; Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.。
西方国家社会与文化入门Unit Three
The Birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1. the Cabinet ※ How: To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament ※ Who: a group of important Parliamentarians the king or queen met regularly. (Cabinet minister were appointed by the sovereorced by some feudal barons and the Church, Signed by King John ※ Function: place some limits on the King's power ; It's regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.
The Parliament
1. The term was first used offically in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. ※"parliament" comes from the verb "to parley"-------to discuss or talk
3. The civil war ※ Time: in the 17th century ※ Root: a dispute over the power of the king and Parliament; the effort to reassert the rights of Parliament ※ Both sides: republican "Roundheads" led by Oliver Cromwell VS royalists; Parliament VS the King
《西方文化导论》练习题
《西方文化导论》练习题Chapter One Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are element and （犹太教与基督教的）element.2. Greek culture reached a high point of development in th3. In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.6. Ancient Greeks considered to be the author of their epics.7.8. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by in their war against the city of Troy.9. The Odyssey war to his home, island of Ithaca.10. The representation form of Greek Democracy is11. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 12. Greece.13. games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are 15. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Persians and Agamemnon.16. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone（恋母情结）恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’plays.17. Euripides（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and 18. Comedy also flourished in the 5 century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and 19.20. is often called ―Father of History‖. He 21. Thucydides（修西得底斯）Island of Sicily.22. was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23. 24. Heracleitus(赫拉克利特the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25. The greatest names in European philosophy are 26. In the 4 century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are , Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）.27. Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his , a textbook of geometry.28. To illustrate the principle of the level, is said to have told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖29. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; style. 30. The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years. II. Multiple choices:1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?B. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C.D. The 5th century 3. Which of the following works describedthe war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the King C. Odyssey D. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus? B. Agamemnon C. Persians D. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles? A. Electra B. Antigone Oedipus the King6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? A. Antigone B. Persians C. Electra D.7. Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?8. Who ever said that ―Y ou can not step twice into the same river.‖? C. Aristotle D. Plato9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. Socrates 10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man is the measure of all things‖?B. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. EpicurusChapter Two Roman CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. The Roman writer said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive‖.大意：征服者反被被征服者所征服。
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Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or False Questions.
___ F (1) The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. ___ T (2) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. ___ F (3) Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including their life in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. ___ T (4) The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. ___ T (5) Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship or legendary.
A. 585 BC
B. 1000 BC
C. 1000 AD
D. 588 BC
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple Choices (4) ___ won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1978.
Text Study
Think and Discuss
Think and Discuss
some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.
A. 586 BC
B. 450 BC
C. 330 BC
D. 586
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple Choices (2) In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks. (1)
(2) Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country _______ of Israel. Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of _______ Judaism and finally confirmed it during the Babylonian Captivity and later period. The core of Judaism is _______________________ Moses’ Ten Commandments and __________________________________________ the rabbis’ interpretations of the prophet’s doctrines .
A. Pulitzer Joseph
B. Saul Bellow
C. Singer
D. Hemingway
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple Choices (5) The ancestor of the Jews is ___.
(3)
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks. the sunset of Friday and lasts to (4) The Sabbath begins from ________________ the sunset of Saturday , which was set apart by ______ __________________ Moses ______ in commemoration of as a holy day, for ___ rest and worship the completion of __________ the creation . Rosh Hashanah . (5) The Jewish New Year is called _____________
Text Study
Think and Discuss
Think and Discuss
(1) How much do you learn about Judaism and the Old Testament?
Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning，Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some
Text Study
Think and Discuss
Think and Discuss
The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.
A. David and Solomon
B. Moses and David
C. Jacob and David
D. Jacob and Solomon
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple Choices (3) Jerusalem was established as the capension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple Choices (1) The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.
A. Greek
B. Germanic
C. Hebrew
D. Roman
Text Study