第三讲 增词法和减词法

• 介词：英语中的介词比汉语中活跃得 多。 • 1．我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。 • We should try to eliminate the differences between town and country. • 2． 你白天还是晚上飞广州？ • Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night? • 3． 那我们山脚见吧。 • Let’s meet at the foot of the hill.
Practice
• • • • • A. 加字 粗活 heavy manual labor 臭豆腐 Strong smelling preserved beancurd / (stinking toufu) 交通畅达 Have good transport and communication network. 我们畅谈了整整一夜。 We talked the night over, freely and to our heart’s content.
• 3. 质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带 正电，也不带负电。 • A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither. • 4.郭末若同志曾说：“中国人民历来是勇于探 索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。” • Comrade Guo Moruo once said, “The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution.” • Comrade Guo Moruo once said, “The people of China have always been courageous in exploration, innovation and revolution.”
Omission
• 一、重复出现某词（排比句中） • 1．俘虏望望沈明，又望望其他的人，没有说下去。 • Looking at Shen Ming, then at the others, the prisoner of war fell silent. • The prisoner of war looked at Shenming and then the others. He did not keep on talking. • 2．我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政， 坚持共产党的领导，坚持马列主义和毛泽东思想。 • We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party’s leadership and MarxismLeninism and Mao Zedong Thought.
• 连词：汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译 成英语时，要适当增加连词。 • 1. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 • Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. • 2． 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 • So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. • 3．送君千里，终有一别。 • Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
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B. 减字 他笨手笨脚的。 He is very clumsy. 你应丢掉不切实际的幻想。 You should cast away any illusions. 小说的情节错综复杂，引人入胜。 The plot of the novel is intricate and fascinating. • 祖国的前途光辉灿烂。 • Our country’s prospects are magnificent.
• 添加注释性的词语： • 1．班门弄斧 • Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Luban, the master carpenter. • Show off one’s skills with the axe before an expert carpenter. • 2．三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮(顶个诸葛亮）。 • Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. • The combined wits of three blinds equal that of Huge Liang, one of the masterminds. • 3. 这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。 • This young couple is not well-matched, one is a Xishi,--a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is a Zhangfei—a well-known ill-tempered brute.
大学生
• 现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们 开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参 加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外 活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有 关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时 间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习， 到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一 中内疚感。 • 一想到白天什么事都没干，心理就感到不安， 会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时 间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的 人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
• 冠词： • 1．他们不把Penny当老师，而当作朋友。 • They conБайду номын сангаасidered Penny not （as） a teacher but (as) a friend. • 2．我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得 妥当。 • We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. • We cann’t solve a problem properly without making a comprehensive analysis. • Only when we have made a comprehensive analysis of a problem can we solve it properly.
二、原文中表示范畴的词：
• 1. 我们必须培养分析问题，解决问题的能力。 • We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve the problems. • 2. 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。 • For many years, there has been serious unemployment in that country. • 3. 这些新型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。 • The new cars are fast, efficient and handy. • 4. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 • While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
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C. 意译 现在形势大好。 The situation is excellent. 大好时机 the golden opportunity 大干 Go all out 大白菜 The Chinese cabbage 他给多愁善感的玛丽写了封信。 He wrote a letter to the sentimental Mary.
一、为了保证语法结构的完整：
• 代词：汉语中有许多没有主语的句子，英语则一般需 要主语。另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增 补。 • 1．大作收到，十分高兴。 • I am very glad to have received your writing. • 2．没有调查就没有发言权。 • He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. • 3．把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 • After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. • 4． 我们响应了祖国的号召。 • We responded to the call of our motherland.
二、为了保证译文意思更加明确。
• 文中暗含的意思： • 1．大家都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 • Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard. • 2．要提倡顾全大局。 • We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. • It is advocated that we …
• 增加概括性的词语 • 1. 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。 • The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. • 2.也许您忘记了７月份的购货帐还没有 结算。 • Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled.