注射用更昔洛韦

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注射用更昔洛韦的配伍稳定性研究进展

注射用更昔洛韦的配伍稳定性研究进展

注射用更昔洛韦的配伍稳定性研究进展更昔洛韦是临床常用的广谱抗病毒药物。

本文对更昔洛韦与常用药物配伍的稳定性进行综述,以期为临床合理用药提供参考。

[Abstract] Ganciclovir is commonly used in clinic as an board spectrum antiviral drug. In order to provide a reference for clinical rational drug use, this paper reviews the stability of the compatibility of ganciclovir and commonly used drugs.[Key words] Ganciclovir; Compatibility; Stability; Rational drug use更昔洛韦系第2代广谱抗DNA病毒药物,本品进入细胞后由病毒的激酶诱导生成三磷酸化物,竞争性抑制病毒的DNA聚合酶而终止病毒DNA链增长[1]。

更昔洛韦在我国于2002年批准上市,临床上常根据治疗需要将更昔洛韦与其他药物配伍应用,因此它与其他药物配伍后的稳定性引起了人们的重视,为此广大医务人员进行了许多研究。

本文对此作一综述,以供临床参考。

1 更昔洛韦与常用药物配伍的稳定性1.1 与常用输液配伍的稳定性根据文献[2-6]研究结果,能将更昔洛韦与乳酸钠林格注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠钾注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液(NS)、5%葡萄糖注射液(5%GS)、5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液(5%GNS)、木糖醇注射液、果糖注射液等配伍;而与10%葡萄糖注射液(10%GS)、碳酸氢钠注射液、4∶1葡萄糖氯化钠注射液则不宜配伍。

文献[2]模拟临床常用浓度,考察更昔洛韦在NS、5%GS、5%GNS、10%GS、4∶1葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、碳酸氢钠注射液中24 h内稳定性,结果表明碳酸氢钠配伍液混浊,更昔洛韦在10%葡萄糖注射液中含量变化7.6%,更昔洛韦在4∶1葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中含量变化9.6%,这种结果说明更昔洛韦与5%葡萄糖注射液、5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、0.9%氯化钠注射液可以配伍使用;与10%葡萄糖注射液、4∶1葡萄糖氯化钠注射液、碳酸氢钠注射液不能配伍使用。

HPLC测定注射用更昔洛韦的含量

HPLC测定注射用更昔洛韦的含量

HPLC测定注射用更昔洛韦的含量标签:注射用更昔洛韦;HPLC;含量测量[文献标识码]A注射用更昔洛韦是更昔洛韦加适量氢氧化钠溶液经冷冻干燥制成的无菌制品。

卫生部药品标准[ws-349(X-273)-98]收载的注射用更昔洛韦含量测定方法是采用紫外分光光度法。

因更昔洛韦的结构与阿昔洛韦相似,市场上已出现用阿昔洛韦冒充更昔洛韦的情况。

紫外分光光度法专属性不强,不能准确辨别真伪。

本实验室用HPLC法测定注射用更昔洛韦含量,具有快速准确、灵敏度高、专属性强的特点,可作为其可靠的检测方法。

1 仪器与试剂1.1 仪器Beckman338 HPLC系统(美国贝克曼公司);N2000色谱工作站(浙江大学智能信息研究所);AE-100S电子天平(瑞士梅特勒公司)。

1.2 试剂与药品甲醇(色谱纯,上海化学试剂公司);更昔洛韦对照品(湖北科益药业有限公司);注射用更昔洛韦(湖北科益药业有限公司);阿昔洛韦对照品(中国药品生物制品检定所);其他试剂均为分析纯。

2 方法[1]2.1 对照品溶液的制备精密称取更昔洛韦对照品50 mg,置50 ml量瓶中,加0.4%氢氧化钠溶液5 ml使溶解,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,制成浓度为1 mg/ml的溶液。

精密量取该液2 ml,置100 ml量瓶中,用水稀释至刻度,作为对照品溶液(20 μg/ml)。

另精密称取阿昔洛韦对照品50 mg,同上法操作,制成阿昔洛韦对照品溶液(20 μg/ml)。

2.2 供试品溶液的制备精密称定注射用更昔洛韦适量(约相当于更昔洛韦50 mg)置50 ml量瓶中,加0.4%氢氧化钠溶液5 ml使溶解,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,精密量取2 ml,置100 ml量瓶中,用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为供试品溶液。

2.3 色谱条件与系统适应性试验色谱柱:Kromasil C18柱,5 μm,4.6 mm×150 mm;流动相:甲醇-水(10∶90),流速:0.6 ml/min,检测波长:255 nm,灵敏度:0.2 AUFS,进样量:20 μl,按外标法进行测定。

更昔洛韦

更昔洛韦

更昔洛韦1.品种简介:更昔洛韦(丙氧鸟苷,GCV,DHPG)是美国Syntex公司于1988年批准上市的抗疱疹病毒的开糖环鸟苷类似物,其抑制巨细胞病毒(CMW)效果比阿昔洛韦强50倍,作用机制与阿昔洛韦相似,抑制病毒DNA合成与复制,有骨髓毒性,口服吸收差,注射剂于1988年批准上市。

更昔洛韦是FDA批准的第一个治疗巨细胞病毒感染的药物,也是首选药,对巨细胞有较强的抑制作用,但毒性大,限于治疗严重免疫功能并发的巨细胞病毒感染。

动物实验有致畸作用且有贫血、神经毒性等不良反应治疗严重免疫功能低下并发的CMV 感染, 有效率可达70%~80%, 但不能治愈, 需维持治疗, 单用易产生耐药性, 故推荐联合用药方案。

CAS号:82410-32-0结构式:分子式:C9H13N5O4分子量:255.23类别:抗病毒药物适应症:预防及治疗免疫功能缺陷病人的巨细胞病毒感染,如艾滋病患者,接受化疗的肿瘤患者,使用免疫抑制剂的器官移植病人。

2.市场情况:抗病毒药物的问世比抗生素晚15~20年,但其发展速度却远远落后于抗生素。

自从1977年阿昔洛韦问世后,抗病毒药物市场才真正起步。

随着AIDS和病毒性肝炎等疾病在全球迅速蔓延,对治疗药物的需求急剧增加,促进了新药的研制及销售市场的迅速发展。

尽管如此,目前上市的抗病毒药物只有20余种,仅为抗感染药物的十四分之一左右。

近年来,抗病毒类药物逐步发展,现已成为国内外医药市场上令人瞩目的活跃品种之一,抗病毒药物在世界抗感染药物市场中仅次于抗生素,位列第二,其销量连年猛增。

据不完全统计,1996年抗病毒药物在世界七大主要药物市场(美、英、法、德、意、西班牙和日本)的销售总额为32.2亿美元,到2000年为71亿美元,2008年超过110亿美元。

抗疱疹病毒药品在抗病毒药品市场中占有重要地位。

在抗疱疹病毒药品市场中,目前抗疱疹病毒药物已发展到第三代,更昔洛韦为第二代抗疱疹病毒药物,但是更昔洛韦和阿昔洛韦增速仍很快,其他“洛韦”类药物相对增长较为缓慢,甚至有少数药品呈现出负增长状态。

2024年更昔洛韦注射液市场规模分析

2024年更昔洛韦注射液市场规模分析

2024年更昔洛韦注射液市场规模分析引言更昔洛韦注射液是一种用于治疗病毒感染的药物。

近年来,随着病毒感染疾病的不断增多和严重,更昔洛韦注射液在医疗行业中的地位日益重要。

本文将对更昔洛韦注射液市场规模进行分析,并探讨其发展趋势。

市场规模分析根据市场调研数据显示,近年来更昔洛韦注射液市场规模呈现稳步增长的态势。

以下是对市场规模的具体分析:1.市场收入根据统计数据,更昔洛韦注射液市场在过去五年中的年平均增长率达到了10%。

预计未来几年,市场收入将继续增长,预计每年增长率将保持在10%左右。

2.市场份额更昔洛韦注射液在病毒感染药物市场中占据了相当大的份额。

根据市场调研数据,截至目前,更昔洛韦注射液在全球病毒感染药物市场中的份额约为30%,位居前列。

3.地区分布更昔洛韦注射液市场在全球范围内分布广泛。

主要市场集中在北美、欧洲和亚太地区。

其中,亚太地区市场规模最大,占据了全球市场的40%。

4.市场竞争格局更昔洛韦注射液市场竞争激烈,存在着多家知名制药公司参与竞争。

其中,辉瑞、默克等跨国药企在市场中占据着重要地位。

此外,一些本土企业也在市场中崭露头角,将加剧市场竞争。

市场发展趋势未来几年,更昔洛韦注射液市场将呈现以下发展趋势:1.市场增长驱动因素随着全球病毒感染疾病的不断增多和加剧,更昔洛韦注射液作为一种高效治疗药物将持续受到市场需求的推动。

