虚拟语气 倒装

四级语法辅导

倒装

㈠．英语句子的语序

英语句子通常有两种语序。一种是主语在前，谓语在后，称为自然语序（Natural order）.大部分的句子都采用自然语序。另一种则相反，谓语在前，主语在后，称为倒装语序（Inverted order）.倒装语序又分为两类：

1．全部倒装（Whole Inversion）:

指包括表语或状语在内的整个谓语放在主语之前，它的语序是：表语或状语+谓语动词+主语。

2．部分倒装（Partial Inversion）

指谓语中的一部分，如助动词do,does,did,情态动词can,may,should,ought to,must 等，“有”动词have, 系动词be等放在主语之前，其余部分包括谓语动词仍在主语之后。

㈡．分类与应用

1．疑问倒装

英语的疑问句一般采用倒装。

e.g. Has he left me a book?

注：疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，句子不必倒装。

e.g. What makes him think so?

2.惊叹倒装

在由what和how引起的感叹句中，表语常常放在主语之前；在旧式文学体裁的陈述句中常出现主谓部分倒装表示惊叹：在美国英语中，有时用疑问句的倒装形式表示感叹。如：

e.g. What a wide river it is!

Did he look annoyed!

3.假设倒装

在非真实条件句中，如if被省略,had,were,should需与主语倒装。如：

Had you(=If you had) asked me, I would have told you the answer.( 与过去事实相反) 4．副词倒装

⑴．全部倒装

a. here, there, now, then 置于句首而主语不是人称代词时。

e.g. Then came a girl.

比较：Then she came.

b. 小品词（如out,in,away,off等）或拟声词置于句首时。

e.g. In came the girls talking and laughing.

⑵.部分倒装

a. 方式副词或often, many a time频度副词置于句首时。

e.g. Often do we go shopping together.

b. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首时。

注：only+名词置于句首时不能倒装。

e.g. Only slowly did I understood her words.

Only by working hard can we pass the exam.

Only when one loses freedomdoes one know its value.

c. so+a./a

d. 置于句首时。

e.g. So much does he worry about the college entrance examination that he can’t sleep well at night.

5.强调倒装

a.主要应用与全部倒装。句子主语不长，为了强调句中某部分，就把该部分提到句首。E.g. on the bed lay an old man.

b.有时，句子的主语后面紧接着较长的修饰语或一个句子出现几个并列主语，这时主语部分显得太长，给人一种头重脚轻的感觉，采用全部倒装后便能平衡句子结构,也可认为是强调倒装。

e.g. Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest and tallest men I had ever seen.

d. 介词短语开头时：to such lengths, to such a degree, to such an extent, with good

reason等。

e.g. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night.

6.否定倒装

句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，句子常用部分倒装，常用于这一结构的常见词语有：at no time, by no means, few, hardly/scarcely, hardly/scarcely…when, in/under no circumstance, in no way, in vain, little, less, much/even/still less,never, no longer, nowhere, not a single word, not a soul, not once, not only, not often, sooner…than, not until, rarely, seldom, on no account, no sooner…than,etc.

注：a.not only置于句首时，主谓也倒装，但but(also) 后的主谓部分则不倒装。

e.g. Not only did he complain about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.(主语在but后须重复)

=He not only complained about the food but also refused to pay for it.(在此句中因第一部分主谓不倒装，故but后相同主语便不重复。)

c. not until置于句首时，连词until引导的从句中主谓不倒装，但主句的主谓

结构必须倒装，同only when置于句首时一样。

E,g, Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

7.比较倒装

在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添用助动词do以代替前面已出现过的动词；在“the…the…”句型中也常出现倒装。