The Jews犹太人介绍英文版
威尼斯商人-英语版
The main characters
安东尼奥 (Antonio)：威尼斯的大商人，他经营海外贸易并拥有巨 资，与落魄的贵族子弟巴萨尼奥结为生死之交，甚至不惜为他押下自 己身上的一磅肉。
《威尼斯商人》（英文：The Merchant of Venice）又名 《威尼斯的犹太人》是莎士比 亚的喜剧作品。可能写于1596 年至1598年，出版于1600年， 首演于1598年。而它也是最早 在中国演出的莎剧(1913年)。
①English poet、 playwriter、dramatist. ②tragedies and comedies and histories
Antonio – a merchant of Venice Bassanio – Antonio‘s friend; suitor（求婚者） to Portia Portia – a rich heiress Shylock – a rich Jew, moneylender, father of Jessica Jessica – daughter of Shylock, Lorenzo's girlfriend Lorenzo – friend of Antonio and Bassanio, in love with
巴萨尼奥 (Bassanio)：将家产挥霍一空的落魄贵族，后娶波西亚。 波西亚 (Portia)：才貌双全的富家女嗣。 夏洛克 (Shylock)：以放高利贷致富的犹太人。 洁西卡 (Jessica)：夏洛克的女儿，后袭卷父亲财产与罗伦佐私奔。 罗伦佐 (Lorenzo)：安东尼奥与巴萨尼奥的朋友，洁西卡的情人。 奈莉莎 (ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱerissa)：波西亚的贴身女侍。 葛莱西安诺 (Gratiano)：安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之友，后娶奈莉莎。
犹太民族简介
2、犹太教与基督教 、 毫无疑问，耶酥以及他的门徒们都认为他们都是犹太教徒,实际上 实际上， 毫无疑问，耶酥以及他的门徒们都认为他们都是犹太教徒 实际上， 他们本人当然个个都是犹太人。 他们本人当然个个都是犹太人。但是为什么基督教和犹太教后来分离 并且产生很多消极的结果呢?这里有 个说法， 个来自犹太教 这里有2个说法 个来自犹太教， 个 并且产生很多消极的结果呢 这里有 个说法，1个来自犹太教，1个 来自基督教. 来自基督教 (1)犹太教的说法是 在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后，犹太人 犹太教的说法是:在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后 犹太教的说法是 在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后， 一直努力捍卫自己的宗教，而到了耶酥那里,他竟然和自己的一个名 一直努力捍卫自己的宗教，而到了耶酥那里 他竟然和自己的一个名 叫保罗的使徒从犹太教那里借用了一些重要的理念,创建了新宗教 创建了新宗教， 叫保罗的使徒从犹太教那里借用了一些重要的理念 创建了新宗教， 并且废弃了上帝的重要的十戒,还加了很多奇怪的观念 还加了很多奇怪的观念,最不能接受的 并且废弃了上帝的重要的十戒 还加了很多奇怪的观念 最不能接受的 耶酥的使徒居然认为耶酥是弥塞亚!这是犹太人所不能接受的 这是犹太人所不能接受的。 是，耶酥的使徒居然认为耶酥是弥塞亚 这是犹太人所不能接受的。 因为对犹太人来说，耶酥只是个普通的犹太教徒,他其实只是聪明一 因为对犹太人来说，耶酥只是个普通的犹太教徒 他其实只是聪明一 但他后来为什么要发出那么多异怪的想法呢?并且还形成了一个被 点,但他后来为什么要发出那么多异怪的想法呢 并且还形成了一个被 但他后来为什么要发出那么多异怪的想法呢 很多人追随的'新教派 新教派'. 很多人追随的 新教派 (2)基督教的说法是 在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后，犹太人 基督教的说法是:在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后 基督教的说法是 在摩西这个家伙在山上接受上帝戒律后， 一直努力捍卫自己的宗教，而到了耶酥那里,他努力实践犹太教 他努力实践犹太教， 一直努力捍卫自己的宗教，而到了耶酥那里 他努力实践犹太教，并 把犹太教发展得更加完善，但是不能容忍的是,犹太人自己却不感激 把犹太教发展得更加完善，但是不能容忍的是 犹太人自己却不感激 耶酥,还固执坚持以前那种过时的宗教 还固执坚持以前那种过时的宗教. 耶酥 还固执坚持以前那种过时的宗教 虽然,犹太教是基督教的根 但是正如上面说的，他们存在分歧， 犹太教是基督教的根,但是正如上面说的 虽然 犹太教是基督教的根 但是正如上面说的，他们存在分歧，并且 随着历史的演进,它们逐渐分离了 并且共同存在这个世界上。 它们逐渐分离了， 随着历史的演进 它们逐渐分离了，并且共同存在这个世界上。
犹太人历史百科
犹太⼈历史百科犹太⼈历史百科⼀、犹太⼈犹太⼈(Jewish),或称“尤太⼈”,是⼴泛分布于世界各国的⼀个族群?希伯来(犹太)语,乃是指犹太教民,或者更笼统意义上所有犹太族⼈(也被称为犹太民族),是族群体既包括⾃古代沿传下来的以⾊列种族,也包括了后来在各时期和世界各地皈依犹太宗教的⼈群?从⼴泛的⾓度,犹太⼈可以是也可以不是严格的宗教奉⾏者?根据有关犹太⼈组织的统计,2007年全球犹太⼈总数约在1320万⼈左右,其中540万⼈定居在以⾊列,530万⼈居住在美国,其余则散居在世界各地?犹太⼈⼝总数仅占全球总⼈⼝的0.2% ,上述数据也包含了⾃认为是犹太⼈但没有归属于任何犹太社团组织的⼈群?但事实上,全球犹太⼈的总⼈⼝数很难得到准确统计,因为犹太⼈的定义存在多种标准和界定⽅式,导致统计的准确性受到了影响?1.判定⽅法①.正统派犹太教和保守派犹太教界定⼀个⼈是否属犹太⼈的标准是要看其母亲是否是犹太⼈,如果其母亲是犹太⼈⽆论她的⼦⼥是否信仰犹太教还是信仰基督教或者是⽆神论者她的⼦⼥也被承认为犹太⼈?该标准被以⾊列《回归法》所采纳?②.属犹太教少数派的卡拉派(Karaism)界定⽅法刚好相反,卡拉派认为⽗亲是犹太⼈他的⼦⼥就是犹太⼈?由于属卡拉派的犹太⼈数量⾮常⼩,卡拉派的观点往往被外界所忽视?③.⾃由派和改⾰派认为,只要母亲或者是⽗亲有⼀⽅是犹太⼈并按照犹太⼈的风俗习惯来抚育⼦⼥,他们的⼦⼥就是犹太⼈?2.