高三一轮复习-定语从句
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2024届高考一轮复习英语语法专练课件(人教版)：定语从句
第1讲 定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句 放在先行词的后面。
考点精讲一——关系代词引导的定语从句
情景导入
A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self ， not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.
4.引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别
关系词
位置不同
表意不同
既可以放在主句前，也 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动
as 可以放在主句后，有时 词多用see，know，expect，say，
还可插入主句中
mention，report等
which 通常放在主句之后
在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句 放在先行词的后面。
考点精讲一——关系代词引导的定语从句
情景导入
A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self ， not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.
4.引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别
关系词
位置不同
表意不同
既可以放在主句前，也 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动
as 可以放在主句后，有时 词多用see，know，expect，say，
还可插入主句中
mention，report等
which 通常放在主句之后
2023届高三英语一轮复习定语从句课件
6. The English plainy w_h_i_ch_____ my students acted at the party was a great success.
7. He is the manfro_m__w_h_o_s_e____ house the picture was
3. The Johnsons _w_h_o_s_e__ house was donated by a kind lady live a happy life with their twelve
children.
that
4. We are satisfied with the factories and workers
2. This is the pen __________ wrote the composition
yesterday.
with which
3. The way __in__w_h_ic_h__ she deals with garbage is quite unusual.
4. I will never forget the day _________ I joined
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. = This is the house where I lived two years ago.
EXERCISE
用 “介词+which/whom/whose”填空
1. Jean was her good frienfdro,m_w__h_o_m_____ she borrowed a necklace.
关系代词as的用法
1. 和such连用 The park is such a beautiful place as I want to visit again. 区分：The park is such a beautiful place that I want to visit it again. 2. 和the same连用 You must show my friend the same respect as you show me.
2023届高三英语一轮复习定语从句公开课课件
Quan Hongchan who is the youngest in the Chinese team has made history on the 10-meter women’s diving platform.
She is a child prodigy.
We will remember her forever.
_先__行___词__(_A__n_t_e_c__e_d_e__n_t_)_:指被定语从句修饰的___名__词或__代___词，
常位于定语从句的__前___面。
10
1. She is a girl who studies at Tsinghua University. 2. The Tokyo Olympics was an event which/that was postponed because of the coronavirus. 3. The opening ceremony showed a kind of Japanese culture
Attributive Clauses
Zhang Ming
Step 1
Make a guess
Who is my idol?
My idol has become an immediate hit.
She is a girl who studies at Tsinghua University.
She is a girl whose favourite sport is shooting.
During that time they brought the world the most precious gift. People call this gift HOPE.
定语从句复习课课件-2025届高三英语一轮复习
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代 词叫做“先行词”， 引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”，分为 “关系代词” 和“关系 副词 ” 定语 从句要放在所修饰词的 “ 后面 ”。
基础知识回顾: 关系词及其意义
指代人 who, whom, that, as 关
归 指代事物 which, that, as 纳 所属关系 whose
语从句用that。
5：当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用
that。
只只使使用用wthiacth应应遵遵循循的的规规则则
Exercises:
1.He wrote a letter to me, telling me
everything___B____he saw on the way to the Paris.A. what B. that C. which D .where
系 代
总 结
指地点 指时间
where when
关 系
词
指原因 why
副
做题技巧?
词
先分析定语从句中缺少什么成分
先行词 （物）
主宾
which
that
关系 代词
who
whom
whose
when
关系 where 副词
why
先行词 （人）
主宾
定语 时间 状语
地点 状语
原因 状语
注：1.介词提前时一般只用which和whom。 2.whose+名词=the+名词+of which/ of whom
sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 2.The way __t_h_a_t/_w__h_i_ch__/不__填___he explained to us
基础知识回顾: 关系词及其意义
指代人 who, whom, that, as 关
归 指代事物 which, that, as 纳 所属关系 whose
语从句用that。
5：当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用
that。
只只使使用用wthiacth应应遵遵循循的的规规则则
Exercises:
1.He wrote a letter to me, telling me
everything___B____he saw on the way to the Paris.A. what B. that C. which D .where
系 代
总 结
指地点 指时间
where when
关 系
词
指原因 why
副
做题技巧?
词
先分析定语从句中缺少什么成分
先行词 （物）
主宾
which
that
关系 代词
who
whom
whose
when
关系 where 副词
why
先行词 （人）
主宾
定语 时间 状语
地点 状语
原因 状语
注：1.介词提前时一般只用which和whom。 2.whose+名词=the+名词+of which/ of whom
sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 2.The way __t_h_a_t/_w__h_i_ch__/不__填___he explained to us
定语从句+课件+2025届高考英语一轮复习
4. They planted the trees which didn’t need much water.
5. The fish (which )we bought were not fresh.(宾语)
(主语)
1.2 关系代词who, whom
who, whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语，指人。
Please describe an occasion where you met difficulties. 请描述你所遇到的困境的场景。
1. I still remember that day when I first came to Nanjing. I still remember that day. I first came to Nanjing on that day.