此外,医疗技术的不断进步和医疗保健水平的提高也将促进市场的增长。

2.创新药物研发随着科技的不断进步,更昔洛韦注射液的研发也将得到进一步的加强。

制药公司将投入更多资源进行研发,研制出更加高效和安全的更昔洛韦注射液,以满足市场需求。

3.区域市场的崛起亚太地区市场的快速增长将成为市场的重要驱动力。

中国、印度等新兴市场的发展和扩大医疗保健体系将为更昔洛韦注射液市场提供更大的增长空间。

结论综上所述,更昔洛韦注射液市场规模在未来几年将保持稳定增长的态势。

市场收入将继续增加,市场份额保持领先地位。

注射用更昔洛韦说明书

注射用更昔洛韦说明书

静脉注射更昔洛韦 N=412 3.2% 2.4%
3.2%
16.0% 7.3% 3.6% 3.4%
4.4% 3.2%
2.4%
对照组 N=119 1.7% 1.7%
2.5%
15.1% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
4.2% 1.7%
1.7%
实验室检查异常的HIV感染患者
下表2,列出了三个临床实验中报告的实验室检查结果的异常,在这三项临床试验中,对HI V感染的患者,采用静脉注射更昔洛韦,作为巨细胞病毒视网膜炎的维持治疗。
24.4% 7.6% 1.7% 1.7%
35.3% 4.2% 0.8% 3.4% — — 4.2% 2.5% 3.4% 1.7% —
3
全身系统 不良反应 触觉减退 焦虑 皮肤及附属物 搔痒症 呼吸系统 咳嗽 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎 排痰性咳嗽 鼻窦充血 代谢紊乱和营养障碍 血液碱性磷酸酶升高 血肌酐升高 肌肉骨骼系统 关节痛
表 3. 在所有患者中,发生率等于或者大于 5%的不良反应患者百分比
身体系统 不良反应
血液和淋巴系统 全血细胞减少症 白细胞减少症 全身系统 头痛 粘膜病变 发热 寒战 败血症 食欲不振 面部水肿 胃肠道系统 腹泻 恶心 消化不良 腹胀 代谢和营养障碍 血肌酐升高 肝脏功能异常 血镁降低 低钙血症 低钾血症 中枢和外周神经系统 震颤 意识模糊 皮肤和附属物 银屑病性剥脱性皮炎 呼吸 系统 鼻炎 呼吸困难 心血管系统 心动过速 低血压 泌尿系统 肉眼血尿 特异感觉 眼睛出血 肌肉骨髂系统 肌肉疼痛
【成份】 化学名称:9-(1,3-二羟基-2-丙氧甲基)-鸟嘌呤 化学结构式:
分子式:C9H13N5O4 分子量:255.23 辅料包括氢氧化钠,盐酸,注射用水。

更昔洛韦静滴的护理

更昔洛韦静滴的护理

更昔洛韦静滴的护理目前认为更昔洛韦是治疗CMV感染的首选药物。

更昔洛韦是合成的核甘类抗病毒药物,在体内外可抑制人巨细胞病毒的复制。

1 明确不良反应每位护士都应该明白更昔洛韦的不良反应,以便在治疗观察护理中有明确的针对性。

其不良反应:①注射局部疼痛、静脉炎。

②消化道反应,5例发生呕吐和腹泻。

③粒细胞、中性白细胞及血小板减少征,有1例出现轻度下降。

其中最主要、最常见的不良反应是注射局部疼痛、静脉炎。

2 引起局部疼痛、静脉炎的原因分析①由于婴儿多在头皮静脉输液,而头皮静脉的前额血管细短,血流速度慢,药物停留在局部的时间长,增强了对局部的刺激,易发生炎性改变和坏死。

②更昔洛韦溶液呈碱性,对血管刺激性大,且治疗用药时间2~3个月,更易发生注射局部疼痛、红肿、静脉炎。

3 预防不良反应①根据患儿体质量确定药物的使用剂量,用适量注射用水或生理盐水使其溶解,再注入0.9%氯化钠溶液或5%葡萄糖溶液100 mL中静脉缓慢滴注。

液体浓度不大于10 g/L。

②溶液呈碱性,滴注时间不得少于1h,使用输液泵控制输液速度,15~25滴/min。

避免与皮肤、黏膜接触,观察注射局部是否有红肿和液体外渗,如有立即拔出,并用33%硫酸镁湿敷局部。

进行输液时,提高一次性静脉穿刺成功率,以减少血管壁的机械刺激和损伤。

选择合适静脉,尽量选择较大的血管,避免选择前1~2 d的血管以及同一血管反复穿刺,并严密观察注射部位有无异常改变,如发现异常,应立即拔出针头进行处理。

拔针时先拔出针头,再立即用干棉球按压穿刺点,使针头在没有压力的情况下退出管腔,因而减轻甚至去除了针刃对血管造成的机械性损伤。

在输更昔洛韦时,不宜使用静脉留置针,因更昔洛韦属强碱性液体,对血管刺激性非常大,若长期用同一血管输更昔洛韦溶液,宜引起血管失去弹性及致静脉炎。

③保持室温22~24℃,特别是寒冷季节,因为婴幼儿体温调节中枢发育不完善,四肢末梢循环不良,当室内温度降低时,全身末梢血管收缩,管腔变窄,血流速度变慢,大量微粒沉淀在血管内膜,引起血栓、局部堵塞、血管痉挛、供血不足。

注射用更昔洛韦说明书

注射用更昔洛韦说明书

注射用更昔洛韦【适应症】本品仅用于:1.预防可能发生于有巨细胞病毒感染风险的器官移植受者的巨细胞病毒病.2.治疗免疫功能缺陷患者(包括艾滋病患者)发生的巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎。

【规格】0.25g【用法用量】1.对于肾功能正常者:(1)治疗CMV视网膜炎的标准剂量:①初始剂量:5mg/kg,每12小时一次,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上,连用14~21天。

②维持剂量:5mg/kg,每天1次,7天/周,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上;或者6mg/kg,每天1次,5天/周,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上.(2)预防器官移植受者的巨细胞病毒病:①初始剂量:5mg/kg,每12小时一次,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上,连用7~14天。

②维持剂量:5mg/kg,每天1次,7天/周,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上;或者6mg/kg,每天1次,5天/周,恒定速率静脉滴注,每次滴注时间1小时以上.2。

特殊用药指导(1)肾功能不全者:行。

本品需在血液透析完成后短时间内给药,因为血液透析可减少大约50%的血浆浓度。

肌酐清除率(女性)=0.85×男性值由于对肾功能不全病人推荐使用调整剂量,其血清肌酐或肌酐清除率水平应密切监控。

(2)患者的监测:由于接受更昔洛韦的患者发生粒细胞减少症,贫血和血小板减少症的频率高(见不良事件),建议经常进行全血细胞计数和血小板计数,特别是以前使用更昔洛韦或其它核苷类拮抗剂出现血细胞减少者,或治疗开始时中性粒细胞计数小于1000个/µL者。

(3)减量:肾功能不全患者需减低剂量。

对于出现中性粒细胞减少、贫血和/或血小板减少的患者考虑减量(见不良事件)。

更昔洛韦不可用于严重中性粒细胞减少(ANC小于500个/µL)或严重血小板减少(血小板小于25000个/µL)的患者.本品的配制方法:首先根据体重确定使用剂量,用适量注射用水或氯化钠注射液将之溶解,浓度达50mg/ml,再加入到氯化钠注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液、复方氯化钠注射液、复方乳酸钠注射液100ml静脉滴注,滴注浓度不能超过10mg/ml。

注射用更昔洛韦用量用法?

注射用更昔洛韦用量用法?