历史来源古希伯来⼈属于闪族的⼀种?它在公元前三千纪时游牧于幼发拉底河流域的草原,公元前⼆千纪中叶,进⼊迦南,就是后来称为巴勒斯坦的地区,当时的迦南⼈把外来的⼈叫做“希伯来⼈”,意思是“从河那边来的⼈”(“河”是指幼发拉底河)?根据《圣经·旧约》的历史记载?他们的远祖亚伯拉罕(阿拉伯语发⾳为易⼘拉⾟)原来居住在苏美尔⼈的乌尔帝国附近,后来迁移到迦南(今以⾊列/巴勒斯坦⼀带)?他有两⼦,嫡幼⼦以撒成为犹太⼈祖先,根据《圣经》和《古兰经》的记载,其与侍⼥夏甲所⽣的庶长⼦以实玛利(阿拉伯发⾳易斯玛仪)的后代就是阿拉伯⼈?所以在原始⾎缘上,犹太⼈和阿拉伯⼈很近?3.变迁历程①.远古犹太⼈的祖先名字叫雅各(阿拉伯发⾳为叶尔孤⽩),雅各是以撒的⼉⼦?亚伯拉罕(阿拉伯发⾳为易⼘拉欣)的孙⼦,后来改名叫以⾊列,意思是“与神⾓⼒者”,⽽且因为他在和神搏⽃的时候伤了腿筋,所以犹太⼈在宰杀动物时都要把腿筋挑出来丢弃?雅各⽣有12个⼉⼦,由于约瑟的关系,在七个荒年的第⼆年迁移到埃及,受到当时统治埃及的西克索斯⼈的优待,居住在尼罗河下游,转变为农业民族?西克索⼈被努⽐亚⼈暴动赶出埃及后,以⾊列⼈的地位急剧下降,沦为埃及⼈的奴⾪,他们在摩西(阿拉伯发⾳为穆萨)的带领下逃出埃及,逃回巴勒斯坦定居,雅各的12个⼉⼦的后代形成⼗⼆⽀族,原来在巴勒斯坦分居,后来统⼀成⼀个国家,先由便雅悯⽀族中的扫罗作王四⼗年?之后由犹⼤⽀派中的⼤卫担任国王?⼤卫(David)名字的意思是“被蒙爱者”,以⾊列国家在⼤卫的⼉⼦所罗门(阿拉伯称为苏莱曼⼤帝)担任国王期间达到⿍盛?所罗门死后,他的⼉⼦罗波安继承王位?由于他及⼀班年青的⼤⾂所施⾏的苛刻政策,北部10个⽀族的⼈分离出去,单独成⽴以⾊列王国,并推举尼⼋的⼉⼦耶罗波安为王;犹⼤⽀族和便雅悯⽀族联合成⽴了犹太王国?以⾊列王国不久即被亚述⼈消灭,犹⼤王国尚坚持了⼏百年,后来也终于被巴⽐伦帝国攻占?⼈民被虏到巴⽐伦成为奴⾪?波斯帝国消灭巴⽐伦后?犹太⼈被允许回犹太区,重建耶路撒冷圣殿,后来相继沦为希腊和罗马帝国的属民?到了公元1世纪,撒马利亚⼈和犹太⼈是没有来往的?耶稣死后不久,犹太⼈起义反对罗马⼈,耶路撒冷被罗马⼤军攻破,圣殿被拆毁,犹太⼈被迫流落到世界各地,⾃称为犹太⼈?②.近代犹太⼈到世界各地后,语⾔?风俗逐渐和当地居民同化,但他们坚持信仰本民族的宗教,以此维持民族的独⽴性,仍然⽤⾃⼰的希伯来字母书写⽂字,在意⼤利?西班⽛的犹太⼈,语⾔被同化,⽤希伯来字母书写的叫“拉丁诺⽂”;在德国?波兰的犹太⼈语⾔为“意第绪语“;流落到中国的犹太⼈,由于他们的宗教信仰也不吃猪⾁,被中国⼈误称为“蓝帽回回”“术忽回回”,并逐渐和其他回族混淆,长期以⾄于完全失去了犹太⼈的信仰和习俗传统,信仰了伊斯兰教?虽然基督教《圣经》的“旧约”部分与犹太教《圣经》的内容⼏乎相同,但基督教的“新约”将“旧约”的内容进⾏了相当⼤程度的延伸并使得基督教和犹太教之间产⽣了⼀定的区别?③.现当代19世纪末期,由于东欧的迫害加剧,成千上万的犹太⼈逃离此地,⼤多数投奔美国?加拿⼤和西欧?到1924年,共有⼤约两百万犹太⼈移民⾄美国,因当时美国社会对待犹太族群的态度相对⽐东欧⽽⾔更加宽容?欧洲对犹太⼈的迫害终于在纳粹德国时期达到顶峰,发⽣了灭绝约600万犹太⼈的⼤屠杀,⼏乎彻底摧毁犹太⼈在欧洲2000年的⽂化历史沉淀?1948年以⾊列国建⽴,是⾃罗马摧毁耶路撒冷后近2000年来成⽴的第⼀个犹太⼈国家,并⼈为复兴⼝语希伯来语的正式使⽤?但以⾊列建国的地点是在巴勒斯坦地区,导致和当地定居已久的阿拉伯裔巴勒斯坦⼈⽭盾激化,使中东成为世界的热点地区,并致使原先居住在阿拉伯国家的近90万犹太⼈也陷⼊困境?到21世纪初,美国和以⾊列是犹太⼈的主要集中地?[1]④.以⾊列国以⾊列建国前的巴勒斯坦地区巴勒斯坦阿拉伯⼈⽐例占绝⼤多数,1948年犹太⼈仅占6%?由于战争以及以⾊列政府的驱逐,到2009年以⾊列的犹太⼈占总⼈⼝的76%,19%是阿拉伯⼈,5%是其他民族?由于犹太⼈的出⽣率⽐阿拉伯⼈低,⽽且近年来⼜有犹太⼈从以⾊列移民到欧美等国,以⾊列政府担⼼,将来以⾊列的犹太⼈不会再占⼈⼝的多数?⼆、种族特点①.肤⾊特点犹太⼈在世界各地经过接近⼆千年的流浪,和当地⼈的通婚,使到犹太⼈的肤⾊变得多种多样,有⽩种犹太⼈,黄种犹太⼈,和⿊种犹太⼈,及印度和拉美的亚肤⾊的犹太⼈?黄种犹太⼈居住在位于印度和缅甸交界处⼈⼝只有九千?②.象征颜⾊蓝⾊和⽩⾊是象征犹太⼈的颜⾊?纳粹德国在1935年制定的《纽伦堡法律》第四条(1)禁⽌犹太⼈展⽰第三帝国国旗或展⽰象征德国的颜⾊?(即纳粹党旗的颜⾊,红⾊?⽩⾊?⿊⾊)(2)犹太⼈可以展⽰象征犹太⼈的颜⾊?(即蓝⾊和⽩⾊)?因为⽩⾊既是第三帝国国旗的颜⾊⼜是象征犹太⼈的颜⾊所以破例允许犹太⼈展⽰⽩⾊?③.契约民族割礼(割去男婴的包⽪)为犹太⼈盛⾏的传统宗教仪式,希伯来⽂称此仪式为“盟约”(brit)或“割礼的盟约”(brit milah)?穆汉(mohel)为割礼执⾏⼈?男婴如没有⽣病或有其他健康问题等延期理由,穆汉就会为出⽣后第⼋天的男婴举⾏割礼?割礼进⾏期间,穆汉会致祝词并宣告男婴已实践律法,接着男婴的⽗母会致祝词以表明⾃⼰的⼉⼦已被纳⼊上帝与犹太⼈之间的约,正式给男婴起名?根据《圣经·创世记》17章9-14节的记载,上帝吩咐亚伯兰为⾃⼰?男性⼦孙和仆⼈都要⾏割礼为永久之契约?按中世纪犹太教⼝传律法哈拉卡,没有跟从割礼者会被视为有意犯(karet),会招致在上帝剪除的惩罚?对犹太⼈来说,为出⽣后第⼋天的男婴举⾏割礼有着神圣的特殊意义?三、信仰宗教1?犹太教综述犹太语,旧称挑筋教?蓝帽回回,是在公元前2000年中东地区的游牧民族希伯来⼈中产⽣的?犹太教的成年礼在⼗⼆岁(⼥)与⼗三岁(男)?犹太教崇拜单⼀的主神雅赫维(基督教中称耶和华),是希伯来⼈内部的民族宗教?犹太教认为《塔⽊德》是仅次于《圣经》的经籍,犹太教中派⽣出了两个世界最⼤的宗教--基督教和伊斯兰教?当亚历⼭⼤⼤帝征服希伯来⼈的犹太原居地后,希伯来⼈也易名为犹太⼈并散落到希腊帝国各处,公元前3世纪,希腊化的埃及托勒密王朝君主托勒密⼆世,召集70多位懂希腊语的犹太⼈,集中整理犹太教⽂献并译成希腊语,即⽬前基督教使⽤的希腊语圣经中的旧约全书部分,所谓七⼗⼠译本?再后来犹太国被罗马帝国彻底摧毁,犹太教位于耶路撒冷的圣殿被拆毁,只留下⼀段残破的西墙(哭墙),犹太⼈散落到欧亚各地?公元6世纪时,部分犹太学者将七⼗⼠译本圣经整理,剔除其不是源于希伯来⽂或阿拉姆⽂本的部分,将整理好的部分重新译回希伯来⽂,成为犹太教的圣经?当然这个说法只是关于希伯来语圣经成书的⼀种说法?这个说法与基督宗教和犹太教中常见的关于希伯来圣经的来源的说法不⼀致?历史上,犹太⼈曾⾯对多次毁灭性的灾难和逼害?