心理学PPT课件

Pseudopsychologies –
Phrenology （骨相学） Palmistry （手相学） Graphology （笔迹学） Astrology（星座学）
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Research Methods in Psychology
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Scientific Method
Prediction Testing Interpretation Observation Communication
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Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Positive Correlation
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Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Preview
The Nature of Science Research Methods in Psychology Making Sense of Data with Statistics Research Ethics Making Connections in Psychological
Case study Naturalistic observation
Interview and survey Representative sample
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Correlational Studies
Random assignment Experimental group Control group Placebo （安慰剂）
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Experimental Studies
Single-blind studies Double-blind studies Experimenter expectancy effects
Lacks internal skepticism Only vaguely explains how conclusions are
reached Uses loose and distorted logic
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Mode (most common)
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Standard deviation
Measure of how much scores, in a sample, vary around the mean
Research: Can Experience Change the Brain?
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The Nature of Science
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Physiological Measures
Measures of bodily responses used to determine changes in psychological state
Blood pressure Heart rate Sweating(出汗） Respiration （呼吸）
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Descriptive Studies
Descriptive designs
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Descriptive Studies
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Principles of Research Design
Research design
Variable Population Samples Social desirability bias
心理学
Preview Questions
How is psychology like physics or biology or other sciences?
How do psychologists study behavior and mental processes?
Is it safe to participate in psychological research?
Self-Report Measures
Written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions
Interviews questionnaires
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Physical Biological Social
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What is Science?
Cumulative Process more than a product Attitude
Question authority Open skepticism(怀疑） Intellectual honesty
Experimental Studies
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Confounding variable
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Experimental Studies
Interpretation of sensor experiences may vary from person to person
Generalization(一般化）
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What is Science?
Behavioral Measures
Based on systematic observation of people’s actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting
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Multiple Measurement
Use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior
Offsets limitation of any single
Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Statistics
Collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data
Descriptive Statistics
Techniques that show what observations collected in research actually look like by summarizing and describing data
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Meta-Analysis
Research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
Robert rosenthal Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Quasi-experimental Design
Method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups
Common Sense and Logic
Science must combine logic with research and experimentation
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The Limits of Observation
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Mean
Average
Median
Separates the upper half from the lower half
Debriefing （任务报告） Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Effect size Standardized statistic
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Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research
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What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience(伪科学）
Lacks the cumulative progress seen in science
Disregards real-world observations and established facts/results and contradicts what is already known
Most common way to represent variability in data
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Hale Waihona Puke Research Ethics
Informed consent Respect for persons Beneficence
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
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