注射用更昔洛韦用量用法?
注射用更昔洛韦用于预防和治疗危及生命或视觉的受巨细胞病毒感染
的免疫缺陷病人,以及预防与巨细胞病毒感染有关的器官移植病人。

常见规格为:0.5克,以更昔洛韦计,采用西林瓶装,1瓶/盒,有效期
为36个月。

静脉注射本品过量可致不可逆转的各类血小板减少,持续
骨髓抑制,可逆性中性粒细胞减少或粒细胞减少,肝肾功能损害和癫痫。

那么,注射用更昔洛韦用量用法是怎么样的呢?
注射用更昔洛韦用量用法?
1、用以治疗巨细胞病毒视网膜炎的标准剂量
①诱导治疗:肾功能正常病人剂量为5毫克/公斤,静脉输注1小时以上,每12小时重复一次,持续14~21天。

②维持治疗:剂量为5毫克/公斤,静脉输注1小时以上,1次/天,每周7次,或6毫克/公斤每天一次,每
周5次。

2、器官移植病人预防标准剂量
①诱导治疗:肾功能正常病人,5毫克/公斤,静脉输注1小时以上,1
次/12小时,疗程7~14天。

②维持治疗:5毫克/公斤,静脉输注1小时
以上,1次/天,每周7次;或6毫克/公斤,1次/天,每周5次。

本品不应混合其它静注物,因采用非制菌无菌用水配制本品,注射输
液应在24小时内使用,以避免细菌污染。

注射输液应冷藏,但不可冷
冻储存。

注意:不应快速给药或静脉推注,因为过高的血浆浓度可导
致副反应增加。

更昔洛韦注射液佐治毛细支气管炎

更昔洛韦注射液佐治毛细支气管炎

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更昔洛韦钠的功能主治

更昔洛韦钠的功能主治

更昔洛韦钠的功能主治功能主治更昔洛韦钠是一种抗病毒药物,主要用于治疗疱疹病毒感染导致的疾病。

其主要功能和主治包括:1.治疗疱疹病毒感染:更昔洛韦钠可用于治疗多种疱疹病毒感染,包括单纯疱疹病毒感染(如唇疱疹、生殖器疱疹)和带状疱疹等。

2.抑制病毒复制:该药物能够抑制疱疹病毒的复制过程,从而减轻病毒感染带来的不适症状,并加速疾病的康复过程。

3.缓解病毒感染症状:更昔洛韦钠能够缓解病毒感染导致的疼痛、瘙痒、灼热等症状,改善患者的生活质量。

4.预防疱疹病毒复发:经过治疗后,更昔洛韦钠还能有效预防疱疹病毒的复发,减少疾病的再次发作概率。

用法用量使用更昔洛韦钠时,需要按照医生的指导和药物说明书的建议进行正确的用法用量。

一般来说:•剂型:更昔洛韦钠常见的剂型有片剂、注射剂等。

•口服用法:根据具体病情和医生建议,一般成人口服的剂量为每次500mg,每日2次,连续7-10天;对于疱疹带状疱疹,推荐口服剂量为每次1g,每日3次,连续7天。

•静脉注射用法:通常使用更昔洛韦钠注射剂,剂量一般为每次5mg/kg,每8小时静脉注射,连续5-7天。

•儿童用法:儿童用法用量需根据年龄和体重来确定,需遵循医生的建议和具体的说明。

注意事项使用更昔洛韦钠时,还需要注意以下事项:1.遵医嘱使用:根据医生的指导和药物说明书上的用法用量进行使用,不得自行调整剂量或停药,以免影响治疗效果。

2.避免过量使用:应严格按照医生的指导和药物说明使用更昔洛韦钠,避免使用过量导致不良反应的发生。

3.注意药物过敏:对更昔洛韦钠成分过敏的患者禁用该药物,使用过程中如出现过敏反应,应立即停用并就医处理。

4.注意肾功能:更昔洛韦钠在体内通过肾脏排泄,因此对于肾功能异常的患者,使用该药物时需注意剂量的调整和监测肾功能。

5.孕妇和哺乳期妇女慎用:目前对于孕妇和哺乳期妇女使用更昔洛韦钠的数据有限,应在医生指导下使用。

不良反应尽管更昔洛韦钠是一种常用的抗病毒药物,但在使用过程中仍可能发生一些不良反应。

更昔洛韦致白细胞下降两例

更昔洛韦致白细胞下降两例

更昔洛韦致白细胞下降两例一、案例背景知识简介更昔洛韦(ganciclovi)是核苷类广谱抗DNA病毒药物,其作用机制是进入宿主细胞后,由病毒的激酶诱导生成三磷酸化物,竞争性抑制病毒的DNA聚合酶而终止病毒DNA链增长。

其在巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染细胞内的三磷酸盐的水平比非感染细胞中的水平高10倍,故临床上主要用于巨细胞病毒感染的治疗和预防。

但随着更昔洛韦在临床的广泛应用,其不良反应报道也日趋增多。

本案例拟通过2例更昔洛韦致白细胞下降的病例,探讨更昔洛韦的不良反应及其用药监护。

二、病例内容简介(一)病例1患者,女性,21岁,主因发热,头昏,伴双手指间关节疼痛16天入院。

患者于2011年8月8日无明显诱因出现发热,头昏,伴双手指间关节疼痛,当时测体温37.7℃,于当地医院给予感冒冲剂颗粒及头孢克肟治疗,3天后体温降至37℃,但仍有咽痛,无咳嗽、咳痰,无消瘦、盗汗,无头痛,无胸闷、胸痛、气短,无恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻。

后患者仍有间断发热,多为夜间发热,伴全身肌肉酸痛、乏力、双手指间关节疼痛,体温最高达38.5℃,伴畏寒,无流涕、咳嗽、咳痰等,期间间断应用尼美舒利退热治疗,未见明显好转,遂就诊于本院,查CMV-IgM 154.0IV/ml,行肺部CT未见明显异常,考虑巨细胞病毒感染,8月24日收入院。

既往史:患者于2008年2月诊断为系统性红斑狼疮,初始给予泼尼松30mg,每日1次,激素逐渐减量,目前口服甲泼尼龙2mg,每8小时1次;硫酸羟氯喹0.1g,每日2次,2008年7月考虑对羟氯喹过敏而停药;2009年4月加用吗替麦考酚酯500mg口服,每日2次,10月减量至250mg,每日3次,2010年8月30日减量至500mg,每日1次至今。

患者自述对阿莫西林过敏,否认食物过敏史。

否认家族遗传病及传染病史,无吸烟、饮酒史。

入院查体:体温36.4℃,脉搏80次/分,呼吸18次/分,血压90/56mmHg,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干湿性啰音及胸膜摩擦音。

更昔洛韦针的用法与用途

更昔洛韦针的用法与用途

更昔洛韦针的用法与用途更昔洛韦针是一种治疗疱疹病毒感染的药物,其主要成分是更昔洛韦,可以通过皮下注射的方式给药。

以下是更昔洛韦针的用法与用途的详细介绍。

一、更昔洛韦针的用法:1. 具体剂量和给药频率应根据患者的年龄、体重、病情以及肾功能来确定,应遵循医生的建议和处方。

2. 使用前应仔细观察药物的外观,如药物出现明显的悬浊物或颜色变化,应禁止使用。

3. 更昔洛韦针是注射用药物,应在专业医生或者护士的指导下进行皮下注射。

4. 给药前应先用酒精消毒皮肤,然后将10-12.5毫克更昔洛韦缓慢地注射到腹壁皮下组织中。

5. 给药后应观察患者是否出现过敏反应和不适症状,如出现不适应立即停药并咨询医生。

二、更昔洛韦针的用途:1. 治疗水痘和带状疱疹:水痘和带状疱疹都是由人类单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)引起的疾病。

更昔洛韦可以抑制病毒的复制和传播,减轻症状、缩短病程,并减少并发症的发生。

水痘主要发生在儿童和青少年中,而带状疱疹多发生在中老年人身上。

2. 预防水痘和带状疱疹:更昔洛韦还可以用于预防水痘和带状疱疹的发生。

接触到病毒的患者,尤其是免疫系统功能较弱的人群,如免疫缺陷或接受器官移植的患者,可以使用更昔洛韦针来预防疾病的发生。

3. 治疗严重疱疹病毒感染:更昔洛韦针也可以用于治疗疱疹病毒引起的其他感染,如口腔疱疹、眼部疱疹和生殖器疱疹等。

这些感染在免疫系统较弱的患者中,如HIV感染者,可能会出现严重的症状和并发症。

4. 治疗新生儿疱疹感染:对于新生儿出生后感染疱疹病毒的情况,更昔洛韦针是一种常用的治疗方法。

早期治疗可以减轻症状,降低并发症风险,并有助于保护婴儿的生命。

5. 预防巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染:对于免疫抑制的器官移植患者,CMV感染是一种常见的并发症。