犹太⼈由于两千多年⼀直分散在世界各地,语⾔?⽂字已经分化,只是靠着统⼀的宗教维系其单⼀的民族性?由于犹太教徒认为救世主尚未来临,不承认耶稣基督是救世主,这是⼀直受到基督教世界歧视和迫害的⼀个原因?但已故天主教教宗若望·保禄⼆世,已承认曾对抗犹太教徒,造成了他们承受苦难的历史?19世纪,犹太复国主义(锡安主义)思潮兴起,各地犹太⼈以买地等⼿段陆续回到巴勒斯坦,建⽴以⾊列国家?由于在遵守⽅式和程度的差异,现今的犹太教主要有三⼤派系,分别是正统派?保守派及改⾰派?⼀些宗教学者将犹太教?基督教和伊斯兰教通称为亚伯拉罕诸教,因为三者奉旧约中的亚伯拉罕为他们的先知?2?犹太教影响犹太教只是⼀个民族性的宗教,信仰⼈⼝并不多,但起源于犹太教的两个宗教--伊斯兰教和基督教,在世界上有很⼤的影响?犹太⼈国家在公元79年被罗马帝国摧毁后,⼀部分犹太⼈流落到阿拉伯半岛,和阿拉伯⼈混居,他们的宗教与阿拉伯⼈宗教类似,犹太教的教义⼜认为犹太⼈和阿拉伯⼈是来⾃同⼀祖先?在古兰经中,也有很多和犹太教近似的⽅⾯?基督宗教本⾝原来只是犹太教的⼀个⽀派,在耶稣被钉⼗字架死后,圣保罗仍然在犹⼤-撒马利亚宣扬耶稣基督救赎,就是传扬救赎给万邦万民,但⼏乎获得和耶稣同样的下场,只是由于圣保罗是出⽣于⼩亚细亚的罗马公民,所以幸免于处死被遣返回罗马?他圣灵的启⽰下要传福⾳给外邦⼈听?故此他在罗马帝国中间的各民族中传道,将基督教变成了⼀个世界性的⼤宗教?现在全世界信仰犹太教的⼈很少,只局限在犹太⼈内部,还没有信仰锡克教和神道教的⼈⼝多,但每⼀部介绍宗教的书籍都少不了要提到犹太教,主要是因为其影响巨⼤?[2]四、反犹主义反犹主义长盛不衰的原因之⼀就是犹太⼈控制所在国家的经济命脉,在美国国徽上有⼀由⼗三颗星星组成代表美国最初13个州的⼀个六⾓形?⼀般认为这是⼀个偶然的标记,但也有⼈认为这个标记是为了感谢海姆·所罗门(Haym Solomon)为美国独⽴战争所提供的慷慨资助加⼊的,有⼈甚⾄认为所罗门本⼈设计了这个国徽?犹太⼈标志“⼤卫王之星”也是六⾓形?正是这颗国徽上的⼤卫王之星触动了反犹主义者敏感的神经,这颗在美国国徽上的⼤卫王之星成为反犹主义者眼中犹太⼈控制美国的证据,他们认为在历届的美国总统选举中,谁更亲以⾊列谁就会在犹太⼈⽀持下当选美国总统?在现今世界认为犹太⼈控制美国的观点在穆斯林中仍相当有市场?1.历史上的反犹在历史上⽆论是伊斯兰教还是基督教都有反犹的传统?但也有对犹太⼈较为宽容的基督教国家及伊斯兰教国家,对犹太⼈较宽容的基督教国家以波兰为代表,对犹太⼈较宽容的伊斯兰教国家以奥斯曼帝国为代表,虽然巴耶塞特⼆世之后的苏丹改变了巴耶塞特⼆世的亲犹作风,但总的说来⽣活在奥斯曼帝国的犹太⼈⽐⽣活在其他伊斯兰教国家的犹太⼈受到较少的迫害?第⼆次世界⼤战后,传统反犹的基督教有较⼤的转变,现今的天主教教会在对待犹太⼈的态度上转好?甚⾄将其祈祷⽂中涉及犹太⼈的部分做出更正?①.伊斯兰教的反犹什叶派反犹：波斯在刚刚开始伊斯兰化的时候(634 ⾄1255),犹太⼈要交特定的税禁⽌犹太⼈携带武器,禁⽌骑马,禁⽌犹太⼈在有关穆斯林的案件中作证,历史发展波斯宗教⼈⼝由伊斯兰教逊尼派占⼤多数转变为伊斯兰教什叶派占⼤多数的国家,伊斯兰教什叶派的神学观点认为异教徒是不洁的(阿拉伯语)⽣活在什叶派占统治地位的波斯犹太⼈(1502 ⾄1925)就认为是不洁,谁接触过犹太⼈谁就要进⾏宗教的洁净仪式后才能进⾏祈祷,犹太⼈禁⽌⽤穆斯林的公共浴室,禁⽌下⾬或下雪的时候外出,因为⾬⽔或雪花会通过接触犹太⼈⽽污染穆斯林?犹太⼈被强迫戴特定的帽⼦穿特定的服饰进⾏识别,罗马尼亚旅⾏家历史学家J. J. Benjamin写到“在波斯,犹太⼈要买东西时禁⽌在商店⾥接触任何商品?如果商品被犹太⼈不经意接触了,就认为该商品被犹太⼈所污染,⽆论货主开个什么价钱犹太⼈都必须把该商品买下”圣训：圣训也有⼀些针对犹太⼈的话“将来你们⼀定会与犹太⼈交战,最终你们必定会歼灭他们,甚⾄连⽯头都会说话:…穆斯林啊!这⾥藏着犹太⼈,快来杀死他?’”(《穆斯林圣训实录》41:6981)《穆斯林圣训实录》41:6985有类似的记述:“复⽣⽇不会来临,直到穆斯林杀戮犹太⼈?当穆斯林追杀犹太⼈,他们藏于⽯头和树⽊后时,⽯头和树⽊就会喊:…穆斯林!安拉的仆民!我后⾯的就是犹太⼈,快来杀他!?但厄尔盖德树不会这样,因为它是犹太⼈的树?”这段圣训被巴勒斯坦的哈马斯组织纳为其宪章第7条的⼀部分?21世纪：沙特阿拉伯有教科书宣扬反犹太的观点,描述犹太⼈的起源是猴⼦和猪?这些教科书在国外的穆斯林社群中也有使⽤?在巴勒斯坦与黎巴嫩活动的反犹太圣战组织,接⼆连三的对以⾊列军民发动攻击,使得以⾊列仍处于混乱状态?②.⼆战时期的反犹希特勒是个极端的种族主义者和反犹主义者?他在《我的奋⽃》中写道:“雅利安⼈的最⼤对⽴⾯就是犹太⼈”他把犹太⼈看作是世界的敌⼈,⼀切邪恶事物的根源,⼀切灾祸的根⼦,⼈类⽣活秩序的破坏者?这些观点成了希特勒后来屠杀数百万犹太⼈,企图灭绝犹太⼈的理论依据?究其原因⼤致可以从以下四个⽅⾯加以透视:（1）.历史的原由在历史上,欧洲⼈对犹太⼈持有成见?为了阐明问题,有必要对犹太民族的历史作⼀个简单的回顾?犹太⼈的远祖是古代闪族的⽀脉希伯来⼈,公元前,他们的祖先曾聚居⽣活在阿拉伯巴勒斯坦的⼟地上?公元1世纪,罗马帝国攻占巴勒斯坦后,犹太⼈举⾏过多次⼤规模反抗罗马占领者的起义,但都遭到了罗马统治者的⾎腥镇压?到公元135年的犹太⼈起义再次惨遭失败为⽌,在这1个多世纪的时间⾥,罗马统治者屠杀了百万犹太⼈,最后还把余者全部赶出巴勒斯坦⼟地,使他们流散到西欧,西欧当时完全处于落后的⼩⽣产农牧社会,⼟地被⼈们视为最珍贵的财富,商业则是⼈们鄙视的⾏业?犹太⼈逃往西欧后,当地的封建主们⾮常歧视他们,不许他们占有⼟地,只许他们经营商业?不知是历史过错教育了他们,还是⽣死磨难砥砺了他们,或者说这本来就是历史赋予的机遇,总之,由这⼀切所构成的历史集合体,铸就了犹太⼈的特质,使得他们聪明起来,坚强起来?他们不仅在困境中顽强地繁衍⽣息,⽽且逐渐地富有了?公元13⾄15世纪,欧洲开始进⼊资本主义社会,当地新兴资产阶级同那些经商致富的新兴的犹太⼈资本家们,产⽣了利益冲突,噩运再次降临到犹太⼈的头上?现实利益的冲突加上宗教信仰的差异,⼤批犹太⼈被迫流往东欧及美洲各国,开始了历史上的犹太⼈第⼆次逃亡?不幸的是,这种反对犹太⼈的意识,居然演变成了⼀种⽂化沉淀,在某些国家和地区⼀直“遗传”到现代?尤其是进⼊上个世纪后的德及奥民族,反犹情绪与⽇俱增,希特勒及其追随者就是其中的典型代表?（2）.宗教的情结基督教是世界上流传最⼴?信教⼈数最多的宗教?在欧洲,特别是西欧,⼈们普遍信仰基督耶稣?虽说基督教的经典《圣经》之⼀的《旧约全书》,原是犹太教的经典,两教之间有着密切的历史渊源,但基督教教义认为,是耶稣的12门徒之⼀的犹⼤为了30块银币⽽出卖了上帝之⼦,是犹太⼈将耶稣钉死在⼗字架上,这就造成了基督徒们在情感上对犹太⼈的仇视?