非文学翻译(口译)week10(DOC)
非文学英译汉(CATTI三级笔译真题)
非文学英译汉（CATTI三级笔译真题）第一讲Plans are well under way for a year of celebrations to mark the upcoming bicentennial of one of Poland's favorite native sons-Frédéric, Chopin.计划为期一年的庆祝活动正顺利实施，这标志着弗里德里克·肖邦（Frédéric Chopin）二百周年诞辰纪念日即将到来，他是波兰最为著名的当地人之一。
The prestigious International Chopin Competition for pianists will mark its 16th edition in October 2010. Held every five years, the competition draws scores of young musicians from all over the world. In addition, Warsaw’s Chopin Museum, with the world’s largest collection of Chopin documents and other artifacts, will undergo a total redesign, modernization and expansion.第16届国际肖邦钢琴家比赛将在2010年10月份举办，此比赛久负盛名。
它每五年举办一次，吸引了许多来自世界各地的年轻音乐家。
此外，华沙的肖邦博物馆收藏了世界上最多的肖邦作品和其他制品，在整体上将进行一次重新设计，极具现代化且扩大了规模。
A lavishly illustrated new guidebook called “Chopin’s Poland” was already published this year. It leads visitors to dozens of sites in Warsaw and elsewhere around the country where the composer lived, ate, studied, performed, visited or even partied.今年新近出版的旅游指南《肖邦的波兰》，内容丰富且有大量插图。
文学翻译与非文学翻译之间的区别
文学翻译与非文学翻译之间的区别
翻译是一种跨文化交流的重要形式，它可以使不同语言和文化之间的信息和思想得以传播和交流。
在翻译领域中，可以将翻译分为文学翻译和非文学翻译两种类型。
文学翻译和非文学翻译在翻译对象、翻译目的、翻译技巧等方面都存在一些差异。
文学翻译指的是对文学作品进行翻译，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学形式。
文学翻译的目的在于将原作品的情感、风格、意境等方面准确地传达到目标语言中，同时保持原作品的文学价值和风格。
而非文学翻译则是指对非文学类作品的翻译，比如科技、商业、法律、政治等领域的书籍、文件、合同等内容。
非文学翻译更注重对信息和专业术语的准确传达，以满足读者对具体知识和信息的需求。
在翻译技巧方面，文学翻译和非文学翻译也有所不同。
由于文学作品通常具有丰富的想象力和表达方式，文学翻译者需要在译文中忠实保留原作品的语言特色和情感体验。
文学翻译者还需要有较高的文学修养和创造力，以确保译文的艺术性和美感。
而非文学翻译则更注重对文本的准确理解和专业知识的运用，翻译者需要具备较强的专业背景和研究能力，以确保译文的准确性和专业性。
非文学翻译演示文稿
第一章 概论
• 五. 非文学翻译的特点 • 1. 准确无误地再现原文所反映或欲反映的客观
现实 • 1）意思连贯 2）语言准确，句子表达严密 • 3）意思明确，没有歧义 4）任何增删不能损
害原文基本信息的准确性 • 2. 语言朴实 • 1）语言规范 2）简洁明了 • 3）信息准确性第一，语言艺术第二 • 4）中译英时文风朴实化
号的使用有较大的随意性。
第四章 篇章的衔接
• 上下文衔接关系是使语篇成为形式和意 义完整统一体的重要手段。可以分为两 大类：
• 1. 语法/结构衔接，包括照应( reference, 指人称代词，指示代词等）； 替代，指 代动词do，以及one, the same 这种词， 以及答语中的so, nor 等；省略（ellipsis, 指名词性词、动词、小句的省略等）； 连接（conjunction，指虚词and, but 以及
第三章 简明英语
• 一. 什么是简明英语 • 简明英语(Plain English Campaign)是一
种适当、清楚的写作方法，它以尽可能 简单的方式，达到有效沟通过的结果。 简明英语使用直白、具体和常见的词汇 。 • 二. 什么是好英语？ • 三. 为什么使用简明英语？ • 1. 更容易阅读
第三章 简明英语
第二章 隐喻、俗语等文化词语的 翻译
• 2. 借用（用标准的译入语意象替代源于意 象）
• 3. 把隐喻翻译为明喻，保留原来的意象 • 4. 直译+意译（把比喻翻译为比喻+意思） • 5. 意译（把比喻转换为意思） • 6. 删除多余或没有什么意义的隐喻 • 7. 直译+解释
第二章 隐喻、俗语等文化词语的 翻译
第六章 非文学翻译实践
• 4）文化归化（the adaptation model),即源 语表达形式略去，代之以译语的形式，源 语文化意义丧失。
非文学翻译特点与方法
非文学翻译的特点与方法The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics and approaches of nonliterary translation. The big importance between literary translation and nonliterary translation is the world of reality, of facts and events. The nonliterary translation must obey the facts and the first standard of it is accurate. The language of it should be simple and the purpose of nonliterary translation is to transfer the information so that we can not beat about the bush and present briefly. The approach of nonliterary translation including four points. First , the principle of English writing should guide the chines-English translation. Second , ,using electronic tools to enhance the translation quality and speed. Third, the parallel text professional knowledge can make up the language skills shortages. Fourth , with rigorous attitude, scientific method, critical thinking to solve problems.非文学翻译也可以笼统地称为文件翻译、实用型翻译或应用型翻译。
