普通心理学 第九讲intell

2012-5-5
16
2.4 Limitations of IQ Tests
Predictive validity of IQ scores Two limitations
2012-5-5
17
2.4.1 Predictive validity of IQ scores
学校阶段
小学 中学 大学 研究生 Why?
2012-5-5
5
1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence
1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence
The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982)
2012-5-5
4
1 The Nature of Intelligence
The multifaceted nature of intelligence The functional nature of intelligence Culturally defined Definition of intelligence
Look up names of letter Compare forms R: identical Compare letter names R: identical
Knowledge Base
Information in LTM Quantity, Method of organization, Availability--->Intelligence Performance Experience & Schema
2012-5-5
26
3.2 The Information-Processing Approach
Speed of Processing
– Posner et al(1969)
Knowledge Base Ability to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies
2012-5-5
8
1.4 Definition of Intelligence
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983)
– The average age at which children achieve a particular score.
Item Selection
2012-5-5 12
2.2 Intelligence Testing in USA
Lewis Terman
– Stanford-Binet scale (1916) – IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 – Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm)
Group Tests
– Army Alpha & Army Beta Test – Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT)
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
2012-5-5 13
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
David Wechsler
2012-5-5
14
The Structure of WAIS-R
Verbal subtests
Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Digit span Vocabulary
Performance subtests
Digit symbol Picture completion Block design Picture arrangement Object assembly
2012-5-5
11
2.1 Binet Scale
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
– (1905) forBiblioteka Baidueducation commission
Binet & Simon (1908)
– Abilities increase with age
Mental Age, MA----Chronological age,CA
2012-5-5
IQ与成绩相关
0.6-0.7 0.5-0.6 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4
18
How teachers view brightness as IQ?
Bias in age Bias in sex Bias in social behavior manner
2012-5-5
19
2.4.2 Two Limitations
Psychometric instruments Intelligence tests Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911)
– – – – Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities 10,000(1884) Father of mental test/pioneering statistician
The Psychometric Approach The Information-Processing Approach A Theory of Multiple Intelligences
2012-5-5
23
3.1 The Psychometric Approach
Psychometric Approach Factor Analysis: common elements Spearman Two-Factor Theory
2012-5-5
9
Intelligence
Viewpoint of layperson Related concepts
– – – – – Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence Mental ability
2012-5-5
10
2 Intelligence Testing
2012-5-5
29
Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies
Daily Task Difference between adults and children Retard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies
2012-5-5 20
语言文化差异
Cello Harp Drum Violin Guitar Running a game What is up?
2012-5-5
21
Assignment 1
中小学教育中是否要引用智商测验？ 为什么？
2012-5-5
22
3 Approaches to Intelligence
2012-5-5
27
Speed of Processing
Judge Identity: A A Perceive form of letter Analyze perceived forms Judge Identity: A a Perceive form of letter Analyze perceived forms
Lack of a theoretical basis
– Academic performance/practical intelligence
Culturally biased
– 15-point difference in white/African – Williams, Robert L. – IQ is strongly correlated with socioeconomic status – Group difference: gender
– Charles Spearman (1863-1945) – g-factor, General Intelligence – s-factors
2012-5-5
24
Other Factor Theories
LL Thurstone(1938, 1962): 7 primary factors
2012-5-5
15
2.3 Frequency Distribution of IQ Scores
Wechsler (1958) – New concept of IQ calculating IQ as an individual position relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distribution An normal, bell-shaped curve
– Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biases
Wechsler-Bellevue tests (1939) WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981) WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991)
2012-5-5 25
Limitations of the Psychometric Approach
Describing rather than explaining
– Facts but no theory; Lack of Process
Proliferation in factors
– Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern
word fluency comprehension numerical computation spatial skills associative memory reasoning perceptual speed
R. Cattell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence Wechsler WAIS-R J. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation
Chapter 9 Intelligence
Introduction to Psychology Peking University
什么是聪明？
2012-5-5
2
Intelligence
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983)
2012-5-5
7
1.3 Cultureally Defined
Cultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978)
2012-5-5
30
Limitation of I-P Approach
Theory to Theory
2012-5-5
3
Outlines
The nature of intelligence Intelligence testing Approaches to intelligence Heredity and intelligence The extremes of intelligence Some concluding thoughts