更昔洛韦针可以用于预防器官移植后CMV感染的发生。

更昔洛韦针作为一种抗病毒药物,在临床上广泛应用于各种病毒感染的治疗和预防。

但是,使用更昔洛韦针也存在一些注意事项和可能的副作用。

注射用更昔洛韦治疗儿童

注射用更昔洛韦治疗儿童

注射用更昔洛韦治疗儿童手足口病临床应用及疗效分析肠道病毒EV71,姆(亦称手足口病)多发生于学龄前儿童,尤以3岁以下年龄组成病率最高,可引起手、足、口腔等部位的斑丘疹、疮疹、个别患儿可引起脑炎、脑脊髓炎、肺水肿、循环衰竭等,我院主要针对留观以及轻型手足口病患儿采用注射用更昔洛韦治疗,临床疗效满意,治疗效果好。

1 对象和方法1.1 病例选择按以下标准入选:①根据临床表现及实验室检查诊断为手足口病的住院患儿,年龄在8个月—5岁,无重型病例表现(即无脑炎、脑膜炎、肺水肿、循环衰竭等表现的)②未应用其他抗病毒药物,伴有发热、咽痛、扁桃体肿大、口流涎、流涕、咳嗽,食欲不振,精神差。

2 方法①药物配制:将本品钠盐(武汉长联来福生化药业有限公司生产粉剂),加入10ml用水后振荡溶解,液体应澄明无色,可在室温下稳定12小时,切勿冷藏。

进一步用0.9%氯化钠注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液稀释,含药量低于10mg/ml静脉滴注1小时,每日一次,每次5mg/kg,较重者可每日二次,疗程为5—7天。

②记录患儿治疗前症状及体征,逐日观察并记录治疗后疗状和体征变化,于治疗前及治疗后测患儿外周血象,肝功能,肾功能,胸片。

③联用碳青霉烯类或第2、3代头孢菌素预防和控制细菌感染。

④保持口腔清洁,多饮水,禁用刺激性药物。

淡盐水漱口,疼痛严重者可在餐前用2%利多卡因涂抹局部。

食物以微温或凉的流质或半流质为宜,发热后(体温太子38.5℃)用退热剂。

3 临床资料共85例,年龄分组:8个月—2岁14例,2—3岁50例,4—5岁21例。

85例中发热占57例,体温在38.5℃以下,多为低热(37.4℃—38℃)之间,55例出现咽痛,65例扁桃体红肿,25例白细胞计数>10×109/L。

4 疗效体征痊愈:症状体征,实验室检查恢复正常。

显效:病情明显好转,体征尚未完全恢复。

好转:病情有所好转!但不明显。

无效:治疗72小时后病情无好转或有所加重。

注射用更昔洛韦

注射用更昔洛韦

注射用更昔洛韦【适用症】1. 适用于免疫缺陷患者(包括艾滋病患者)并发巨细胞病毒视网膜炎的诱导期和维持期治疗。

2. 亦可用于接受器官移植的患者预防巨细胞病毒感染及用于巨细胞病毒血清试验阳性的艾滋病患者预防发生巨细胞病毒疾病。

【注意事项】1. 注射用更昔洛韦化学结构与阿昔洛韦相似,对后者过敏的患者也可能对注射用更昔洛韦过敏。

2. 注射用更昔洛韦并不能治愈巨细胞病毒感染,因此用于艾滋病患者合并巨细胞病毒感染时往往需长期维持用药,防止复发。

3. 注射用更昔洛韦须静脉滴注给药,不可肌内注射,每次剂量至少滴注1小时以上,患者需给予充足水分,以免增加毒性。

4. 注射用更昔洛韦可引起中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少,并易引起出血和感染,用药期间应注意口腔卫生。

5. 用药期间应经常检查血细胞数,初始治疗期间应每二天测定血细胞计数,以后为每周测定一次。

对有血细胞减少病史的患者(包括因药物、化学品或射线所致者)或粒细胞计数低于1000/mm3患者,应每天进行血细胞计数。

如中性粒细胞计数在500/mm3以下、或血小板计数低于25000/mm3时应暂时停药,直至中性粒细胞数增加至750/mm3以上方可重新给药。

少数病人同时采用粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-C SF)治疗粒细胞减低有效。

6. 肾功能减退者剂量应酌减,血液透析患者用量每24小时不超过1.25 mg/kg,每次透析后血药浓度约可减低50%,因此在透析日宜在透析以后给药。

7. 注射用更昔洛韦需充分溶解后缓慢静脉滴注,滴注液浓度不能超过10mg/ml,一次最大剂量为6mg/kg。

注射用更昔洛韦溶液呈强碱性(pH=11),滴注时间不得少于1小时,并注意避免药液与皮肤或粘膜接触或吸入,如不慎溅及,应立即用肥皂和清水冲洗,眼睛应用清水冲洗,避免药液渗漏到血管外组织。

8. 育龄妇女应用注射用更昔洛韦时应注意采取有效避孕措施,育龄男性应采用避孕工具至停药后至少3个月。

9. 用药期间应每2周进行血清肌酐或肌酐清除率的测定。

更昔洛韦注射液的功能主治

更昔洛韦注射液的功能主治

更昔洛韦注射液的功能主治1. 简介更昔洛韦注射液是一种抗病毒药物,主要成分是更昔洛韦。

该药物通过抑制病毒复制和扩散,从而起到抗病毒的作用。

更昔洛韦注射液广泛用于临床治疗多种病毒感染,具有多种功能和主治。

2. 功能主治2.1 高效抗病毒作用更昔洛韦注射液具有高效的抗病毒作用。

它主要用于治疗以下病毒感染:•冠状病毒感染:更昔洛韦注射液在冠状病毒感染的治疗中发挥重要作用。

它可以抑制病毒的复制和扩散,帮助患者恢复健康。

•乙肝病毒感染:更昔洛韦注射液也被广泛应用于乙肝病毒感染的治疗中。

它可以抑制乙肝病毒的复制,减轻乙肝病毒引起的炎症反应,改善肝功能。

•副流感病毒感染:更昔洛韦注射液也可以用于副流感病毒感染的治疗。

它可以抑制副流感病毒的复制,减轻疾病症状,提高患者的康复率。

2.2 具有抗炎作用除了抗病毒作用外,更昔洛韦注射液还具有一定的抗炎作用。

它可以抑制病毒感染引起的炎症反应,减轻炎症症状,缓解患者的疼痛和不适。

2.3 促进免疫系统功能恢复更昔洛韦注射液还可以促进免疫系统的功能恢复。

它可以调节免疫系统的免疫应答,提高机体的抗病能力,从而帮助患者更快地康复。

2.4 预防病毒感染复发更昔洛韦注射液还可以预防病毒感染的复发。

它可以抑制病毒的复制和扩散,减少病毒在体内的存活时间,降低感染再次发作的风险。

3. 使用方法更昔洛韦注射液是一种静脉注射剂,只能由医务人员在医疗机构内使用。

具体使用方法如下:1.在使用前,应仔细读取药物说明书,了解使用方法和注意事项。

2.注射前,应先准备好注射器、注射针等医疗器械,并确保其无损坏。

3.取出一瓶更昔洛韦注射液,检查药液是否清澈,如有浑浊或颗粒状,应丢弃该瓶药物。

4.用无菌酒精棉球擦拭药瓶盖的橡胶塞,将注射针插入瓶盖,抽取适量的药液。

5.注射液的剂量应根据患者的具体情况和医生的建议进行确定。

6.将抽取的药液注入注射器中,并排除气泡。

7.选择注射部位,将注射针插入皮肤和组织,并将药液缓慢注射入体内。

实例分析更昔洛韦的应用

实例分析更昔洛韦的应用

实例分析更昔洛韦的应用
典型病例:
患儿,女,3岁,体重18kg,诊断支气管炎。

急诊处方:更昔洛韦200mg,5%葡萄糖注射液100ml,静脉滴注,1次/日;头孢曲松1g,5%葡萄糖注射液100ml,1次/日。

用药分析:
本例为更昔洛韦适应症错误,治疗剂量过大,给药频次错误。

(1)非适应症用药患儿诊断支气管炎,更昔洛韦说明书中并无此适应症。

(2)用药浓度过大,不按说明书用法使用应1日剂量分2次给药,执行1日剂量1次给完,如更昔洛韦针剂应50mg/kg,2次/日,执行10mg/kg,1次/日会造成输入浓度过大,有风险;比2次/日来说,有效浓度维持时间短。