非文学英译汉(说明性文化类)
非文学汉译英（说明性/文化类）（一）作为一种独特的民间艺术，木版年画的艺术表现力也与众不同。
在创作上，木版年画不受时间和空间的限制，对表达的内容往往加以高度的概括和形象的夸张。
As a unique form of folk art, block-printed Chinese New Year pictures stand out in its artistic expression. As far as their artistic creation is concerned, these pictures are free from the limitations of time and space, with masterly generalized themes and sensationally exaggerated images.在技法上，木版年画继承了我国传统的勾线技法，构图严谨而饱满，线条简约而粗犷，画面古朴而夸张，人物生动而憨厚，色泽艳丽而明快。
In terms of their brushwork or style, they have inherited the traditional Chinese sketching techniques, with an accurate and well-conceived composition, simple yet bold lines, unsophisticated yet exaggerated images, vivid yet honest characters, and bright and lively colors.在印刷上，大多以黑、红、绿、蓝、黄等色为主，对比强烈，主题突出。
画中的人形物像质朴大方，散发出浓郁的乡上气息。
As regards printing, black, red, green, blue and yellow are the preferred colors. In short, with skillfully contrasted colors, characteristic themes, honest and graceful figures, these pictures give off a strong local flavor.（二）2000多年前，我们的先辈筚路蓝缕，穿越草原沙漠，开辟出联通亚欧非的陆上丝绸之路；我们的先辈扬帆远航，穿越惊涛骇浪，闯荡出连接东西方的海上丝绸之路。
非文学翻译(口译) week 17
Views on the World Wars1) The Second World War in some ways gavebirth to less novelty and genius than theFirst.第二次世界大战在某些方面不像第一次世界大战那样产生了诸多新奇事物和天才伟人。
（蔡基纲译）novelty 与genius的所指应该是同一类的，不应一个是“事务”，另一个却是“人”。
genius: the prevalent character or spirit of something such as a nation or age(民族、语言、时代等的)特质，精神，传统，特征e.g. Boucher’s paintings did not suit the austere genius of neoclassicism.布歇的画作不适合新古典主义的严肃风格改译：从某些方面看，第二次世界大战不像一战那样催生了诸多新奇事物，也缺乏鲜明的时代特征。
2) It was, of course, a greater cataclysm, fought over a wider area, and altered the social and political structure of the world atleast as radically as its predecessor, perhaps more so.当然，它是一场更大的战争，卷入的地区更广，改变世界社会和政治结构的激烈程度至少不亚于第一次世界大战，或许更为激烈。
（蔡基纲译）Belle epoque3) But the break in continuity in 1914 was far more violent.但是1914年的时势突变更为剧烈。
（蔡基纲译）或：但1914年一战的爆发却更为剧烈地打断了社会发展的延续性。
非文学翻译基础知识
一、导论（一）翻译是什么？翻译过程即语言编码和解码的过程。
原文作者将讯息符号化，以符号的形式（文字或图形等）呈现给理解者（读者或译者）这个过程就是编码；而理解者把符号形式转换成讯息的过程就是解码。
翻译好坏的评判标准在于：译文能否把原文所包含的讯息全部解析出来并呈现给读者。
（二）翻译的分类1.语内翻译：同一种语言间不同语言变体之间的转换过程。
（古文—现代文）2.语际翻译：是指两种语言之间的翻译。
3.符际翻译：非语言符号系统与语言符号之间的转换过程。
（读取标识）二、翻译工具（一）计算机辅助翻译工具机器翻译、翻译记忆、术语库、语料库、百科全书、在线词典、搜索引擎、专业资料等（二）网络在线/辅助翻译依托于强大的网络，在线翻译的翻译速度更快、新词和生僻词收录量更大，并且可以实现多语种互译，唯一的缺点是翻译质量不高。
三、广告翻译思考题旅游文体翻译和广告文体翻译有何不同？思考题：新闻与广告在文体特征上有什么区别？（一）广告文体含义广告类文本是一种典型的实用文体，重功能轻意义，重目的轻形式。
（二）书面广告构成形式一则完整的书面广告通常由四个部分构成：标题、正文、口号、插图。
但是由于广告种类不同，文体特点不尽相同，语言形式不尽相同。
因此构成形式并非都采用完整形式。
（三）文体特点遵循AIDA原则，即ATTENTION引起注意→INTEREST激发兴趣→DESIRE刺激需求→ACTION采取行动。
主要有三大特征：（1）主题突出，针对性强广告必须要根据市场需求和针对相应的消费者群体，突出商品别具一格的特性和优势。
（2）语言表达新颖别致只有别致的语言才会吸引消费者的注意力，激发兴趣，使之过目不忘，印象深刻。
（3）语言富有感染力广告必须运用各种修辞手段，融入情感因素，引起人们的共鸣，产生感染力，拉近与消费者的距离，达到推销商品的目的。
（四）英语广告的文体特点（1）用词简单、创新拼写（2）经常使用缩略语和复合词（3）书面语与口语平分天下（4）经常使用动词、褒义形容词（5）句法上多用简单句、少用否定句（6）多用并列句、祈使句（7）多用主动语态、疑问句（8）多用现在时态（9）经常巧妙地使用各种修辞手段（五）中文广告的文体特点（1）用词简洁，多用四字结构词语（2）经常使用动词、褒义形容词（3）经常套用诗词，偏爱对偶和押韵等（4）书面语与口语并存（5）句法上多用散句、少用复合句（6）多用并列句、省略句和祈使句（7）经常巧妙地使用各种修辞手段（六）广告文体的翻译原则翻译广告时，首先充分理解广告的语义，然后依照广告的功用，借鉴汉语广告文体特征构建新的汉语文本。