I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. (2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等修饰时
I’ve read all the books that are not mine. (3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时
1.3 关系代词whose
whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物。 1. Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn’t been handed in.
2. This is the book whose cover is blue.
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
5. The fish (which )we bought were not fresh.(宾语)
(主语)
1.2 关系代词who, whom
who, whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语，指人。
Please describe an occasion where you met difficulties. 请描述你所遇到的困境的场景。
1. I still remember that day when I first came to Nanjing. I still remember that day. I first came to Nanjing on that day.
I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow. (2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等修饰时
I’ve read all the books that are not mine. (3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时
1.3 关系代词whose
whose 在从句中作定语，指人或物。 1. Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn’t been handed in.
2. This is the book whose cover is blue.
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
定语从句(2)限制性和非限制性定语从句+课件-2025届高三英语一轮复习
限制性和非限制性定语从句区别
(3)翻译不同
含有限制性定语从句的句子一般先译从句,后译先行词,即把从句放在先行词前,译为“……的+先行 词”。含有非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译主句,后译从句,译成两个分句。
He is the man who lives next to me.他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 He is a warm-hearted man , who lives next to me.他是个热心肠的人,住在我的隔壁。
用正确的关系词填空：
小试牛刀
1.It is a truly delightful place,________looks the same as how it looked 100 years ago
with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
2.This woman has set a good example to her son, ________is a really lucky guy.
定语从句2
限制性和非限制性定语从句
第1章 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
定语从句分类
1 限制性定 语从句
2 非限制性 定语从句
限制性定语从句
比较这两个句子： She despised people.(她看不起人) She despised people who flattered her.(她看不起吹捧她的人)
通过以上句子，你能总结出这两 类定语从句的用法区别吗？
限制性和非限制性定语从句区别
(1)形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间无逗号隔开;非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开。 This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的小说。 I read a novel last night, which is very interesting.我昨天晚上读了一本小说,它非常有趣。
2025届高三英语一轮复习之定语从句课件
，非限制
只能用“which”的情况 1. 指物，介词后 2. 用于非限制定语从句中
1. He is the only man _t_h_a_t______ I can find for the work. 2. The first English novel __th__a_t_____ I read was Gone With Wind. 3. This is one of the most exciting football games _t_h_a_t___ I have ever seen. 4. John told his parents about the cities and the people _t_h_a_t_____ he had visited. 5. (2020江苏) Many lessons are now available online, from _w__h_i_c_h____
缺少主语或宾语: that / which / 不填(缺宾语时) 主语宾语都不缺: that / in which / 不填
特殊用法·特殊先行词
What surprised me was not what he said but
_____ he said it.
A. the way
B. in the way that
· ③ 固定搭配
as
as is often the case
as is reported/believed…
as we can see as we all know
the same…as… as…as…
as is known to all
特殊用法·介词+关代
• I met an old friend from whom I had parted for many years. • It was a crisis for which she was totally unprepared. • They were badly hurt, because of which they didn't go to school. • He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
只能用“which”的情况 1. 指物，介词后 2. 用于非限制定语从句中
1. He is the only man _t_h_a_t______ I can find for the work. 2. The first English novel __th__a_t_____ I read was Gone With Wind. 3. This is one of the most exciting football games _t_h_a_t___ I have ever seen. 4. John told his parents about the cities and the people _t_h_a_t_____ he had visited. 5. (2020江苏) Many lessons are now available online, from _w__h_i_c_h____
缺少主语或宾语: that / which / 不填(缺宾语时) 主语宾语都不缺: that / in which / 不填
特殊用法·特殊先行词
What surprised me was not what he said but
_____ he said it.
A. the way
B. in the way that
· ③ 固定搭配
as
as is often the case
as is reported/believed…
as we can see as we all know
the same…as… as…as…
as is known to all
特殊用法·介词+关代
• I met an old friend from whom I had parted for many years. • It was a crisis for which she was totally unprepared. • They were badly hurt, because of which they didn't go to school. • He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
+语法知识必备：定语从句+课件-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
which
意为“这一点”或“这件事”等
放在主句之后
As is known to all, great changes have taken place in China. John, as you know, is a famous writer. Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
【要点巩固】 ①(2024·泸州模拟) In 2016, Zhang was given the Romer-Simpson Lifetime Achievement Award, _w__h_ic_h__is the highest prize in vertebrate palaeontology. ②(2024·汕头模拟) _A_s__Nelson Mandela said, when you speak to a man in a language that he understands, it goes to his head.But when you speak to a man in his mother tongue, it goes to his heart. ③(2024·潮州模拟) The blue whale, weighing more than even the biggest dinosaurs, is the largest animal _t_h_a_t_has ever lived.
