英语段落扩展

还不能够明确解释清楚，或容易与其它同类词 混淆时，则有必要使用扩展式定义。扩展式定 义的特点是先写被定义的术语，然后再用具体
实例证明，并使之与易混的概念区别开来。
• Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called“verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings)，depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious way, also. Most of ten the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music.
There are three steps involved in making a woodcut（木刻，木刻画）.The first step is to cut a pattern on a flat block of wood. Second, spread printer’s ink over the surface of the wood block. Third, press the inked block against a sheet of paper. When the ink has bride on the paper, your woodcut is finished.
2 、定义法（definition）
为了避免混乱和误解，写作 时应对读者不熟悉或有多种解释 的单词、术语、概念下定义；所 以定义法是文章写作中常见的一 种方法。
定义法又分几个小点：
2．1 运用同义词或词组来解释某一术语或新词。例如： To mend means to repair.
2．2 用含有定语从句的句子为术语下定义。以定语从句下 定义是最普遍的手段。这种手段一般包括三个组成部分： A 术语（term）；B 术语所属的类别（class）；C 该术语 与同类别其它事物的区别（difference）.这种句子定义法 的句型如下： Term（术语）=its general class（基本属类）+ how it is different
• My house consists of two floors: the ground floor and the first floor.On the ground floor there’s the dinning-room, sitting-room, the kitchen and the hall. In the hall we keep a stand for hats, coats and umbrellas. A staircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor. On this floor , there are four bedrooms, a bathroom and lavatory. On top of the roof there are three chimneys. In front of the house we have a small garden, in which we grow flowers. At the back of the house there’s a much larger garden with a lawn and some fruit trees. At the side of the house is a garage, where I keep my car. The garden is enclosed by a fence, with agate in it.
6 、空间顺序法（development by space）
按空间关系扩展的段落，它一定依照素 材中所提到的位置以及相互关系加以说明。 表示空间位置是指事物或人在空间所处的 位置排列。如：从上到下，从左到右，由 近及远，从外到里等。总之，在描写时， 应选择一个合适的起点开始，然后按照一 定的顺序描写。使读者能够跟着作者的思 路去顺利地理解。一般表示上下左右，前 后四方的词或词组常用来在表示空间段落 的扩展中充当连接纽带。这类文章可大至 一个国家，小至一个房间。当然所描述的 地方范围越小，就越容易着手写。
段落的扩展
Contents:
1、什么是段落的扩展？ 2、扩展的类型有哪些？
• 所谓段落的扩展，就是在一个段落中 如何根据主题句中的主导思想 （controlling idea）来阐述问题的方 法。换句话说，段落的扩展是指选用 一些有关的细节来引申、说明、论证 主题句。
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扩展的类型
1 、举例法（examples） 2、 定义法（definition） 3、 因果法（development by cause and effect） 4、 程序法 5、 时间顺序法（ time order） 6 、空间顺序法（development by space）
因果法常用词汇有：
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3．1 动词： 引述原因的有：to result from; to be the result of; to be due to; to be a consequence of… 引述结果的有：to lead to; to contribute to; to result in; to be the cause of, cause… 3．2 常用有介词和介词短语有：because of, owing to, on account of. 3．3 常用来表示原因的连词有：because, as, since. For, in that, now that, seeing that, considering that, 3．4 常用来表示结果的语言素材有：so that,
1、 举例法（examples）
• 举例就是用具体生动的事例来阐述作者的观 点和见解的一种最简捷、最有效的方法。也就是 说，它用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的主导思想。 用具体的事例来扩展主题句是最常用的写作方法 之一。它不仅使文章通俗易懂，而且还给读者留 下深刻印象，使文章更具有说服力。在选择例证 时要选择最能支持你的观点，最有说服力的句子。 例子的多少主要由文章的长短而定。
Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They can make us strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. Especially they can be of great value to people who work with their brains most of the day, for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercising the body.
例如：
A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity.
2．3 扩展式定义：有时一个术语或概念比较
复杂或比较重要，用同义词定义或用句子定义
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Do you know how paper is made? First, the logs are put in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid. Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.
3 、因果法（development by cause and effect）
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• We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs.Besides, it can bring about other health problems such as heart lung diseases…It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.
• 表示空间关系（spacial relation） 常 用的一些方位词或表方位的词组有： above, across from, also, around, up, under, below, beyond, down, here, in the distance, nearby, next to, close to, on the left, on the right, opposite to, on top of, beneath, over, vertical horizontal, parallel to 等，
5 、时间顺序法（ time order）
时间顺序常用来叙述一个故事，回顾 历史事件以及讲解一个过程等。按时间顺 序安排组织的段落或文章应该先发生的先说， 后发生的后说。所以组织用这种方法的扩展 段落时，应注意选用时序信号词，如first, second, third, at first, then finally 等。
4、 程序法
程序法是段落扩展的一种重要手段。 表示程序的段落扩展是按时间顺序展开的。 它有两种形式，即过程描述和过程指导。 前者用于介绍某种事的发生过程，目的在 于向人们提供信息知识；后者来告诉人们 怎么做，目的是就某项工作向人们传授实 际操作方法。在程序描述中，我们根据事 情发生的前后或者遵循程序或步骤，逐步 描述。这各种段落扩展法常为科技文章所 采用，并且动词常用被动语态。