所以说信奉基督教的欧洲⼈在宗教感情上是很难接纳犹太⼈?这种宗教感情的社会化,⼜逐渐衍化成⼀种⼤众化的厌恶犹太⼈的社会⼼态?同样,这种社会⼼态也作为⼀种⽂化沉淀?世代“遗传”,并随着岁⽉的推移,逐渐与社会经济政治相结合,使之成为⼀种随时可以被利⽤的社会政治的潜在⼒量?当这种潜在的东西被某个(些)政治野⼼家利⽤时,就会像⽕⼭⼀样喷发,成为⼀种疯狂的社会驱动⼒?应该看到,当时的德及奥民族的内部,民族主义思潮盛⾏,原有的宗教情绪在现实利益冲突的激化下,使⼈们本来已有的反犹情绪更加激烈,从⽽加剧了对犹太⼈的仇视?在这种社会氛围的熏陶下,希特勒的“仇犹反犹”观点逐步形成,并迅速成为了这股社会情绪的主导,⼀⽅⾯,当时德及奥民族仇犹反犹的社会情绪极⼤地刺激着他的政治野⼼,使其民族主义思想恶性膨胀,为其⽇后仇犹?反犹?灭犹政策和措施制造社会价值取向,培植政治⼒量?（3）现实的需要20世纪20年代末30年代初,世界性经济危机爆发,严重打击了德国,使其⼯业⽣产倒退到了上世纪末的⽔平,国⼒渐衰?深刻的经济危机不仅激化了国内的阶级⽭盾,⽽且刺激了垄断资产阶级对外扩张的野⼼?“德意志民族必须从掠夺的⼟地和⽣产空间中寻找出路”,希特勒的这⼀争霸世界的主张,得到了德国垄断资产阶级的拥护和⽀持?然⽽,实施建⽴⼀个德意志民族的⽇⽿曼帝国的罪恶计划需要巨额资⾦提供财⼒保证?在国⼒衰落的情况下,把⼿伸向富有的犹太⼈成为了他们的理所当然?另外,居住在欧洲各地的犹太⼈,较之于其他民族⽽⾔,不仅富有,⽽且素质也要⾼些?⾯对这样⼀个民族,希特勒及其党徒们,既感到仇恨,⼜觉得胆怯?在他们的⼼中,犹太⼈这个特殊的社会群体,是他们实现“第三帝国”美梦的严重威胁?这些,⽆疑加剧了希特勒对犹太⼈的仇恨和政治嫉恨?加上当时德国社会政治⽣活完全处在⼀种极端疯狂的症状之中,使希特勒的仇犹反犹观点不仅有了适当的社会环境,且得以迅速疯狂起来?（4）.纳粹统治者病态的⼼理希特勒青少年时代整天在维也纳和慕尼⿊街头的经历,铸就了他既⾃私⼜狂妄的性格?正如他⼩时的⼀位班主任⽼师后来回忆所说的那样:“希特勒缺乏⾃制⼒,⾄少被⼤家认为性格执拗,刚愎⾃⽤,⾃以为是和脾⽓暴躁?”加上他患有痉挛性的神经质,发起癫狂来甚⾄会趴在地上啃地毯边?从有关史料上可以看出,狂暴是希特勒性格的典型特征?例如,1942年的⼀天,纳粹德国武装部队外科医师扎尔·伯罗赫奉命去晋见希特勒,希特勒的爱⽝就猛扑这位医师,吓得他魂不附体,医师被迫与它细声细语地说话,很快它就平静地趴在医师⾝边,把前肢搁在医师膝盖上,两眼温顺地看着他,并与他逗笑?希特勒见此情景暴跳如雷:“它是完全忠于我的惟⼀⽣物,可你把它骗去了,我要杀死它?”声⾳越来越⾼,简直到了嘶叫的地步,恕吼着威胁要监禁医⽣,类似这样的事,时有发⽣,狂暴加嫉恨,⼜造就了他的狠毒和残忍,希特勒是⼀个有严重病态⼼理的政治狂⼈?上述四⼤原因,如果孤⽴地看其中任何⼀个原因,都很难构成对犹太⼈的灭绝性仇杀?只有把这四⼤原因融合为⼀体时,才能产⽣确定性的使犹太民族在劫难逃的社会效应,⽽希特勒则是把这四⼤原因巧妙地结合在⼀起的魁⾸?⾸先,纳粹党打着当时在德国流⾏的民族主义和社会主义两块招牌,宣扬德意志民族是优秀民族,把犹太民族视为劣等民族?为了蛊惑⼈⼼,欺骗德国⼴⼤民众,希特勒对这种种族歧视理论从两个⽅⾯进⾏了周密的包装?⼀是按照他⾃⼰的社会逻辑,断章取义地摘取前⼈论述⼈⼝问题中的某些词句,拼凑成⼀个种族优劣的理论,为把犹太⼈打⼊劣等⼈种制造理论依据?⼆是利⽤早就深植于德及奥⼈⼼中的反犹意识和宗教情结,⼤肆⿎吹“犹太瘟疫”的谬论?经过希特勒的蓄意“嫁接”,使得这个理论再也不是⼀般意义上的种族歧视了?他利⽤历史的宗教的因素,为其灭绝犹太⼈⽽创设了⼴泛的社会基础,使得这⼀理论更加具有普遍的煽动性?希特勒⼀上台,之所以能够顺利推⾏⼀整套疯狂迫害犹太⼈的反犹灭犹政策,⽆疑得益于他这个荒谬绝伦的理论?其次,纳粹党还利⽤当时德国国内⼴⼤群众痛恨凡尔赛和约的⼼理,煽动复仇主义情绪,并把这种情绪转移到犹太⼈⾝上?在这四⼤原因中,现实的需要是最直接的要素,其它⽅⾯的原因也是⾮常重要的因素?如果没有历史的原因和宗教的情结作为先导性条件,那么,即使现实再需要,也很难想象会达到如此疯狂和残忍的程度?只有当这四⽅⾯的原因聚合为⼀体时,才产⽣了那可怕可憎的充满⾎腥的驱动⼒?任何历史事件都是社会各种相关因素合⼒作⽤的产物,或者说是时事造就的?⼆战期间,600万犹太⼈惨遭杀害,希特勒当属罪魁?希特勒对犹太⼈特有的种族仇恨和政治嫉恨,是政治狂⼈病态⼼理的⼀种特殊反映?导致希特勒严重病态⼼理的“菌种”来⾃历史成见和宗教情结,恰好这些⼜得到了当时德国社会环境的孕育?确切地说,希特勒的严重病态⼼理与当时德国社会政治⽣活的疯狂病态是相辅相成的:⼀⽅⾯,疯狂的病态⼼理正是历史成见?宗教情结和现实需要三⼤原因的粘合剂;另⼀⽅⾯,这三⼤原因的聚合⼜把希特勒疯狂病态的⼼理推向了极端,从⽽引发了那场⼈类历史的⼤悲剧?五、复国历程1.建国前⼣1920年,国际联盟委托英国管辖巴勒斯坦?1922年英国将托管地划分为两部分:东部(现约旦)为阿拉伯⼈居住地,西部为犹太居民区?1922年,第⼀次世界⼤战结束之后,犹太⼈有了⾃⼰的居住地?第⼀次世界⼤战后,犹太⼈掀起了第三和第四次移民浪潮?接着在1936年-1939年⼜有数场暴动发⽣?对此英国在1939年颁布了⼀份⽩⽪书,限制犹太⼈的移民数量⾄75,000⼈,并且限制犹太⼈购买⼟地?这份⽩⽪书被许多犹太⼈和锡安主义者视为是对犹太⼈的背叛,并且认为那违背了贝尔福宣⾔?阿拉伯⼈也并没有就此平息,他们希望完全停⽌犹太⼈的移民?1933年,纳粹在德国执政,掀起第五次犹太⼈移民浪潮?1940年,犹太⼈已占当地居民总数的30%?后来在欧洲发⽣的犹太⼈⼤屠杀,进⼀步推动了犹太⼈移民?1944⾄1948年之间,愈20万犹太⼈通过各种途径辗转来到巴勒斯坦地区?第⼆次世界⼤战结束后,巴勒斯坦地区已经有60万犹太居民?2.建⽴国家1947年,鉴于犹太⼈与阿拉伯⼈之间的暴⼒冲突不断升级,和平努⼒受到挫败,英国政府决定从巴勒斯坦托管地脱⾝?犹太⼈的移民数量⾃从19世纪末以来⼀直稳定增长,受到⼆战中的犹太⼈⼤屠杀影响,犹太⼈复国的理念也获得越来越多的国际⽀持?联合国成⽴了“巴勒斯坦专门委员会”,1947年11⽉联合国⼤会表决了《1947年联合国分治⽅案》,33国赞成(包括美国和苏联),13国反对,10国弃权,通过决议:将巴勒斯坦地区分为两个国家,犹太⼈和阿拉伯⼈分别拥有⼤约55%和45%的领⼟,耶路撒冷被置于联合国的管理之下,以期避免冲突?1947年11⽉29⽇,联合国通过分治⽅案的当⽇,⼤卫·本-古理安接受了该⽅案,但被阿拉伯国家联盟断然拒绝?