非文学翻译
非文学翻译非文学翻译是一种将非文学内容从一种语言转化为另一种语言的过程。
非文学翻译的内容可以包括商业文件、科技文档、法律文件、技术手册、学术论文等。
下面是一篇关于非文学翻译的简要介绍，共700字。
非文学翻译是一门广泛应用于商业、学术和技术领域的翻译形式。
与文学翻译不同，非文学翻译更注重准确传达源语言的信息，并避免很大程度上的自由创作。
非文学翻译在不同领域中具有重要的作用，确保各种专业知识和信息可以在各个文化之间得以传播和共享。
商业文件是非文学翻译的一个重要领域。
它包括合同、报价单、市场调研报告、企业介绍等。
商业文件的翻译需要译员对商业术语和语言风格有一定的了解，以确保翻译的准确性和表达的效果。
此外，商业翻译还要考虑到不同国家和地区的商业文化和法律规定，以确保翻译的适用性。
科技文档是另一个非文学翻译的重要领域。
科技文档包括技术手册、软件界面、标准规范等内容。
科技文档的翻译必须准确传达技术信息，并保持逻辑结构的连贯性。
翻译时，译员需要熟悉专业术语并熟悉相关领域的知识。
此外，科技翻译还要考虑到国际标准和规范的差异，确保翻译的可理解性和对目标受众的适用性。
法律文件是非文学翻译中最具挑战性的领域之一。
法律文件的翻译需要对法律术语和法律体系有深入的理解，以确保翻译的准确性和法律的适用性。
此外，法律翻译还需要注意不同国家和地区之间法律体系和法律文化的差异，以确保翻译的合规性和可行性。
学术论文是非文学翻译的另一个重要领域。
学术论文的翻译需要准确地传达源语言的学术观点和论证，并保持严密的逻辑结构和学术风格。
翻译时，译员需要熟悉专业知识并了解学术界的语言规范和写作风格。
此外，学术翻译还要考虑到目标受众的背景和学术环境的差异，以确保翻译的可理解性和学术的适用性。
总之，非文学翻译在商业、学术和技术领域中有着重要的作用。
它帮助各种专业知识和信息在不同文化间得以传播和共享，并促进国际合作和交流。
非文学翻译需要译员具备广泛的专业知识和翻译技巧，以确保翻译的准确性和适用性。
非文学英译汉(CATTI二级笔译 说明类)
非文学汉译英（CATTI二级笔译/说明类）移动电话正在成为21 世纪一个主要的技术领域。
在几年之内，移动电话将会发展成为多功能的通信工具，除了语音之外，还可以传输和接收视频信号、静止图像、数据和文本。
个人通信的新纪元即将到来。
The cell phone is becoming one of the major technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, it will become a multi-functional communicator of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but also videos, still images, data and text. A new era of personal communication is on the way.在一定程度上多亏了无线网络的发展，电话正在与个人电脑和电视融合起来。
不久之后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻巧手机便可以与卫星连接。
人们可以随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参加视像电话会议。
这种手机也许还会吸收电脑的许多主要功能。
移动通信工具有望带来一些互联网所能提供的新服务，如股票交易、购物及预订戏票和飞机票。
Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon light-weight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens will be connected to satellites. People can talk, send and receive e-mails, or participate in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of computers. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new services that are available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, shopping and booking theater and airline tickets.电信革命已在全球范围内展开。
非文学英译汉(CATTI二级笔译 经济问题)
非文学英译汉（CATTI二级笔译经济问题）国际金融危机给中国带来了前所未有的困难和挑战。
主要表现在：经济增长压力明显加大，进出口继续下滑，工业生产明显放缓，部分企业生产经营困难，就业难度加大。
这场国际金融危机与中国发展方式转变、经济结构调整的关键时期不期而遇，新的挑战与既有矛盾相互交织，加大了我们解决问题的难度。
The international financial crisis has brought unprecedented difficulties and challenges to China. All these are mainly reflected in the following: the obviously increasing economic growth pressure, the persistent decline in import and export, the distinct slowing down of industrial production, some companies’ production and operation (are faced up) with difficulties, as well as the enlarged employment difficulties. The crisis runs across the critical period of transformation of China‘s development pattern and economic structural adjustment, which has combined new challenges with existing contradictions, making us more difficult to solve problems.为应对国际金融危机冲击、保持经济平稳较快发展，中国及时调整宏观经济政策，果断实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，形成了进一步扩大内需、促进经济增长的一揽子计划。
非文学英译汉(法律英语)