(3)滴速快更昔洛韦针剂200mg加入100ml生理盐水,按要求1h以上滴完,医嘱:30滴/分,大约40min 滴完,浓度过高,对心脏毒性大,不良反应风险加大。

药师提醒:支气管炎以病毒感染多见,多数病例为自限性。

以对症治疗为主,不宜常规使用抗感染药物。

支气
管炎伴痰量增加、脓性痰和气急加重等提示可能存在细菌感染的患者,可应用抗感染药物。

应选用能覆盖流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、卡他莫拉菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体及肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌的抗感染药物。

对疗效不佳的患者可根据痰液培养和药敏试验结果调整用药。

轻症患者予以口服药,病情较重者可用注射剂。

临床更昔洛韦药物儿童应用、用法用量及注意事项

临床更昔洛韦药物儿童应用、用法用量及注意事项

临床更昔洛韦药物儿童应用、用法用量及注
意事项
儿童用药
更昔洛韦应用于儿童的适应证包括先天或围产期巨细胞病毒(CMB)感染,是治疗症状性先天性CMV感染的首选药物。

因为有潜在的长期致癌性和生殖系统毒性,儿童应用本品时应非常小心,需评估接受治疗的益处是否超过其风险。

应严格掌握更昔洛韦的应用指征:
①有中枢神经系统累及的先天性CMV感染;
②有明显活动期症状的CMV感染,如肺炎、肝炎或脑炎等。

无症状性CMV感染或轻症,尤其是生后感染,可暂不用该药。

用法用量
治疗剂量为每日12mg∕kg,分2次给药,静脉滴注,疗程6周。

注意事项
该药仅能抑制病毒的复制,不能杀灭病毒,长期应用可引起耐药性及远期毒、副作用,主要有粒细胞和血小板减少,肝、肾功能损害、胃肠道及神经系统并发症等。

FDA黑框警告:血液毒性、生育力受损、胎儿毒性、诱变和致癌作用
1、血液学毒性:在使用注射用更昔洛韦治疗的患者中报告了粒细胞减少、贫血、血小板减少和全血细胞减少的情况。