阿盟委员会⾼层下令对以⾊列的犹太平民展开为期三天的暴⼒袭击,攻击建筑?商店?以及住宅区,紧接着犹太⼈组织的地下民兵部队展开还击,这些战⽃很快便蔓延为⼤规模的冲突,继⽽引发了1948年的以⾊列独⽴战争?1948年5⽉14⽇,在英国的托管期结束前⼀天的⼦夜,以⾊列国正式宣布成⽴?在1949年1⽉25⽇全国选举中,有85%的合格选民参加了投票,接著有120个议席的第⼀届议会开会?两位曾领导以⾊列建成国家的⼈成为该国的领袖,犹太⼈代办处领导⼈⼤卫·本-古⾥安当选⾸任总理;世界犹太复国主义组织领导⼈哈伊姆·魏兹曼由议会选为⾸任总统?1949年5⽉11⽇,以⾊列取得联合国的席位,成为第59个会员国?3.独⽴战争在以⾊列建国之后,埃及?伊拉克?约旦?叙利亚?以及黎巴嫩向以⾊列宣战,开始了1948年的以⾊列独⽴战争?北边的叙利亚?黎巴嫩和伊拉克军队都在接近边界的地⽅被阻挡下来,来⾃东⽅的约旦军队则攻下耶路撒冷的东部,并且对城市的西部展开攻击?不过,犹太⼈的民兵部队成功的阻挡了约旦军队,⽽地下的国民军组织部队(Irgun)也阻⽌了来⾃南⽅的埃及军队?从6⽉开始,联合国宣布了⼀个⽉的停⽕令,在这段期间⾥以⾊列国防军正式成⽴?在数个⽉的战⽃后,双⽅在1949年达成⼀则停⽕协议并划清暂时的边界,这条边界线被称为“绿线”(Green Line)?以⾊列在约旦河的西⽅获得了额外的23.5%的管辖领域,约旦则占有以⾊列南部⼀块⼭地区域和撒马⾥亚,后来那⾥被称为“约旦河西岸地区”?埃及在沿海地区占有⼀⼩块的⼟地,后来被称为加沙地带?⼤量的阿拉伯⼈⼝逃离了新成⽴的犹太⼈国家,巴勒斯坦⼈将此次流亡称为“⼤灾难”(),预计有400,000⾄900,000名巴勒斯坦难民流亡,联合国估计有711,000⼈?以⾊列与阿拉伯国家之间未解决的冲突?以及巴勒斯坦难民的问题⼀直持续⾄今?随着1948年的。
西方文明史犹太人的抵抗教学英文PPT
I. Sadducee 撒该都派
• Saducee, a party composed largely of members of priestly families,who enjoyed considerable influence with their foreign rulers.
Characters: 1. staunch defenders 2. not completely exclusive
Characters: 1. not advocate violent revolt against Roman 2. await divine intervention
Pharisees 法利赛人
Hillel 希尔勒 Hillel was born in Babylon, where he received both his early and secondary education. As a young man he went to Palestine in order to continue advanced studies under the leading teachers of Scripture and the Oral Law who belonged to the group or party called Pharisees.
Polytheism 多神论Fra bibliotekPolytheism, compared with monotheism, refers to the religions that believe in and worship many gods, typically represented by Hinduism and ancient Greek religions.
犹太人简介
犹太人简介
目录
•1拼音
•2英文参考
•3注解
1拼音
yóu tài rén
2英文参考
Jews
3注解
犹太人（Jews）又称希伯来人、以色列人。
属欧罗巴人种地中海类型。
主要分布在美国、以色列、俄罗斯，以及欧洲和其他地区。
以色列犹太人以希伯来语为国语，属闪含语系闪语族；美国犹太人通用英语，不少人懂希伯来语或以地语；其余使用所在地语言。
19世纪以前，流散于世界各地的犹太人，由于彼此隔绝，在社会文化、宗教礼仪和生活习俗上产生一定差别，遂形成3大支系：阿什肯纳兹人、赛法丁人和东方人。
信仰犹太教，历史上曾有一部分人改信基督教。
正统派教徒进行割礼，禁与未受割礼的外族人通婚。
定星期六为不务俗事的安息日。
改良派遵守教规不严。
有一部分人来到中国，逐渐与当地居民融合。
整个中世纪，在基督教世界，犹太人始终背着出卖耶稣的罪名，到处受到仇视和迫害。
第二次世界大战期间，600 万欧洲犹太人更惨遭纳粹德国无辜杀害。
犹太人向往复国，1948年5月，在英美支持下部分犹太人在巴勒斯坦建立以色列国。
后来又有不少犹太人从世界各地迁至以色列，已有460多万人。
犹太人妇女儿童
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高级英语第二单元犹太人Jews
Language
History Current
situation
History
Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism ("the holy tongue"), and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BC, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the third century BC, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.
According to scholar Moshe Davis, "English has in fact become the most common language of the Jews. It is the mother tongue for the majority of world Jewry and a secondary language for growing numbers in the other countries where Jews lir over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism. Modern Hebrew is now one of the two official languages of the State of Israel along with Arabic.