第二讲第三讲非文学英译汉（法律英语）中国顶级法律翻译专家——陈忠诚先生《法律英语五十篇》《法窗译话》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Convention/Treaty/CovenantThe Contracting States, 缔约各国，Moved by the desire to assure in all countries copyright protection of literary, scientific and artistic works,出于保证在所有国家给文学、科学和艺术作品以版权保护的愿望；Convinced that a system of copyright protection appropriate to all nations of the world and expressed in a universal convention, additional to, and without impairing international systems already in force, will ensure respect for the rights of the individual and encourage the development of literature, the sciences and the arts,确信适用于世界各国并以世界公约确定下来的、补充而无损于现行各种国际制度的版权保护制度，将保证对个人权利的尊重，并鼓励文学、科学和艺术的发展；Persuaded that such a universal copyright system will facilitate a wider dissemination and increase international understanding.相信这种世界版权保护制度将会促进（人类精神产品）更加广泛的传播和增进国际了解；Have agreed as follows: 为此特协议如下：Article I第一条Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate and effective, protection of the rights of authors and other copyright proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, engravings and sculpture.缔约各国承允对文学、科学、艺术作品——包括文字、音乐、戏剧和电影作品，以及绘画、雕刻和雕塑——的作者及其他版权所有者的权利，提供充分有效的保护。
《非国语》原文及翻译
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学术英语综合Unit10译文资料讲解
学术英语综合Unit10译文资料讲解学术英语综合U n i t10译文第十单元语言习得Text A习得艺术的本能史蒂芬?平克当你在阅读这些文字时，便已经置身于自然界的一大奇观之中，因为你我都同属于这个拥有非凡能力的物种：我们能够精确无误地在彼此的大脑中塑造事件。
在这里，我并不是在谈论心灵感应，精神控制或者边缘科学所沉迷的事件；甚至根据它的信仰者所描述的，如果与每个人身上都拥有的无可争议的那些能力相比，它像是一把钝器。
我所谈论的就是，语言。
只是通过动动嘴巴和发出声音，我们就能够让他人的脑海中涌现清晰表达的各种新想法。
因为这种能力是与生俱来的，所以人们常常会忘记它是多么的神奇。
近年来人们对语言能力的研究在人类对语言的理解，它在人类世界中的角色，以及人类对人性的看法这三方面都产生了革命性的影响。
很多受过教育的人都知道语言是人类最重要的文化产物，是人类可以运用符号的典型例证，也是人类在生理上不可逆转地区别于其他动物的前所未有的大事件。
这些人也知道语言总是与思想相伴，使用不同的语言能够使说话者从不同角度来解读现实。
他们还知道孩子们从他们的榜样和看护者那里学习说话。
学校里曾经教授复杂的语法规则，但是由于教育水平以及大众文化水准的不断下降，普通人构造语法句子的能力已经出现了可怕的下滑。
他们还知道英语这种语言充满了滑稽以及不符合逻辑的现象，就像是开车开在绿化带，停车停在行驶道，在朗诵会上演奏，在演奏会上朗诵一般可笑。
英语的拼写更是把这种不可理喻上升到了更高的高度——萧伯纳曾经抱怨说鱼类—fish[f??]这个单词完全可以拼写成ghoti（gh是来自tough的[f]，o来自women的[?]，ti来自nation的[?]），他认为这也是讲得通的——而正是这种语言制度的惰性阻碍了英语采用“一种拼写配一种发音”的更加合理的系统。
而我要说服你们的是，以上这些他们所知道的常识都是错的！这种错误都可以归结为一个原因，那就是，语言并非文化的产物。
非文学翻译(口译) week 12
翻译练习：For his part, Braun in his book is very scathing of Mao's part in a military excursion into Sinkiang in 1936.This affair remains mysterious, but there is no doubt of Braun's vendetta with Mao during his final years in China. The Chinese leader gave him a perpetual brush-off from meetings of importance in Yenan. Braun found that Mao's "knowledge of Marxism... seemed superficial", and that his pronouncements were full of aphorisms, the product of a pragmatic utilitarian mind which had not come to grips with the philosophical premises of communism. Braun ridiculed Mao's determination of class status by such subjective criteria as income and concluded that his real goal was that of complete personal power. It is not perhaps surprising that this German communist even finds a word of praise for one of the leading (and extremelyhostile) historians of Chinese communism on the Kuomintang island of Taiwan.而布劳恩则在他的书里就毛在1936年红军远涉新疆的事件（指红军西路军远征河西走廊，失败后少数人员最终抵达新疆的事件—译注）中所起的作用进行了尖锐的抨击。
非文学翻译(口译) week 10.