2、生育力受损:根据动物数据和有限的人类数据,注射用更昔洛韦可能导致男性精子发生暂时或永久抑制以及抑制女性的生育力。

3、胎儿毒性:根据动物数据,使用注射用更昔洛韦有可能导致
人类胎儿出生缺陷。

4、诱变和致癌作用:根据动物数据,用注射用更昔洛韦有可能导致癌症的发生。

更昔洛韦注射说明书

更昔洛韦注射说明书

1CYTOVENE -IV2(ganciclovir sodium for injection)3FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION ONLY45Rx only6WARNING7THE CLINICAL TOXICITY OF CYTOVENE-IV INCLUDES 8GRANULOCYTOPENIA, ANEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. IN ANIMAL 9STUDIES GANCICLOVIR WAS CARCINOGENIC, TERATOGENIC AND 10CAUSED ASPERMATOGENESIS.CYTOVENE-IV IS INDICATED FOR USE ONLY IN THE TREATMENT OF 1112CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) RETINITIS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED 13PATIENTS AND FOR THE PREVENTION OF CMV DISEASE IN TRANSPLANT 14PATIENTS AT RISK FOR CMV DISEASE (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE).15DESCRIPTION16Ganciclovir is a synthetic guanine derivative active against cytomegalovirus (CMV). 17CYTOVENE-IV is the brand name for ganciclovir sodium for injection.18CYTOVENE-IV is available as sterile lyophilized powder in strength of 500 mg per vial 19for intravenous administration only. Each vial of CYTOVENE-IV contains the equivalent 20of 500 mg ganciclovir as the sodium salt (46 mg sodium). Reconstitution with 10 mL of 21Sterile Water for Injection, USP, yields a solution with pH 11 and a ganciclovir 22concentration of approximately 50 mg/mL. Further dilution in an appropriate intravenous 23solution must be performed before infusion (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).24Ganciclovir is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of 25C9H13N504 and a molecular weight of 255.23. The chemical name for ganciclovir is 9-[[2-26hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxy]methyl]guanine. Ganciclovir is a polar hydrophilic 27compound with a solubility of 2.6 mg/mL in water at 25°C and an n-octanol/water partition 28coefficient of 0.022. The pK a s for ganciclovir are 2.2 and 9.4.29Ganciclovir, when formulated as monosodium salt in the IV dosage form, is a white to off-30white lyophilized powder with the molecular formula of C9H12N5Na04, and a molecular 31weight of 277.22. The chemical name for ganciclovir sodium is 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-32(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxy]methyl]guanine, monosodium salt. The lyophilized powder has an 33aqueous solubility of greater than 50 mg/mL at 25°C. At physiological pH, ganciclovir sodium exists as the un-ionized form with a solubility of approximately 6 mg/mL at 37°C. 3435The chemical structures of ganciclovir sodium and ganciclovir are:3637ganciclovir sodium ganciclovir38All doses in this insert are specified in terms of ganciclovir.39VIROLOGY40Mechanism of Action41Ganciclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine that inhibits replication of herpes viruses. Ganciclovir has been shown to be active against cytomegalovirus (CMV) 4243and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in human clinical studies.44To achieve anti-CMV activity, ganciclovir is phosphorylated first to the monophosphate 45form by a CMV-encoded (UL97 gene) protein kinase homologue, then to the di- and 46triphosphate forms by cellular kinases. Ganciclovir triphosphate concentrations may be47100-fold greater in CMV-infected than in uninfected cells, indicating preferential phosphorylation in infected cells. Ganciclovir triphosphate, once formed, persists for days 4849in the CMV-infected cell. Ganciclovir triphosphate is believed to inhibit viral DNA50synthesis by (1) competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases; and (2) incorporation51into viral DNA, resulting in eventual termination of viral DNA elongation.52Antiviral Activity53The median concentration of ganciclovir that inhibits CMV replication (IC50) in vitro (laboratory strains or clinical isolates) has ranged from 0.02 to 3.48 g/mL. Ganciclovir 5455inhibits mammalian cell proliferation (CIC50) in vitro at higher concentrations ranging from 5630 to 725 g/mL. Bone marrow-derived colony-forming cells are more sensitive (CIC50 570.028 to 0.7 g/mL). The relationship of in vitro sensitivity of CMV to ganciclovir and58clinical response has not been established.59Clinical Antiviral Effect of CYTOVENE-IV and Ganciclovir CapsulesCYTOVENE-IV6061In a study of CYTOVENE-IV treatment of life- or sight-threatening CMV disease in62immunocompromised patients, 121 of 314 patients had CMV cultured within 7 days prior63to treatment and sequential posttreatment viral cultures of urine, blood, throat and/or64semen. As judged by conversion to culture negativity, or a greater than 100-fold decrease in65in vitro CMV titer, at least 83% of patients had a virologic response with a median responsetime of 7 to 15 days.6667Antiviral activity of CYTOVENE-IV was demonstrated in two randomized studies for the68prevention of CMV disease in transplant recipients (see Table 1).Table 1 Patients With Positive CMV Cultures69Heart Allograft* (n = 147) Bone Marrow Allograft (n = 72) Time CYTOVENE-IV†Placebo CYTOVENE-IV‡ PlaceboPretreatment 1/67 (2%) 5/64 (8%) 37/37 (100%) 35/35 (100%) Week 2 2/75 (3%) 11/67 (16%) 2/31 (6%) 19/28 (68%) Week 4 3/66 (5%) 28/66 (43%) 0/24 (0%) 16/20 (80%) 70* CMV seropositive or receiving graft from seropositive donor71† 5 mg/kg bid for 14 days followed by 6 mg/kg qd for 5 days/week for 14 days72‡ 5 mg/kg bid for 7 days followed by 5 mg/kg qd until day 100 posttransplant73Ganciclovir Capsules74In trials comparing CYTOVENE-IV with Ganciclovir capsules for the maintenance 75treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS, serial urine cultures and other available cultures (semen, biopsy specimens, blood and others) showed that a small proportion of 7677patients remained culture-positive during maintenance therapy with no statistically 78significant differences in CMV isolation rates between treatment groups.79Viral Resistance80The current working definition of CMV resistance to ganciclovir in in vitro assays is IC50 81>3.0 g/mL (12.0 M). CMV resistance to ganciclovir has been observed in individuals 82with AIDS and CMV retinitis who have never received ganciclovir therapy. Viral resistance 83has also been observed in patients receiving prolonged treatment for CMV retinitis with 84CYTOVENE-IV. In a controlled study of oral ganciclovir for prevention of AIDS-85associated CMV disease, 364 individuals had one or more cultures performed after at least 8690 days of ganciclovir treatment. Of these, 113 had at least one positive culture. The last 87available isolate from each subject was tested for reduced sensitivity, and 2 of 40 were 88found to be resistant to ganciclovir. These resistant isolates were associated with 89subsequent treatment failure for retinitis.90The possibility of viral resistance should be considered in patients who show poor clinical 91response or experience persistent viral excretion during therapy. The principal mechanism 92of resistance to ganciclovir in CMV is the decreased ability to form the active triphosphate 93moiety; resistant viruses have been described that contain mutations in the UL97 gene of 94CMV that controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir. Mutations in the viral DNA polymerase 95have also been reported to confer viral resistance to ganciclovir.96CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY97Pharmacokinetics98BECAUSE THE MAJOR ELIMINATION PATHWAY FOR GANCICLOVIR IS 99RENAL, DOSAGE REDUCTIONS ACCORDING TO CREATININE CLEARANCE 100ARE REQUIRED FOR CYTOVENE-IV. FOR DOSING INSTRUCTIONS IN 101PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT, REFER TO DOSAGE AND 102ADMINISTRATION.Absorption103At the end of a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 5 mg/kg ganciclovir, total AUC ranged 104between 22.1 3.2 (n=16) and 26.8 6.1 g·hr/mL (n=16) and C max ranged between 1058.27 1.02 (n=16) and 9.0 1.4 g/mL (n=16).106Distribution107The steady-state volume of distribution of ganciclovir after intravenous administration was 1080.74 0.15 L/kg (n=98). Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations obtained 0.25 to 5.67 hours 109postdose in 3 patients who received 2.5 mg/kg ganciclovir intravenously q8h or q12h 110ranged from 0.31 to 0.68 g/mL representing 24% to 70% of the respective plasma 111concentrations. Binding to plasma proteins was 1% to 2% over ganciclovir concentrations 112of 0.5 and 51 g/mL.113Elimination114When administered intravenously, ganciclovir exhibits linear pharmacokinetics over the 115range of 1.6 to 5.0 mg/kg and when administered orally, it exhibits linear kinetics up to a 116total daily dose of 4 g/day. Renal excretion of unchanged drug by glomerular filtration and 117active tubular secretion is the major route of elimination of ganciclovir. In patients with 118normal renal function, 91.3 5.0% (n=4) of intravenously administered ganciclovir was 119recovered unmetabolized in the urine. Systemic clearance of intravenously administered 120ganciclovir was 3.52 0.80 mL/min/kg (n=98) while renal clearance was 3.20 0.80 121mL/min/kg (n=47), accounting for 91 11% of the systemic clearance (n=47). Half-life 122was 3.5 0.9 hours (n=98) following IV administration and 4.8 0.9 hours (n=39) 123following oral administration.124Special Populations125Renal Impairment126The pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration of CYTOVENE-IV solution 127were evaluated in 10 immunocompromised patients with renal impairment who received 128doses ranging from 1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg.129Table 2 Pharmacokinetics of Patients with Renal Impairment130Estimated Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) n Dose Clearance(mL/min)Mean SDHalf-life(hours)Mean SD50-79 4 3.2-5 mg/kg 128 + 63 4.6 1.425-49 3 3-5 mg/kg 57 + 8 4.4 + 0.4<25 3 1.25-5 mg/kg 30 + 13 10.7 + 5.7Based on these observations, it is necessary to modify the dosage of ganciclovir in patients 131with renal impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).132Hemodialysis reduces plasma concentrations of ganciclovir by about 50% after intravenous 133administration.134Race/Ethnicity and Gender135136The effects of race/ethnicity and gender were studied in subjects receiving a dose regimen 137of 1000 mg every 8 hours. Although the numbers of blacks (16%) and Hispanics (20%)138were small, there appeared to be a trend towards a lower steady-state C max and AUC0-8 in 139these subpopulations as compared to Caucasians. No definitive conclusions regarding 140gender differences could be made because of the small number of females (12%); however,141no differences between males and females were observed.142Pediatrics143Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics were studied in 27 neonates, aged 2 to 49 days. At an 144intravenous dose of 4 mg/kg (n=14) or 6 mg/kg (n=13), the pharmacokinetic parameters 145were, respectively, C max of 5.5 1.6 and 7.0 1.6 g/mL, systemic clearance of 1463.14 1.75 and 3.56 1.27 mL/min/kg, and t½ of 2.4 hours (harmonic mean) for both. 147Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics were also studied in 10 pediatric patients, aged 9 months to 14812 years. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ganciclovir were the same after single and 149multiple (q12h) intravenous doses (5 mg/kg). The steady-state volume of distribution was 1500.64 0.22 L/kg, C max was 7.9 3.9 g/mL, systemic clearance was 4.7 2.2 mL/min/kg, 151and t½ was 2.4 0.7 hours. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous ganciclovir in pediatric152patients are similar to those observed in adults.153Elderly154No studies have been conducted in adults older than 65 years of age.155INDICATIONS AND USAGE156CYTOVENE-IV is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in immunocompromised 157patients, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 158CYTOVENE-IV is also indicated for the prevention of CMV disease in transplantrecipients at risk for CMV disease (see CLINICAL TRIALS).159160SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF CYTOVENE-IV HA VE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED 161FOR CONGENITAL OR NEONATAL CMV DISEASE; NOR FOR THE TREATMENT OF ESTABLISHED CMV DISEASE OTHER THAN RETINITIS; NOR FOR USE IN 162163NON-IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS.CLINICAL TRIALS1641651. Treatment of CMV Retinitis166The diagnosis of CMV retinitis should be made by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Other conditions in the differential diagnosis of CMV retinitis include candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, 167168histoplasmosis, retinal scars and cotton wool spots, any of which may produce a retinal 169appearance similar to CMV. For this reason it is essential that the diagnosis of CMV be 170established by an ophthalmologist familiar with the retinal presentation of these conditions.171The diagnosis of CMV retinitis may be supported by culture of CMV from urine, blood, 172throat or other sites, but a negative CMV culture does not rule out CMV retinitis.Studies With CYTOVENE-IV173In a retrospective, non-randomized, single-center analysis of 41 patients with AIDS and 174CMV retinitis diagnosed by ophthalmologic examination between August 1983 and April 1751988, treatment with CYTOVENE-IV solution resulted in a significant delay in mean 176(median) time to first retinitis progression compared to untreated controls [105 (71) days 177from diagnosis vs 35 (29) days from diagnosis]. Patients in this series received induction 178treatment of CYTOVENE-IV 5 mg/kg bid for 14 to 21 days followed by maintenance 179treatment with either 5 mg/kg once daily, 7 days per week or 6 mg/kg once daily, 5 days per 180week (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).181In a controlled, randomized study conducted between February 1989 and December 