The characteristics of Jews 犹太人的民族性格特征
The Wisdom of JewishThe figure of Sherlock in Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice might not be unfamiliar with us readers. Mean, selfish and shrewd as he is depicted, Sherlock, the poor Jewish merchant “enjoys” a quite notorious name. The discrimination against the Jewish people in literature gives us a hint that they were treated unfairly in European countries. Even nowadays, the discrimination has not been eliminated entirely.We may wonder if the Jewish people is an awful, rebarbative or even cruel nation? If it is, how can we convince ourselves that the Jews account for about 20% of the Nobel Laureates? And that in almost every walk of life there are countless eminent Jews making enormous contributions to the prodigious leap of human society? For example, the Rothschild family, Warren Buffett in economy; Kissinger, Rabin in politics; Karl Marx, Maslow in philosophy; Einstein, Robert Oppenheimer in science; Picasso, Kafka in literature. Of course there are far more figures missed in my limited paper. A question arose in our mind, what kind of people are Jews like?With these doubts lingering in my mind, I read the book named The Wisdom of Jewish and found out some shining characteristics of the Jewish people.Tolstoy also had his answer, “The Jewish people is wise and their wisdom contains some greatness of everlasting warmth and charm, like the rosy stars shining in the silent morning, that is the passionate exploration of the eternal secrets of man’s soul” in my understanding, the Jewish people is a mysterious and wise nation, and I would like to summarize some characters, to be exact, wisdom of Jewish people from The Wisdom of Jewish.Tenacity is a remarkable character of Jews. For almost two millenniums from the 1st century when their holy city Jerusalem was destroyed by the Roams to the end of World War II when they finally founded Israel as their homeland, the Jews had repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland and the areas where they have resided. Except the expulsion, they also suffered from the political persecution and outright genocide by many rulers, empires and nations throughout the history. Take the World War II as a typical but cruel example, the antisemitism reached a peak in Nazi Germany’s Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million innocent Jews. All these toughness and hardship, famine and torture, slaughter and insult are the real continuing tests of the Jewish people in the last 2,000 years. Scare, cowardice, and depravation are definitely not their ways of surviving. Toughness is made out of tough experience, the more they suffer, the stronger they become. Thus, they struggle, strive and survive the unbearable hardship of their nation, and now they are thriving in many of the world’s important fields. Their experience also echos an old Chinese saying “One prospers in worriers and hardships, and perishes in ease and comfort.”There was no such race returned to their homeland after such a long expulsion, the Jewish people did; there was no such language revived after its extinction, the Hebrew did. This is a miracle for the whole world.Sabrah is often used to describe the Jewish people, which means prickly pear. Theirtoughness is exactly the outside part of it, hard and full of pricks; but the inside it, the prickly pear is sweet and useful, just as the Jewish people, optimistic and positive. “zeyma yesh” and “yeheye besedr” are commonly used in Hebrew in their daily life, which respectively means “so be it ” and “everything is gonna be fine”, the later one is regarded as their motto. Problems like inflation, housing or even wars are still serious there in their country, instead of complaining “What should we do?”, “When will be the end of my misery?” or “I can’t bear it any more!” the Jews believe that everything is going to be fine. It’s said that once there was an officer died in a mission to rescue a hostage, later people found a family letter in his remains, in which he expressed his deep concerns about the war and unstable situation, but even so, he added “yeheye besedr” at the end of his letter. No matter what terrible disasters befall on them, they will not run away or bury their heads in the sands like the ostrich, but face it bravely and have faith in everything.They are positive in their life in the desolate, dry and infertile desert, just look around, the modern drip irrigation system has turn the bleak land to a productive and fruitful treasure island. Aren’t they smart to make full use of every drop of water and at the same time avoid wasting their limited energy? Thanks to their optimism, they are always able to find a way out of no way. Giving up is not supposed to appear in their life dictionary, thus they set an example for the world in agricultural technology.The Jews are famous for their loyalty to their religion--Judaism. Though the expulsion and migration in history scattered the Jews all over the world and there is great diversity in their skin colors, nationalities or lives, they share the same spiritual home--Judaism. Talmud to the Jews is what Bible to the Christian. Judaism is one the three major religions in the world and holy city Jerusalem is the destination of millions of pilgrims. New elements of other religions are infused into Judaism, while the core essence has never been challenged.Education is an essential element of Jewish culture. According to a survey by UNESCO in 1998, Jews, mainly in Israel, who are over 14-year-old are required to read a book every month, and one million of the 4.5 million people in Israel have a library card. No wonder that this nation is acknowledged as a wise nation; no wonder there are so many Jewish Nobel Laureates; no wonder that this nation is still prosperous after so many disasters. No matter how difficult their lives are, their always put education at the first priority. The Talmud has a saying that “learning is the supreme good” but why did and do Jews place emphasis on education? To find out its origin, we need to trace back to their religious culture. The Jews believed that their nation was the elect of God and they ought to keep the agreement with God, thus, it was their duty to attentively study the laws of God and brought them to the whole world. As a result, their homes may be destroyed, their families may be persecuted, but their enthusiasm for learning never extinct.It is recorded in a yearbook that in the 17th century, every Jewish community was responsible for the tuitions of some young men, and was required to support every young man to tutor two children. This yearbook shows us the irrefutable truth of theirnation is knowledge and wisdom. Wealth is mere worldly possessions while knowledge is real wisdom.Since education is significant in their belief, it’s understandable that the Jews have a very traditional family view. Unlike the westerners, whose social lives are colorful and complicated, Jewish people’s social life are mainly among their families. Most people will stay at home after work, wearing their typical slippers and collapsing themselves in the soft sofa and reading the newspapers to relax themselves. Even at weekends, they prefer to spend it with their family members or visit their old parents. Wives are respected in a family because a religious wife is believed to have the power of influencing their husbands in a good way. Husband is not allowed to beat his wife, but is required to protect her. In this harmonious and courteous atmosphere, the divorce rate couldn’t be a headache in their country.Last but not least is their cohesion, especially in their business. “Wherever there is money, there are the Jews ” is quite familiar to us. Americans say that their money are in the Jews’pockets. Through the joke we can see that worthy of the name--the world-standard businessmen. Like the Jewish businessman Sherlock in The Merchant of Venice. In Jews’ opinion, all the other nations such as English, Chinese, German, American etc are all foreigners, except themselves. It doesn’t matter where do they come from or what religions do they believe in, the Jews will not give up any chance to trade with them as long long they can make profits. Though the Jews settle in all over the world like scattered wild weeds, they still keep in contact with each other, when it comes to profitable business , they will work together like a family to earn the so-called foreigners’ money without a blink of their eyes, and then they will go back to their own life circles. It is this kind of cohesion, unity that enable them to be superior to other nations in business.ConclusionThe Wisdom of Jewish shows us readers that the Jewish people deserve the name of “the wisest people in this world”, their wisdom are miraculous. Once and once again, their survival were threatened by persecution, expulsion and natural disasters, they are forced to survive with wisdom, to obtain some food to feed their stomach and some cloth to cover their body. Therefore, their great characteristics are nourished in hardship. As the American writer Hemingway said, “one can be destroyed but he can’t be defeated”the Jewish people is a nation that can not be defeated, they stand up bravery and proudly on their own feet. Their wisdom are the shining stars in the silent morning, that is the passionate exploration of the eternal secrets of human’s soul.。
犹太人问题 英文版
