文体学概论

s)
one l iness --e.e.cummings, “l（a”
语义变异

The child is the father of the man. -- Wordsworth， “My Heart Leaps Up”
文体即突出, 前景化(foregrounding)
平行和变异的结合 相同语言成分重复出现，在重复的结构中存在变化，而这 变化的部分就是作者想强调说明的。

Foregrounding e.g.1

The red- haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the landlord; she left innumerable other lights o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But God she did not leave.
文体分析培根的<<论读书>>

文体特征: 词汇: 古语, 拉丁文短语 Maketh, doth

文体效果: 古雅
Abeunt studia

修辞格: 省略, 排比 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 句子结构:简单句

A Birthday
My heart is like a singing bird

Whose nest is in a watered shoot;
My heart is like an apple-tree
Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit;
or

风格是指：某人 /某事物/时代等表现出来的一种特有的总体特征。是 外在的表现形式。

外在特征总能产生特定的效果。
What is style? 风格是事物外在特有的表现形式和内在效果的统一。
文体: 语言表达形式

Style is the particular choice of words or manner of expression typical of a writer or speaker.



语音变异：
省略：

And heavily from woe to woe tell o‘er --Shakespeare 添加：
But came the waves anwk.baidu.com washèd it away
-- Spenser
语相变异

l (a le af fa ll

As though a rose should close and be a bud again.

Blinded alike from sunshine and from rain As though a rose should shut and be a bud again.
文体即变异(deviation )
My heart is like a rainbow shell
That paddles in a halcyon sea;
My heart is gladder than all these
e.

Because my love is come to me.
Style is deviation from the common core. (对常 规语的违背)
量的变异（quantitative deviation）某语言层面的 表达形式出现的频率明显高于一般水平。 质的变异（ qualitative deviation ）即明显地违反 语法、词汇、语义、语音或书写等规则，从而达 到一种特殊效果。
Stylistics
文体学导论
What is “Style”?

A general manner of doing something that is typical representative of a person, or a group, or a time of history etc.



His father took his last sleep.
文体即选择(word choice)
Style as the choice between alternative expressions ：词语 选择和搭配的差异。 “春风又绿江南岸”—王安石 《泊船瓜洲》



Blinded alike from sunshine and from rain

严谨,简明

What is “Stylistics”?

Stylistics is a study of writing (spoken) styles of a writer or a speaker.
文体学： 研究语篇的语言特点及表达形式的学科。 文学文体学：研究文学作品的语言形式，以及通过分析语言特征揭示作 品反应的意义和情感。



文体和语境

语境：语言环境
大语境：时代背景、个人背景 小语境：语篇环境 1.作品表达的对象。
2.场合
3.内容 4.信息传递的方式 5. 目的
文体

Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. ---------- Bacon’s “Of Study”

文：作家作品
体：特有的语言表达形式 文体：某作家或说话人特有的语言表达形式。 文体是外在的语言表达形式和内在效果的统一体.



文体和效果

His father passed away. His father kicked up his toes. His father quit this world. His father took his last sleep.
文体即形式：恰当的语言表达形式
• 1. 文体是语言表达形式，是形式和内容的统 一体，外在语言特征和内在意义的统一体。 （style is form） • 2. 在恰当的地方使用恰当的词 （ Proper words in proper places ）
文体即修辞

His father passed away. His father kicked up his toes. His father quit this world.