1990,1 182immediate treatment with CYTOVENE-IV was compared to delayed treatment in 42 183patients with AIDS and peripheral CMV retinitis; 35 of 42 patients (13 in the immediate-184treatment group and 22 in the delayed-treatment group) were included in the analysis of 185time to retinitis progression. Based on masked assessment of fundus photographs, the mean 186[95% CI] and median [95% CI] times to progression of retinitis were 66 days [39, 94] and 18750 days [40, 84], respectively, in the immediate-treatment group compared to 19 days [11, 18827] and 13.5 days [8, 18], respectively, in the delayed-treatment group.189Studies Comparing Ganciclovir Capsules to CYTOVENE-IV190Table 3 Population Characteristics in Studies ICM 1653, ICM 1774 191and AVI 034192ICM 1653 (n=121) ICM 1774(n=225)A VI 034(n=159)Median age (years) Range3824-623722-563923-62Sex Males 116 (96%) 222 (99%) 148 (93%) Females 5 (4%) 3 (1%) 10 (6%)Asian 3 (3%) 5 (2%) 7 (4%) Ethnicity Black 11 (9%) 9 (4%) 3 (2%) Caucasian 98 (81%) 186 (83%) 140 (88%)Other 9 (7%) 25 (11%) 8 (5%)Median CD4 Count Range9.50-1417.00-8010.00-320Mean (SD)Observation Time (days) 107.9 (43.0) 97.6 (42.5) 80.9 (47.0) 193ICM 1653: In this randomized, open-label, parallel group trial, conducted between March 1941991 and November 1992, patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis 195received a 3-week induction course of CYTOVENE-IV solution, 5 mg/kg bid for 14 days 196followed by 5 mg/kg once daily for 1 additional week.2 Following the 21-day intravenous 197induction course, patients with stable CMV retinitis were randomized to receive 20 weeks 198of maintenance treatment with either CYTOVENE-IV solution, 5 mg/kg once daily, or 199ganciclovir capsules, 500 mg 6 times daily (3000 mg/day). The study showed that the 200mean [95% CI] and median [95% CI] times to progression of CMV retinitis, as assessed 201by masked reading of fundus photographs, were 57 days [44, 70] and 29 days [28, 43], 202203respectively, for patients on oral therapy compared to 62 days [50, 73] and 49 days [29,20461], respectively, for patients on intravenous therapy. The difference [95% CI] in the 205mean time to progression between the oral and intravenous therapies (oral - IV) was -5 206days [-22, 12]. See Figure 1 for comparison of the proportion of patients remaining free207of progression over time.208ICM 1774: In this three-arm, randomized, open-label, parallel group trial, conducted 209between June 1991 and August 1993, patients with AIDS and stable CMV retinitis 210following from 4 weeks to 4 months of treatment with CYTOVENE-IV solution were211randomized to receive maintenance treatment with CYTOVENE-IV solution, 5 mg/kg 212once daily, ganciclovir capsules, 500 mg 6 times daily, or ganciclovir capsules, 1000 mg 213tid for 20 weeks. The study showed that the mean [95% CI] and median [95% CI] times214to progression of CMV retinitis, as assessed by masked reading of fundus photographs, 215were 54 days [48, 60] and 42 days [31, 54], respectively, for patients on oral therapy 216compared to 66 days [56, 76] and 54 days [41, 69], respectively, for patients on217intravenous therapy. The difference [95% CI] in the mean time to progression between 218the oral and intravenous therapies (oral - IV) was -12 days [-24, 0]. See Figure 2for 219comparison of the proportion of patients remaining free of progression over time.AVI 034: In this randomized, open-label, parallel group trial, conducted between June 2202211991 and February 1993, patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed (81%) or previously 222treated (19%) CMV retinitis who had tolerated 10 to 21 days of induction treatment with CYTOVENE-IV, 5 mg/kg twice daily, were randomized to receive 20 weeks of 223224maintenance treatment with either ganciclovir capsules, 500 mg 6 times daily or 225CYTOVENE-IV solution, 5 mg/kg/day.3 The mean [95% CI] and median [95% CI] times 226to progression of CMV retinitis, as assessed by masked reading of fundus photographs,227were 51 days [44, 57] and 41 days [31, 45], respectively, for patients on oral therapy 228compared to 62 days [52, 72] and 60 days [42, 83], respectively, for patients on intravenous therapy. The difference [95% CI] in the mean time to progression between 229230the oral and intravenous therapies (oral - IV) was -11 days [-24, 1]. See Figure 3for 231comparison of the proportion of patients remaining free of progression over time.232Comparison of other CMV retinitis outcomes between oral and IV formulations 233(development of bilateral retinitis, progression into Zone 1, and deterioration of visual234acuity), while not definitive, showed no marked differences between treatment groups in 235these studies. Because of low event rates among these endpoints, these studies are 236underpowered to rule out significant differences in these endpoints.237Figure 1 ICM 1653238239Figure 2 ICM 1774240241Figure 3 AVI 0342422432. Prevention of CMV Disease in Transplant Recipients244245CYTOVENE-IV was evaluated in three randomized, controlled trials of prevention of246CMV disease in organ transplant recipients.247ICM 1496: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 149 heart transplant 248recipients4 at risk for CMV infection (CMV seropositive or a seronegative recipient of an 249organ from a CMV seropositive donor), there was a statistically significant reduction in theoverall incidence of CMV disease in patients treated with CYTOVENE-IV. Immediately 250251posttransplant, patients received CYTOVENE-IV solution 5 mg/kg bid for 14 days 252followed by 6 mg/kg qd for 5 days/week for an additional 14 days. Twelve of the 76 (16%)patients treated with CYTOVENE-IV vs 31 of the 73 (43%) placebo-treated patients 253254developed CMV disease during the 120-day posttransplant observation period. No 255significant differences in hematologic toxicities were seen between the two treatment256groups (refer to Table 6 in ADVERSE EVENTS).257ICM 1689: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 72 bone marrow 258transplant recipients5 with asymptomatic CMV infection (CMV positive culture of urine, 259throat or blood) there was a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of CMV260disease in patients treated with CYTOVENE-IV following successful hematopoietic 261engraftment. Patients with virologic evidence of CMV infection received CYTOVENE-262IV solution 5 mg/kg bid for 7 days followed by 5 mg/kg qd through day 100263posttransplant. One of the 37 (3%) patients treated with CYTOVENE-IV vs 15 of the 35 264(43%) placebo-treated patients developed CMV disease during the study. At 6 months posttransplant, there continued to be a statistically significant reduction in the incidence 265266of CMV disease in patients treated with CYTOVENE-IV. Six of 37 (16%) patients treated 267with CYTOVENE-IV vs 15 of the 35 (43%) placebo-treated patients developed disease through 6 months posttransplant. The overall rate of survival was statistically 268269significantly higher in the group treated with CYTOVENE-IV, both at day 100 and day 270180 posttransplant. Although the differences in hematologic toxicities were not 271statistically significant, the incidence of neutropenia was higher in the group treated with272CYTOVENE-IV (refer to Table 6 in ADVERSE EVENTS).273ICM 1570: A second, randomized, unblinded study evaluated 40 allogeneic bone marrow 274transplant recipients at risk for CMV disease.6Patients underwent bronchoscopy and 275bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on day 35 posttransplant. Patients with histologic,276immunologic or virologic evidence of CMV infection in the lung were then randomized to 277observation or treatment with CYTOVENE-IV solution (5 mg/kg bid for 14 days followed 278by 5 mg/kg qd 5 days/week until day 120). Four of 20 (20%) patients treated with279CYTOVENE-IV and 14 of 20 (70%) control patients developed interstitial pneumonia. The 280incidence of CMV disease was significantly lower in the group treated with CYTOVENE-281IV, consistent with the results observed in ICM 1689.282CONTRAINDICATIONSCYTOVENE-IV is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to ganciclovir or 283284acyclovir.WARNINGS285286Hematologic287CYTOVENE-IV should not be administered if the absolute neutrophil count is less than 500 cells/ L or the platelet count is less than 25,000 cells/ L.Granulocytopenia 288289(neutropenia), anemia and thrombocytopenia have been observed in patients treated with290CYTOVENE-IV. The frequency and severity of these events vary widely in different291patient populations (see ADVERSE EVENTS).292CYTOVENE-IV should, therefore, be used with caution in patients with pre-existing293cytopenias or with a history of cytopenic reactions to other drugs, chemicals or irradiation.294Granulocytopenia usually occurs during the first or second week of treatment but may295occur at any time during treatment. Cell counts usually begin to recover within 3 to 7 days296of discontinuing drug. Colony-stimulating factors have been shown to increase neutrophil297and white blood cell counts in patients receiving CYTOVENE-IV solution for treatment of298CMV retinitis.299Impairment of FertilityAnimal data indicate that administration of ganciclovir causes inhibition of 300301spermatogenesis and subsequent infertility. These effects were reversible at lower doses302and irreversible at higher doses (see PRECAUTIONS: Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis‡and Impairment of Fertility‡). Although data in humans have not been obtained 303304regarding this effect, it is considered probable that ganciclovir at the recommended doses305causes temporary or permanent inhibition of spermatogenesis. Animal data also indicate306that suppression of fertility in females may occur.307Teratogenesis308Because of the mutagenic and teratogenic potential of ganciclovir, women of childbearing309potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment. Similarly, men310should be advised to practice barrier contraception during and for at least 90 days following311treatment with CYTOVENE-IV (see PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy‡: Category C).312PRECAUTIONS313General314In clinical studies with CYTOVENE-IV, the maximum single dose administered was 6mg/kg by intravenous infusion over 1 hour. Larger doses have resulted in increased 315316toxicity. It is likely that more rapid infusions would also result in increased toxicity (see317OVERDOSAGE). Administration of CYTOVENE-IV solution should be accompanied byadequate hydration.318319Initially reconstituted solutions of CYTOVENE-IV have a high pH (pH 11). Despite further320dilution in intravenous fluids, phlebitis and/or pain may occur at the site of intravenous321infusion. Care must be taken to infuse solutions containing CYTOVENE-IV only into veins322with adequate blood flow to permit rapid dilution and distribution (see DOSAGE AND323ADMINISTRATION).Since ganciclovir is excreted by the kidneys, normal clearance depends on adequate renal 324325function. IF RENAL FUNCTION IS IMPAIRED, DOSAGE ADJUSTMENTS ARE 326REQUIRED FOR CYTOVENE-IV. Such adjustments should be based on measured or estimated creatinine clearance values (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).327328Information for Patients329All patients should be informed that the major toxicities of ganciclovir are 330granulocytopenia (neutropenia), anemia and thrombocytopenia and that dose modifications 331may be required, including discontinuation. The importance of close monitoring of blood 332counts while on therapy should be emphasized. Patients should be informed that 333ganciclovir has been associated with elevations in serum creatinine.334Patients should be advised that ganciclovir has caused decreased sperm production in 335animals and may cause infertility in humans. Women of childbearing potential should be 336advised that ganciclovir causes birth defects in animals and should not be used during 337pregnancy. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use effective 338contraception during treatment with CYTOVENE-IV. Similarly, men should be advised to practice barrier contraception during and for at least 90 days following treatment with 339340CYTOVENE-IV.341Patients should be advised that ganciclovir causes tumors in animals. Although there is no information from human studies, ganciclovir should be considered a potential carcinogen. 342343All HIV+ Patients344These patients may be receiving zidovudine. Patients should be counseled that treatment 345with both ganciclovir and zidovudine simultaneously may not be tolerated by some patients 346and may result in severe granulocytopenia (neutropenia). Patients with AIDS may be 347receiving didanosine. Patients should be counseled that concomitant treatment with both 348ganciclovir and didanosine can cause didanosine serum concentrations to be significantly 349increased.350HIV+ Patients With CMV Retinitis351Ganciclovir is not a cure for CMV retinitis, and immunocompromised patients may 352continue to experience progression of retinitis during or following treatment. Patients 353should be advised to have ophthalmologic follow-up examinations at a minimum of every4 to 6 weeks while being treated with CYTOVENE-IV. Some patients will require more 354355frequent follow-up.356Transplant RecipientsTransplant recipients should be counseled regarding the high frequency of impaired renal 357358function in transplant recipients who received CYTOVENE-IV solution in controlled 359clinical trials, particularly in patients receiving concomitant administration of nephrotoxic 360agents such as cyclosporine and amphotericin B. Although the specific mechanism of this 361toxicity, which in most cases was reversible, has not been determined, the higher rate of 362renal impairment in patients receiving CYTOVENE-IV solution compared with those who。