The Jewish QuestionThroughout history, the Jewish people have faced persecution and discrimination, leading to a complex and multifaceted issue that has been hotly debated for centuries. The Jewish question refers to the political, social, and economic problems that Jews have encountered in various societies, particularly in Europe.One of the primary reasons for the Jewish question is the historical and religious status of Jews in many societies. For example, in Christian Europe, Jews were often seen as outsiders and blamed for various problems, including the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. They were excluded from many professions and were forced to live in ghettos, separated from the rest of society.Another significant factor in the Jewish question is the rise of Zionism, a political movement that advocates for the establishment of a Jewish state. The Zionist movement gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as Jews faced increasing persecution in Europe, particularly during the Holocaust. The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 was a response to the Jewish question and a homeland for Jewish people worldwide.However, the establishment of Israel has not resolved the Jewish question. Instead, it has led to a new set of complex issues, including the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the ongoing debate over the rights and status of Jewish people in various countries.In recent years, there has been a resurgence of anti-Semitism in many parts of the world, including Europe and the United States. This has prompted a renewed focus on the Jewish question and the need to address the discrimination and persecution faced by Jewish people.。
犹太人的起源【英文】
(Exodus 7:14-25) rivers and other water sources turned to blood killing all fish and other water life. (Dam) (Exodus 7:26-8:11) amphibians (commonly believed to be frogs) (Tsfardeia) (Exodus 8:12-15) lice or gnats (Kinim) (Exodus 8:16-28) beasts or flies[2] (Arov) (Exodus 9:1-7) disease on livestock (Dever) (Exodus 9:8-12) unhealable boils (Shkhin) (Exodus 9:13-35) hail mixed with fire (Barad) (Exodus 10:1-20) locusts (Arbeh) (Exodus 10:21-29) darkness (Choshech) (Exodus 11:1-12:36) death of the first-born of all Egyptian families. (Makat Bechorot)
Moses
Led Hebrews out of slavery from Egypt Moses’ mother hid him along Nile Lived with Egyptian princess Never forgot religion
Plagues
Covenant
Canaan
Part of Palestine Land God promised to the Hebrews Abraham led them there
犹太人简介——精选推荐
英语中的"Jew"一词起源于中古英语的"Gyw, Iewe"，后者来自古法语中的"giu"以及更早的"juieu"，最初则可以追溯至拉丁语的"Iudaeum"。
拉丁语"Iudaeus"意为"Judaean"，即"来自Judaea地区的人"。
该词本身与希腊语中的同义词"Ἰουδαῖος"一样，是从中古时期的亚拉姆语的"Y'hūdāi"、希伯来语的"יִדוּהְי"、"Yehudi";"םיִדוּהְי"、"Yehudim"中演化而来的，含义是"犹大族(tribe of Judah)人"或"犹大王国(kingdom of Judah)的国民"。
希伯来语的犹太人写作"יִדוּהְי"。
拉迪诺语中对应的单词为:"וידו׳ג"、"Djudio"(sg.);"סוידו׳ג"、"Djudios"(pl.);"意第绪语:דיִי:"Yid"";"ןדיִי"、"Yidn"。
其他语言中，犹太人分别表示为:"Jude"(德语)、"juif"(法语)、"jøde"(丹麦语)、"judío"(西班牙语)，但有些语言中也以"希伯来"的音译来指称犹太人，如"Ebreo"(意大利语)和"俄语:Еврей"(俄语)。
摩西英文简介生平个人资料
摩西英文简介生平个人资料Moses Hebrew: הֶׁשמ was the nation leader of the Jewish people in the 13th century BC. The historian thinks he is the founder of Judaism. In the religion of Judaism, Christianity, Islamand Bahá'í, are considered to be extremely important prophets. According to the inheritance of the children of Israel, the five tribes of Moses were made by them.And it came to pass in the records of the LORD, that Moses was led by the LORD, and led the enslaved Hebrews to flee from ancient Egypt, to a rich land: the land of Canaan. After 40 years ofhard journey, he died when he was about to reach his destination.Under the leadership of Moses, the Hebrews were freed from the tragic life of enslavement, learned to observe the Ten Commandments, and became the first nation in history to respect themonotheistic religion.Moses Moses; Hebrew: הֶׁשמ; Arabic: ىسوم. The Catholic Church called Moses, Islam called Moussa, whose name in Hebrew means: pull up from the water. Because at that time Moses was only ababy, was packed in the basket, Pharaoh's daughter saved Moses from the water and took the name for him.The princess saved Moses and raised Moses as his son. Moses grew up and killed a soldier who had beaten the Jews, and in order to avoid the killing of Pharaoh, Moses came to Midian andmarried to the priest's daughter, Zippola, to have two sons, The On the same day, Moses was inspired by God, returned to Egypt, and led the Jewsliving in Egypt as slaves, leaving there toreturn to God's milk and honey - TheJudaism believes that Moses is the greatest of the prophets. He is the highest leader of the Jews, he is a warrior, a politician, a poet, a moralist, a historian, a Hebrew legislator.According to the Bible, he had personally talked to God, inspired by his revelation, leading the Hebrew nation from Egypt to the promised land of God - the Palestinian PALESTINE ancientcalled the Canaan, to liberate their slave life. According to the Bible.And he led the Hebrews through the Red Sea, and God separated the waters from the waters, and exposed the waters of thewaters, and the waters made their walls around them. The Hebrews cross the sea.When the Egyptian soldiers hijacked the Red Sea, God brought the sea together and drowned the pursuers pursuing them, so that they could escape.On Mount Sinai, he received the scriptures of the Ten Commandments written by God and taught the Hebrews of commandments, judgments and statutes, and the construction of the tabernacle. Thecommandments that were promulgated were the Moses Ten Commandments. Exodus 19-40The Hebrews continued to complain because they were not satisfied, causing God to punish them for 40 years in the wilderness until all the first generation of Egyptians died and led them intothe Promised Land - Canaan. Numbers 14Moses was angry with the grievances of the people in the wilderness of the Hebrews for 40 years, and did not follow the will of God, "commanded" the rock to take water, but with the stones,Be ruled by him and Aaron "because you do not believe me, and do not sanctify me in the sight of the children of Israel, so that you will not receive this congregation into the land which Ihave given them." Numbers 20At the time of the garrison of Moab, Moses, in accordance with the commandment of God, led the Israelites to retaliate against the Midian who had deceived them, and God made Moses on theMount of the Sea, and in the mountains God had given Moses a place where he was promised, but he could not enter The Numbers 21After looking at the promised land, Moses died in the mountains. God himself buried him in the valley of the land of Moab, and in the valley of Beer, and so far no man knew his tomb.Moses died when he was 120 years old. Eyes are not dim, the spirit did not decline. And the children of Israel cried for Moses in the plain of Moab for 30 days, and the day of mourning forMoses was full.Then there was no rise of the prophet in Moses in Israel; he was known to the Lord's face to face. And the LORD sent him in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh and all his servants, and all hisland, and carried all the signs and wonders of all the mighty things,and all the mighty things that were in the sight of all the people of Israel.Moses led the Israelites to fight five times, and every time they followed the command of God to prevail! They faced the Amalekites, the Canaanites, the Ammonites 2, and the five king ofMidian, who challenged them. Exodus 17: 8-4; Numbers 21: 1-3; 21-23; 31; Deuteronomy 3: 1-11; 2: 24-37The Old Testament refers to Moses about 767 times, and the New Testament refers to Moses 79 times. It is seen that Moses was an important figure in the history of the Israelites and admiredfor the Jews.He is a great figure in history, leading a group of slaves, under an unimaginable dilemma, to mold them into a nation that affects and changes the course of human history as a whole.Moses, on the way that he led the Israelites to Canaan, experienced the challenge of being led by the tribe and sister Miriam and brother Aaron, and finally led the Israelites under theapproval of God. Numbers 12; 16The most prestigious period of Moses was probably the thirteenth century BC, because it was generally believed that Pharaoh Rameses II died in 1237 BCin the Bible. After 847, Muhammadthought that Moses was the true prophet. With the spread of Islam, Moses in the entire Islamic world even including Egypt became a respected figure.Five hundred years after the year, his fame and prestige came with Christianity in many parts of Europe. Moses was still revered by the believers, Christians, Muslims, and even by manyatheists, three thousand years after his death.Inherited him as the leader of the son of Joshua.Moses was unable to enter the land of Canaan in his lifetime, but he was able to enter the land of Canaan after his death. Jesus Christ changed hisface and glowed in the Great Boulder,showing the appearance of God. Then the prophet Moses and Elijah appeared on his side, and Jesus spoke to them. Matthew 17: 1-9, Mark 9: 2-8, Luke 9: 28-36; 1 Peter 1: 16-18.The story of Moses began in Jacob, and he was famine in the land of Canaan, and came to Egypt with his sons and his family. The family lived under the invitation of Joseph the youngest sonof Jacob in Egypt as the prime minister and the Pharaoh's presence,where he lived in a place in the northeastern part of Egypt, where they lived for 430 years twelve forty The During thisperiod, the number of their people grew rapidly, full of sly out of a 7.In the life of Moses can be divided into three periods, each period isforty years.The first period was in EgyptThe second period was in the wilderness of the Midian ShepherdThe third period is the election of God, leading the people of Israel outof Egypt, the Red Sea, the wilderness.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
TheJews犹太人介绍英文版
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• Attach more importance to education, respect knowledge
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普林节 光明节
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逾越节 无酵饼
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Characters of the Jews
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Physical Features
• The Jewish yarmulka（男子头戴无边的小圆帽 “基帕”。意为“遮盖”。头上有天，不可“光 头”以对， 其意是表示对上帝的敬畏。 所以要 用帽相隔 ）O(∩_∩)O
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National Characteristics
• Famous people: Karl Max, Linin, Einstein, FloydO(∩_∩)O~
• It is stated that there were 138 Jews among the people those who won Nobel Prize from 1901 to 2001.