翻译讲评Diesel engine operating features (paragraph 2)Now let us compare the diesel engine with the gasoline engine. Firstly, the explosive mixture of the gasoline engine is provided by a carburettor, but in the case of the diesel engine the supply is effected by an injection or "jerk" pump which forces a "shot" of fuel into each cylinder in turn according to the correct firing sequence.✓explosive mixture爆炸性混合物/（可）爆燃混合气✓the supply = the supply of the explosive mixture✓to effect = to bring about; to cause sth to occur 使产生；使发生✓… the supply is effected by… = …the mixture is supplied by…✓an injection or "jerk" pump = aninjection pump or ―jerk‖ pump✓injection pump喷射泵/喷油泵✓jerk pump 高压燃油喷射泵/ 脉动作用泵译：现在，让我们比较一下柴油发动机和汽油发动机。
首先，汽油发动机的爆燃混合气是由化油器提供的，而柴油机的爆燃混合气则由喷油泵（即脉动作用泵）提供，由喷油泵按照正确的点火顺序将燃油依次“射”入各汽缸。
非文学翻译
请将下面的广告和学术语篇翻译成汉语，然后写一篇1-2千汉字的点评和分析。
1．七喜广告：Fresh-up with Seven-up.初稿：喝七喜，神清气爽！润色稿：喝七喜，真给力！终稿：畅饮七喜，倍添活力！2．百威啤酒广告：Budweiser. True.初稿：百威啤酒，真正的（味道）。
润色稿：百威啤酒，喝的就是美国味。
终稿：百威啤酒，地道美国味儿！When you say Budweirser, you’ve said it all.初稿：当你说出“百威”，你已经说了它包含的一切意义。
润色稿：百威出口，百味尽有。
终稿：百威啤酒，百味人生。
For all you do, this Bud’s for you.初稿：为了（回报）你的付出，给你来罐百威啤酒。
润色稿：真心付出，百威来报。
终稿：真心付出，百威懂你。
The genuine article.初稿：如假包换。
润色稿：百威啤酒，真材实料。
终稿：真材实料，好味道。
The King of beers.初稿：啤酒之王。
润色稿：王者风范。
终稿：百威啤酒，啤酒之王。
Where there’s life, there’s Bud.初稿：哪里有生活（人），哪里就有百威。
/有百威者，事竟成。
润色稿：享受生活，享受百威。
终稿：今天你百威了么？3．大地鞋(Earth shoes) 广告：Earth. Different. Like you.初稿：大地鞋，与众不同，和你一样。
润色稿：大地鞋，卓尔不凡，一如你。
终稿：大地鞋，前所未有的体验，一如你。
4．欧洲飞机上向乘客卖水的广告：Stay hydrated, arrive refreshed.初稿：保持水分，到达时就会重提精神。
润色稿：机上多饮水，倦容一扫光。
终稿：机上多饮水，抵达无倦容。
Moreover, the nature of the enlightened type of rationality was furthered by and developed in order to suit scientific activity. Notions such as experiment, method, measurement, demonstration and evidence which have been linked with the idea of a systematic, quantitative and objective type of knowledge played an important role in the conception of the modern scientific mind. Reality was thus objectified, reified and organized in order to favor the analysis of its functioning. This model, exemplified by the natural sciences, has since been applied to every other field of knowledge.The application of method to reasoning was decisive in the development of science itself and to the evolution of modern society on both economic and political levels. The scientific method became a link between opposing tendencies such as capitalism and socialism, who took it for granted as well as exploited the implications it has for the development of the industrial world. Scientific reasoning developed then into instrumental reason in that it tends to isolate and control, split fact from value, and, as a consequence, treat people and environment as instruments.初稿：此外，启蒙的理性主义的性质被促进，并得到发展，为的是与科学活动相适应。
非文学英译汉(科技翻译CATTI二级笔译真题)
非文学英译汉（科技翻译CATTI二级笔译真题）Mangoes in Africa, as elsewhere, often fall prey to fruit flies, which destroy about 40% of the continents crop. In fact, fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America has banned their import altogether, to protect its own orchards. African farmers, meanwhile, have few practical means to defend their fruit.非洲芒果（产区），如同其他地区一样，也饱受果蝇困扰，果蝇（泛滥）让非洲芒果减产达40%左右。
事实上，果蝇在非洲芒果中普遍，美国已下令对非洲芒果实施进口禁令，以保护本国果园（免受果蝇之害）。
与此同时，非洲果农（面对果蝇侵袭）几乎无计可施来（保护这些果实）。
Chemical pesticides are expensive. And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray. Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flies with parasitic wasps. But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in 20, leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage.化学杀虫剂十分昂贵，即使买得起，杀虫剂（灭蝇效果）也不理想，因为果农发现有果蝇后再喷洒往往为时已晚。
学习笔记 《非文学翻译》读书报告
学习笔记《非文学翻译》读书报告《非文学翻译》一书是由李长栓所著。
