心理学PPT课件

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Chapter Preview
The Nature of Science Research Methods in Psychology Making Sense of Data with Statistics Research Ethics Making Connections in Psychological
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Principles of Research Design
Research design
Variable Population Samples Social desirability bias
Experimental Studies
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Confounding variable
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Experimental Studies
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Mean
Average
Median
Separates the upper half from the lower half
Physical Biological Social
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What is Science?
Cumulative Process more than a product Attitude
Question authority Open skepticism(怀疑） Intellectual honesty
Case study Naturalistic observation
Interview and survey Representative sample
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Correlational Studies
Effect size Standardized statistic
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Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research
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Research: Can Experience Change the Brain?
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The Nature of Science
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Lacks internal skepticism Only vaguely explains how conclusions are
reached Uses loose and distorted logic
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Physiological Measures
Measures of bodily responses used to determine changes in psychological state
Blood pressure Heart rate Sweating(出汗） Respiration （呼吸）
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Positive Correlation
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MetaHale Waihona Puke BaiduAnalysis
Research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
Behavioral Measures
Based on systematic observation of people’s actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting
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What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience(伪科学）
Lacks the cumulative progress seen in science
Disregards real-world observations and established facts/results and contradicts what is already known
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Scientific Method
Prediction Testing Interpretation Observation Communication
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Statistics
Collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data
Descriptive Statistics
Techniques that show what observations collected in research actually look like by summarizing and describing data
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Descriptive Studies
Descriptive designs
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Descriptive Studies
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Multiple Measurement
Use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior
Offsets limitation of any single
Random assignment Experimental group Control group Placebo （安慰剂）
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Experimental Studies
Single-blind studies Double-blind studies Experimenter expectancy effects
Self-Report Measures
Written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions
Interviews questionnaires
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Mode (most common)
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Standard deviation
Measure of how much scores, in a sample, vary around the mean
心理学
Preview Questions
How is psychology like physics or biology or other sciences?
How do psychologists study behavior and mental processes?
Is it safe to participate in psychological research?
Common Sense and Logic
Science must combine logic with research and experimentation
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The Limits of Observation
Pseudopsychologies –
Phrenology （骨相学） Palmistry （手相学） Graphology （笔迹学） Astrology（星座学）
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Research Methods in Psychology
Interpretation of sensor experiences may vary from person to person
Generalization(一般化）
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What is Science?
Most common way to represent variability in data
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Research Ethics
Informed consent Respect for persons Beneficence
Robert rosenthal Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Quasi-experimental Design
Method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
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Debriefing （任务报告） Institutional review boards (IRBs)