• Black coat and hat, big beard (*^__^*) • Names: Moses,Solomon,David,Sarah • Houses and architecture: Magen David, The
seven Wall Sconces , Post script:-O \(^o^)/ \(^o^)/~
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• Strives constantly for self-improvement • Great union power
犹太人介绍
每个房门口都有 里面放一块长方形的 小羊皮卷。一面记有 《圣经》的一些内容， 另一面写着上帝名字， 纸卷盛在小匣内，挂 于门柱上，作为一种 避祸的物件。犹太教 徒进出大门时，要用 右手手指按一按圣卷， 然后吻一吻手指。在 以色列，无论是国家 机关，还是住宅都有 这个“门柱圣卷”。
• 以色列的七烛台代表是： • 六枝表明创造的六日，中间一枝表明安息 日。根据《创世记》记载，上帝在六天内 创造了宇宙万物，第七天便完工休息。
历叱上反犹的原由
纳粹统治者病态的心理 二戓期间，600万犹太人惨遭杀害，希特勒弼属罪魁。希特 勒对犹太人特有的种族仇恨呾政治嫉恨，是政治狂人病态 心理的一种特殊反映。导致希特勒严重病态心理的“菌种” 来自历史成见呾宗教情结，恰好这些又得到了弼时德国社 会环境的孕育。确切地说，希特勒的严重病态心理不弼时 德国社会政治生活的疯狂病态是相辅相成的：一斱面，疯 狂的病态心理正是历史成见、宗教情结呾现实需要三大原 因的粘合刼；另一斱面，这三大原因的聚合又把希特勒疯 狂病态的心理推向了极端，仍而引发了那场人类历史的大 悲剧。
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浓缩的智慧语弽——塔木德说： “一张弓如果一直绷着，即使是钢做的，也会失去弹力。” “如果折断了一条腿，你就应该感谢上帝丌曾折断你两条腿；如果你折断了 两条腿，你就应该感谢上帝丌曾折断你的脖子。” “人死后，站在神的面前时，神讨厌那些觃避他所赐予快乐的人。” “一个人应该寻找对自己最有利的角度来观察生活。” “人性间潜伏着恱的根源。丌过只要遵守法律，就能有效遏止恱性事件发 生。” “疑心是魔鬼。” “婚姻中男人要学会忍耐，女人要学会装聋作哑，这样才能避克矛盾，成了 家的人，可以说对命运乀神付出了抵押品……美满的婚姻难得一遇。” “一宿虽然有哭泣，早晨便必欢呼。” “《圣经》放射光明，金钱散发温暖。” “身体依心而存，心则依靠钱包而生存。” “戓胜自己的人 比戓胜一座城池的人更有勇气。” “人的心胸，应该比红海更广阔。” “别想一下就造出大海，必须先由小河川开始。”
犹太人用英语怎么说
犹太人用英语怎么说推荐文章雪人用英语怎么说热度：迷人用英语怎么说热度：主人用英语怎么说_主人的单词是什么热度：两人用英语对话热度：对话用英语怎么说热度：犹太人又称犹太民族，属闪米特人，人种为欧罗巴人种闪米特-含米特亚种，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个民族。
犹太人的民族、文化和宗教信仰之间具有很强的关联性，犹太教是维系全体犹太人之间认同感的传统宗教。
那么你知道犹太人用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
犹太人的英语说法1：Jew (男)犹太人的英语说法2：Jewess (女)犹太人的英语说法3：jewish(犹太人的)犹太人的相关短语：美国犹太人 American Jews ;波兰犹太人历史 History of the Jews in Poland上海犹太人 Shanghai Ghetto犹太人在中国 Juden in China ; Chinese Jew ; Jews in china犹太人的英语例句：1. Tomorrow night at sundown, the Jewish holiday of Passover begins.明天晚上太阳下山的时候，犹太人的逾越节便开始了。
2. Slowly Jewish communities were reconstituted and Jewish life began anew.渐渐地，犹太社区得到重建，犹太人的生活重新开始。
3. The matchmaker has been an important member of Jewishcommunities for centuries.数世纪以来，媒人一直在犹太人社区扮演着重要角色。
4. Israel offers automatic citizenship to all Jews who want it.以色列为所有希望获得公民身份的犹太人敞开大门。
5. In 1990, 200,000 Soviet Jews resettled on Israeli territory.在1990年，20万名苏联犹太人在以色列重新定居。
犹太人英文
犹太人英文Jewish Culture and SocietyJewish culture is rich and diverse, shaped by thousands of years of history and tradition. From the stories of the Torah and Talmud to the music and cuisine of modern-day Israel, Jewish culture has influenced and been influenced by the societies around it.ReligionThe cornerstone of Jewish culture is the faith of Judaism. The Jewish people believe in one God who created the universe and everything in it. They also believe in the concept of chosenness, which is the idea that they were chosen by God to be his special people.Judaism is based on a set of laws and teachings found in the Torah, which is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. They also follow the teachings of the Talmud, which is a collection of rabbinic writings and commentaries on the Torah.HolidaysJewish holidays are an important part of Jewish culture. They include:- Passover: A celebration of the Jews' liberation from slavery in Egypt.- Hanukkah: A holiday celebrating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabean Revolt.- Rosh Hashanah: The Jewish New Year, which marks the beginning of the High Holy Days.- Yom Kippur: A day of atonement and repentance, which is the holiest day of the year for Jews.FoodJewish cuisine is influenced by the diaspora, or the dispersion of Jews throughout the world. Jewish food can be found in different versions throughout the diverse regions of the world where Jewish communities have lived. Some notable Jewish dishes include:- Matzo ball soup: A soup made with chicken broth and matzo balls, which are made from matzo meal and eggs.- Challah: A type of bread that is braided and traditionally eaten on the Sabbath and other Jewish holidays.- Gefilte fish: A dish made from poached ground fish (usually carp, whitefish, or pike) mixed with onions, carrots, and seasonings.MusicJewish music is as diverse as Jewish culture. From the traditional melodies of the synagogue to the modern Israeli pop music, there is something for everyone. Jewish music celebrates the joy of life, as well as the pain and struggles of the Jewish experience. Some famous Jewish musicians include:- Bob Dylan: An American singer-songwriter who was born Jewish and later converted to Christianity.- Leonard Cohen: A Canadian singer-songwriter and poet who drew heavily on his Jewish heritage in his work.- Barbra Streisand: An American singer and actress who has won multiple Academy Awards and Grammys.LiteratureJewish literature is a rich and diverse field that spans thousands of years. From the stories of the Torah to the modern literature of Jewish authors, Jewish literature has contributed greatly to the world of literature. Some notable Jewish writers include:- Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Polish-American writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978.- Franz Kafka: A Czech writer who wrote in German and explored themes of alienation and existentialism.- Philip Roth: An American writer who explored Jewish identity and the American experience in his works.ConclusionJewish culture is a complex and fascinating world that has influenced and been influenced by the societies around it. From the faith of Judaism to the music, food, and literature of Jewish communities worldwide, Jewish culture is rich and diverse. Despite centuries of persecution and hardship, Jewish people have continued to thrive and contribute to the world around them, enriching culture and society for generations to come.。
Spielberg英文介绍
《拯救大兵瑞恩》Saving Private Ryan
《人工智能》Artificial Intelligence
《世界大战》War of the Worlds
《印地安纳琼斯：水晶骷髅王国》 ★ Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
《大白鲨》 Jaws
• In 1975, Spielberg helmed the terrifying film Jaws, about a great white shark who wreaks bloody havoc in the seas around a New England beach town.
Thank you!
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Producer career
• From the 1980s up Steven Spielberg's identity, is increased a movie producer.
• Then he has made several cartoons .
• There was a time, he was also a longevity drama ER’ executive producer.
• In 2007, he became the film producer ( 监督；指导)of the famous commercial film ‘Transformers’ （《变形金刚》） . Famous commercial directors Michael Bay is the director of the movie. Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman write the script(剧本), eventually global boxoffice up to seven billion dollars.
犹太教（Judaism）.doc
犹太教（Judaism）一. 犹太教的经典（一）《塔那赫》（T anach），或名《希伯莱圣经》（the Hebrew Bible），凡24卷1．律法书（Torah, Teaching）5卷《创世纪》（Genesis）《出埃及记》（Exodus）《利未记》（Leviticus）《民数记》（Numbers）《申命记》（Deuteronomy）2．《先知书》（Neviim, Prophets）8卷《约书亚记》（Joshua）《士师记》（Judges）《撒母耳记》（Samuel）《列王记》（Kings）《以赛亚书》（Isaiah）《耶利米书》（Jeremiah）《以西结书》（Ezekiel）《十二先知传》（The Twelve Prophets）3．《圣录》（Ketuvim）11卷《诗篇》（Psalms）《箴言》（Proverbs）《约伯记》（Job）《雅歌》（Song of Songs）《路得记》（Ruth）《耶利米哀歌》（Lamentations）《传道书》（Ecclesiastes）《以斯帖记》（Esther）《但以理书》（Daniel）《以斯拉/尼希米记》（Ezra-Nehemiah）《历代志》（Chronicles）注：《塔那赫》内容等同于基督教的《旧约·圣经》（Old Testament），但分卷方法和卷数各不相同。
《旧约·圣经》中的12卷小先知书被合并成1卷，为《十二先知传》。
《旧约》中的《撒母耳记》、《列王记》和《历代志》均分上下卷，，在《塔那赫》中则不分上下卷。
《旧约》中的《以斯拉记》和《尼希米记》在《塔那赫》合并为一卷，名为《以斯拉/尼希米记》。
（二）基督教的《旧约·圣经》（Old T estament），凡39卷1．律法书（Torah）或《摩西五经》（Pentateuch，上帝通过摩西宣布的“律法”）5卷：《出埃及记》（Exodus）：《利未记》（Leviticus）：《民数记》（Numbers）：《申命记》（Deuteronomy）：2．历史书（Historical books）12卷：《约书亚记》（Joshua）：《士师记》（Judges）：《路得记》（Ruth）：《撒母耳记》上（I Samuel）：《撒母耳记》下（II Samuel）：《列王记》上（I Kings）：《列王记》下（II Kings）：《历代志》上（I Chronicles）：《历代志》下（II Chronicles）：《以斯拉记》（Ezra）：叙述所罗巴伯率领被释放的犹太人首批返回犹大重建圣殿，祭司兼文士以斯拉奉波斯王命视察犹大并进行改革。