李长栓为北外高翻学院教授，从事翻译教学、研究，兼做口笔译实践，擅长法律翻译。
其著作有《非文学翻译理论与实践》（中译公司，2004）、《非文学翻译》（外研社，2009）、《理解与表达：汉英翻译案例讲评）（外文社，2012）等。
李长栓教授对翻译的见解有：译者的理解应当接近、达到、甚至超过作者水平；译者需要表达作者清楚表达、希望表达、甚至应该表达的意思；译文的表达形式可能与原文相同、相似或完全不同。
本书是全国翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）系列教材之一，全书分为三编，共十二章，系统地阐述了非文学翻译的基本理论与职业发展、非文学翻译理念及工具、译员专业素质的培养等，对于翻译学习及实践具有很强的指导作用。
通过阅读本书，我对书中的许多章节、许多观点都深有感触，尤其是和日常翻译实践息息相关的几点，比如译者的能动性、翻译与写作、平行文本以及以宏观视角解决微观问题。
1. 译者的能动性译者的能动性是指译者根据交际的情境对原文进行调整的灵活性，包括省略、简化、增补、完善等。
这种能动性对于实现翻译目的至关重要，然而，这一点也是学习翻译的学生经常忽视的。
在现实生活中，很多时候翻译是需要根据不同的目的和读者对象对原文进行调整的，完全的遵照原文来翻译有时不仅达不到应有的目的，而且还可能给读者造成不必要的阅读负担，或者引起读者的困惑，甚至将原文中错误的信息不假思索地翻译出来。
这样被动的翻译是一种不负责任的体现，同时也会显示出一个译者的翻译经验与水平。
就像工厂里挂的宣传标语“糊弄客户等于慢性自杀”，翻译时我们就应该想一想，这样的标语真的应该翻译出来吗？译出来真的能达到预期的宣传效果吗？再如，首都机场边境管理处的中文提示是：请出示登机牌、护照、出境登记表，而英文提示只有Please Show Your Boarding Pass andPassport，而没有“出境登记表”，因为外国人不需要填这个表。
非文学翻译期末考试
Chef Fan Xiuling’s regular recipes is soothingFan Xiuling is one of the most famous chefs in Taiwan with delicate shape and good conversation. There were two magnificent turning points in her life. The first one is that when she was 30 years old, she quitted her job as an air traffic controller and went to French to learn cuisine starting from the scratch; the second one is that she resigned from her job as a director of the restaurant in a five star hotel and is now running an private cuisine restaurant without changing her original intention of pacifying human being's heart.One autumn afternoon, when entering her Home Cuisine Restaurant which is full of European style dishes, you can find “Today’s Menu” writing on a small blackboard. It writes: cold dishes such as vinegar mushroom salad, German-style potato salad, braised prawns with garlic in Spanish style; soup such as roast tomato soup with basil, mushroom cappuccino ; meat such as braised spareribs with fennel, stewed special selection plum pork with cream sauce, boeuf bourguignon……. In addition to order the meals in the restaurant, you can also take the delis in airtight cans home for an appetite-tempting spread of classical European homely dishes. Take a family of four as an example, they can enjoy a delicious meal with just a budget of RMB1000.Behind the deli case there is a wood sliding door and A “Chef’s Table” sitting behind it. 8-10 people can book the “Chef’s Table” each time, and they can not only appreciate Chef Fan Xiuling’s excellent cooking skill, but also hear the characters and allusions of each dish explained vividly by her in Chinese, French or English.As the restaurant’s name implies, Home Cuisine Restaurant boasts homely dishes, with an emphasis on flavor, fleshiness, and health and getting rid of frills. Customers don’t need to dress up or bother about knife or fork, instead they can make themselves at home. In order to create a cheerful atmosphere, the chef will serve a full pot of staple food, whether Spanish paella or complemented barbecue mixed with fish, cuttlefish, chicken, steak, and diners can take what they like.Field, Habitus and Capital in Community Interpreting---To Analyze Interpreting in the Sight of SociologylogyAbstract: Based on French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus andcapital, an analysis of power relations and meaning-construction in communityinterpreting is presented. Community interpreting is not a simple and isolated languagetransformation, but a communicative event in historic, social and cultural context. In this “zone of uncertainty”, the parties involved (namely agents) are in a complex network of power relations, controlled by the institutions and influenced by the society. With their own habitus，they exploit and fight for a great variety of capital, finally the alteration or remodeling of the entire social order is realized. The interpreter plays a vital role in exercising the participants’ power and achieving communicative purpose respectively. Keywords: community interpreting; field; habitus; capital; sociology of interpreting。
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翻译讲评Diesel engine operating features (paragraph 2)Now let us compare the diesel engine with the gasoline engine. Firstly, the explosive mixture of the gasoline engine is provided by a carburettor, but in the case of the diesel engine the supply is effected by an injection or "jerk" pump which forces a "shot" of fuel into each cylinder in turn according to the correct firing sequence.✓explosive mixture爆炸性混合物/（可）爆燃混合气✓the supply = the supply of the explosive mixture✓to effect = to bring about; to cause sth to occur 使产生；使发生✓… the supply is effected by… = …the mixture is supplied by…✓an injection or "jerk" pump = aninjection pump or “jerk” pump✓injection pump喷射泵/喷油泵✓jerk pump 高压燃油喷射泵/ 脉动作用泵译：现在，让我们比较一下柴油发动机和汽油发动机。
首先，汽油发动机的爆燃混合气是由化油器提供的，而柴油机的爆燃混合气则由喷油泵（即脉动作用泵）提供，由喷油泵按照正确的点火顺序将燃油依次“射”入各汽缸。
Secondly, the fundamental difference between gasoline and diesel engines is that in the gasoline engine the source of the heat for igniting the charge, namely, an electric spark, is generated outside the engine, and is taken, as it were, into the waiting charge at the required instant.a.the source of the heat热源b.t he charge燃料/混合燃气c.the source of the heat = an electric sparkd.a s it were: used when describing something in a way that is not quite exact 可以说；可谓viz.,译：其次，汽油发动机与柴油发动机的基本区别在于：汽油机中用于点燃混合燃气的热源（即电火花）是在发动机外面产生的，可以说电火花总是在需要的时刻被引入待燃的混合气中。
In the diesel engine the source of heat for igniting the charge is created within the engine by compressing pure air to a degree that will initiate combustion and then [by] injecting the fuel at the right time in relation to the movement of the crankshaft.a.The source of heat is created by compressing…and then injecting the…b.t o initiate combustion 是什么在燃烧？是空气还是燃料（charge）？译：而在柴油发动机中，用于点燃混合气的热源是在发动机内部产生的，方法是将纯空气压缩，直到燃料可以被引燃的程度，随后，因应曲轴的运动，燃油适时地喷入。
Both classes of engines are of very similar construction. But as the diesel engine is called upon to withstand very much greater stresses due to higher pressures in cylinders, it has to be of more substantial construction, and is thus heavier.a.construction结构b.s tresses应力e.g. a stress of 240 MPa / a stress of200–1000 Pa / a stress of 2900 kg/cm2译：这两种发动机的结构是很相似的，但是由于柴油发动机汽缸内压强更高，它必须能够承受大得多的应力，因此它的结构必须更加坚固，重量也更大些。
In general, the diesel engine may weigh about 9. 25 kilograms per kilowatt. The most important advantage of the gasoline engine is its lower weight per kilowatt. The gasoline engine for automobiles weighs about 6. 17 kilograms per kilowatt, and gasoline engines for airplanes may weigh as little as 0. 77 kilograms per kilowatt. This advantage prevents the diesel engine from replacing the gasoline engine in some automobiles and airplanes.一般来说，柴油机每千瓦重量可达9.25公斤。
汽油机最重要的优点是每千瓦的重量较轻。
用于汽车的汽油发动机每千瓦重量为6.17公斤，而用于飞机的汽油发动机的每千瓦重量最轻仅有0.77公斤。
汽油机的这一优点使柴油机无法代替某些汽车以及飞机上使用的汽油发动机。
However, the diesel engine is more efficient, because it has a higher compression ratio. Its ratio may be as high as 16 to 1. Up to 40 per cent of the chemical energy of the burning fuel may be changed into mechanical energy. In addition, the diesel engine runs cooler than the gasoline engine. This advantage is especially obvious at lower speeds. Diesel oil is not only cheaper than gasoline, but also safer to store.Mechanical properties of a materialA mechanically sound structure like a bridge on the river然而，柴油发动机的效率更高些，因为柴油机具有较高的压缩比，可达16比I。
高达40%的燃料燃烧产生的化学能可转化为机械能。
此外，柴油发动机比汽油发动机的工作温度低。
这一优点在低速运转时尤为明显。
柴油不仅比汽油便宜，而且储存更为安全。
XIII．文化负载词汇--中外翻译策略比较1.运动会吉祥物：1）福娃、乐羊羊、盼盼2）Amik - Montreal 1976"Amik" in Indian language means beaver.The beaver has always been associated with hard work. （Note: The name "Amik"is not translated as “beaver”for use in English or “castor” in French.）3）Hodori - Seoul 1988The " Ho" in "Hodori" comes from the Korean word for tiger, and "Dori" is a common masculine diminutive.4）Naranjito, mascot of Football World Cup, Spain, 1982The name comes from naranja, Spanish for orange, and the diminutive suffix "-ito"5）Pique, mascot of Football World Cup, Mexico, 1986The name comes from picante, Spanishfor spicy peppers and sauces6）Ciao, mascot of Football World Cup, Italy, 19907）Goleo V and Pille, mascot of Football World Cup, Germany, 2006Goleo is a portmanteau of the words "goal" and "leo", the Latin word for lion. In Germany, "Pille" is a colloquial term for a football2.饮食1)饺子，馒头，豆腐，汤圆，点心，茄汁，荔枝2)tofu, gyoza, sake, pizza, macaroni（通心粉）, spaghetti, ravioli, pasta （面条类）cappuccino, sauté（煎）,mayonnaise（蛋黄酱）, pâté（酱；馅饼）, foie gras（鹅肝酱）, V odka,Champagne, Cabernet Sauvignonpickle, oshinko, sauerkraut, kimchi3.体育运动1)武术，太极拳，咏春拳Wing Tsun，截拳道Jeet Kune Do，围棋，象棋，2)judo，taekundo，karate, go, Muay Thai,kabaddi, canoe, épée, sabre, fleuret, 4. 音乐舞蹈1）唢呐，琵琶，京剧，昆曲，粤曲，采茶戏Tea-picking Opera，客家山歌Hakka Folk Songs/Hakka mountainsongs2）cello, concerto, allegro, andante,tempo, libretto, ballet, soprano, scherzo,tango, samba, rumba, serenade, pas dedeux, pas de quatre, encore, waltz,k hoomei (khuumei)5. 称呼语3）老张，小李，陈老师，王师傅，李司机，何书记，4）Monsieur Lafarge, Madame Curie,Signorina Mussolini, SignoriCampanini, Señor San Antonio, SeñoraNilda, Fraulein Maria, Führer, etc--Ah ! but Signore, —the bottle had acork." " A cork ! ...Oh ! but —signore— just as you please！--Why, yes, Fraulein Maria WAS mygoverness before going to work for thevon Trapp family. However did youknow?PHANTOM'S VOICE:I'm here: The Phantom of the Opera . . .I'm here: The Phantom of the Opera . . . RAOUL:You fool, I said only when the times comes! MARKSMAN:But, Monsieur le Vicomte . . .PHANTOM'S VOICE:No "buts"! For once, Monsieur le Vicomte is right.Seal my fate tonight - I hate to have to cut the fun short but the joke's wearing thinLet the audience in ... let my opera begin!Les Miserables--Good afternoon, Monsieur le Maire. The new inspector has arrived. - He wants to report.-- That's all right. He doesn't have to.--But Monsieur le Maire, if you don't permit the inspector to report... I think he will burst into tears. Monsieur le Maire, I'm Inspector Javert. I have the honor of reporting to my post as your prefect of police.-- I'm sorry. What's your name?- Inspector Javert.- You were expecting me. Paris should...- You have papers? Yes, I apologize. I should have presented them immediately.--Good. Thank you for coming.4.其它1）阴，阳，龙，凤，风水，八卦，红卫兵，赤脚医生城管On Oct. 27th, when a Chengguan squadin Zhumadian County in Henan wastearing down a residential building by force, they came into conflict with the owners.走资派... was labeled a Zouzipai (capitalist-roader)大字报Dazibao, or wall-mounted posters /Big-character posters // wall newspapers法轮功下岗the xiagang or laid-off workers, // xiagng (laid-off) workers上访make a shangfang (an appeal to a higher judicial authority) // China has a way of lodging complaints via a petition known as a shangfang户口to obtain a hukou, or residence permit // hukou (residence permit)2）sans-culotte, paparazzi, Ciao, edelweiss, blitz, diesel, Geisha, Kamikaze, Kanji, Kimono, Samurai, Sushi, Zen, Tsunami, Shinto, AumShinrikyo, Russian Duma, perestroika,gulag, Cheka. Cosmonaut, Czar, junta,olé , siesta, toreador, El Niño, La Niña回译与文献检索1. 孔子曰：“天无二日，民无二王。