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注射用更昔洛韦
【药品名称】
通用名称:注射用更昔洛韦
英文名称:Ganciclovir for Injection
【成份】
主要成分:更昔洛韦
化学名:9-(1,3-二羟基-2-丙氧甲基)-鸟嘌呤
分子式:C9H12N5O4
分子量:255.23。

【适应症】
1.适用于免疫缺陷患者(包括艾滋病患者)并发巨细胞病毒视网膜炎的诱导期和维持期治疗。

2.亦可用于接受器官移植的患者预防巨细胞病毒感染及用于巨细胞病毒血清试验阳性的艾滋病患者预防发生巨细胞病毒疾病。

【用法用量】
1 诱导期:静脉滴注按体重一次5mg/kg,每12小时1次,每次静滴1小时以上,疗程14~21日,肾功能减退者剂量应酌减。

肌酐清除率为50~69ml/分钟时,每12小时静脉滴注2.5mg/kg;肌酐清除率为25~49ml/分钟时,每24小时静脉滴注2.5mg/kg;肌酐清除率为10~24ml/分钟时,每24小时静脉滴注1.25mg/kg;肌酐清除率
【不良反应】
1..常见的不良反应为骨髓抑制,用药后约40%的患者中性粒细胞数减低至1000/mm3以下,约20%的患者血小板计数减低至50000/mm3以下,此外可有贫血。

2.中枢神经系统症状如精神异常、紧张、震颤等,发生率约5%,偶有昏迷、抽搐等。

3..可出现皮疹、瘙痒、
药物热、头痛、头昏、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、食欲减退、肝功能异常、消化道出血、心律失常、血压升高或降低、血尿、血尿素氮增加、脱发、血糖降低、水肿、周身不适、肌酐增加、嗜酸性细胞增多症、注射局部疼痛、静脉炎等;有巨细胞病毒感染性视网膜炎的艾滋病患者可出现视网膜剥离。

【禁忌】
1.对本品或阿昔洛韦过敏者禁用。

2.孕妇慎用,哺乳期妇女禁用
【注意事项】
1.本品化学结构与阿昔洛韦相似,对后者过敏的患者也可能对本品过敏;
2.本品并不能治愈巨细胞病毒感染,因此用于艾滋病患者合并巨细胞病毒感染时往往需长期维持用药,防止复发;
3.本品须静脉滴注给药,不可肌内注射,每次剂量至少滴注1小时以上,患者需给予充足水分,以免增加毒性;
4.本品可引起中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少,并易引起出血和感染,用药期间应注意口腔卫生;
5.用药期间应经常检查血细胞数,初始治疗期间应每二天测定血细胞计数,以后为每周测定一次。

对有血细胞减少病史的患者(包括因药物、化学品或射线所致者)或粒细胞计数低于1000/mm3患者,应每天进行血细胞计数。

如中性粒细胞计数在500/mm3以下、或血小板计数低于25000/mm3时应暂时停药,直至中性粒细胞数增加至750/mm3以上方可重新给药。

少数病人同时采用粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)治疗粒细胞减低有效;
6.肾功能减退者剂量应酌减,血液透析患者用量每24小时不超过1.25mg/kg,每次透
析后血药浓度约可减低50%,因此在透析日宜在透析以后给药;
7.本品需充分溶解后缓慢静脉滴注,滴注液浓度不能超过10mg/ml,一次最大剂量为6mg/kg。

本品溶液呈强碱性(pH=11),滴注时间不得少于1小时,并注意避免药液与皮肤或粘膜接触或吸入,如不慎溅及,应立即用肥皂和清水冲洗,眼睛应用清水冲洗,避免药液渗漏到血管外组织;
8.育龄妇女应用本品时应注意采取有效避孕措施,育龄男性应采用避孕工具至停药后至少3个月;
9.用药期间应每2周进行血清肌酐或肌酐清除率的测定;
10.艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒视网膜炎患者,在治疗期间应每6周进行一次眼科检查。

对正在接受齐多夫定治疗的上述患者,常不能耐受联合使用本品,合用时甚至可出现严重白细胞减少;
11.器官移植患者用药期间可能出现肾功能损害,尤其是与环孢素或两性霉素B联合用药的患者。

【特殊人群用药】
妊娠与哺乳期注意事项:
孕妇慎用,哺乳期妇女禁用
【药物相互作用】
1 影响造血系统的药物、骨髓抑制剂及放射治疗等与本品同用时,可增强对骨髓的抑制作用。

2 本品与肾毒性药物同用时(如两性霉素B、环孢素)可能加强肾功能损害,使本品经肾排出量减少而引起毒性反应。

3 与齐多夫定同用时可增强对造血系统的毒性,必须慎用。

4 与去羟肌苷同用或先后使用可使后者药时曲线下面积显著增加(增加72%~111%),两者经肾清除量不变。

5 本品与亚胺培南-西司他丁同用可发生全身抽搐。

6 与丙磺舒或抑制肾小管分泌的药物合用可使本品的肾清除量减少约22%,其药时曲线下面积增加约53%,因而易产生毒性反应。

7 应避免与氨苯砜、喷他咪、氟胞嘧啶、长春碱、多柔比星、甲氧苄啶、磺胺类及核苷类药物合用。

【药理作用】
核苷类抗病毒药。

本品进入细胞后迅速被磷酸化为单磷酸化合物,然后经细胞激酶的作用成为三磷酸化合物,在已感染巨细胞病毒的细胞内其磷酸化较正常细胞更快。

更昔洛韦可竞争性抑制DNA多聚酶,并掺入病毒及宿主细胞的DNA中,从而抑制DNA合成。

本品对病毒DNA多聚酶的抑制作用较宿主细胞多聚酶为强。

动物实验中本品有致畸、致癌、免疫抑制作用和生殖系统毒性。

【贮藏】
密封,在干燥处保存。

【批准文号】
国药准字H20063051
【生产企业】
企业名称:海南中和药业有限公司
生产地址:海南省海口市南海大道168号保税区内。

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