【要点归纳】
关系代词 who whom
whose(=of whom/of which)
that which
as
先行词 人 人
关系代词一览表 句法功能
高三英语一轮复习---定语从句知识总结
定语从句（一）基本概念1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。
先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读▲定语从句与习惯句型用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．．time ＋that从句。
故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。
②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填when。
▲定语从句与简单句用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help．②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。
高三复习第一轮--定语从句(含练习-教师版)
高三语法第一轮复习--定语从句【知识梳理】一、关系代词的选择1．充当主语的关系代词。
限制性定语从句1). Edmund Halley was an English scientist who/that lived over 200 years ago.2). A plane is a machine which/that can fly.3). Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.4). a. China is one of the nations that have made （make）great progress in reducing its population growth.b. Tom is the one of the boys who is (be) praised.用法：1)．在限制性定语从句中，who用于指人，which用于指物，that/as指人或指物均可。
2)．as作关系代词使用时，先行词前必须有The same, such , as. so 修饰3)．从句中谓语动词单复数由先行词决定。
4)．One of +可数名词复数做先行词，关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词用复数。
the one of +可数名词复数做先行词，关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数。
5). 作主语的关系代词不可省略。
非限制性定语从句1). The river, which was dirty in the past, is very clear now.2). The pupils, who are very happy now, will go out for a picnic soon.3). They have three daughters, all of whom are doctors.用法：1)．在非限制性定语从句只能用who指人，which指物，不能用that。
形容词性从句(定语从句)课件 2023届高考英语一轮复习
I don’t know the reason why he didn’t tell it to his father. 我不明白为什么他没有把这件事告诉他父亲。
4）由“介词+关系代词”引导， 在定语从句中做状语 由于关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词+名词”如：when = on/in/during the day, where = in/at/on the place, why = for the reason, 因此when, where和why可以用“介 词+which”代替。
（4）在正式文体中，whose与它所修饰的名词也可以被of which + 名词短语所取代。
例如：
He mentioned a book whose title has slipped my memory.
He mentioned a book, of which the title has slipped my memory. 我忘了他提到的那本书的名字了。
This is the machine that /which they made last month. 先行词 定语从句
这就是他们上个月生产的机器。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
先行词 定语从句 北京是我的出生地。
关系代词和关系副词 girl whom her parents left alone in the room was crying terribly. 那个被（她的）父母独自留在家里的小女孩正在大哭。 （做动词left的宾语）
3）which用来指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或 表语
They also raise deer whose horns provide valuable medicine. 他们也养鹿，鹿角可以作为昂贵的药材。
4）由“介词+关系代词”引导， 在定语从句中做状语 由于关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词+名词”如：when = on/in/during the day, where = in/at/on the place, why = for the reason, 因此when, where和why可以用“介 词+which”代替。
（4）在正式文体中，whose与它所修饰的名词也可以被of which + 名词短语所取代。
例如：
He mentioned a book whose title has slipped my memory.
He mentioned a book, of which the title has slipped my memory. 我忘了他提到的那本书的名字了。
This is the machine that /which they made last month. 先行词 定语从句
这就是他们上个月生产的机器。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
先行词 定语从句 北京是我的出生地。
关系代词和关系副词 girl whom her parents left alone in the room was crying terribly. 那个被（她的）父母独自留在家里的小女孩正在大哭。 （做动词left的宾语）
3）which用来指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或 表语
They also raise deer whose horns provide valuable medicine. 他们也养鹿，鹿角可以作为昂贵的药材。
语法专题定语从句和状语从句课件高三英语一轮复习
5. 关系副词
关系副词
用法
示例
先行词是reason,在从句中 Tell me the reason why/for which you were absent yesterday.
why 作原因状语(可与for which 告诉我你昨天缺席的原因。
互换)
即练即清3
1. The statues fill only one part of the emperor's huge tomb, which still has not been completely unearthed. (人教B1U2) 2. People in modern times can read the classic works that/which were written by Chinese in ancient times. (人教B1U5) 3. As the Chinese saying goes, “A kind-hearted person lives a long life.”(外研B3 U2) 4. After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000, with which a well was built near a primary school in Uganda. (外研B3U2)
5. 关系副词
关系副词
用法
示例
when
先行词通常是表示时间的 There comes a time when/in which the old must give way to the
词语,在从句中作时间状语 new.新旧更替的时代已经到来。
(可与at/in/on/during which Autumn is the season when/in which trees shed their leaves.
定语从句(1)关系词用法+课件-2025届高三上学期英语一轮复习专项
介词+关系代词引导定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用
which或whom。先行词指物时，用which；先行词指人时，用
whom。在这个结构中，介词的使用原则是：
(1) 根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯
This is the book
on which I spent 10 yuan. for which I paid 10 yuan.
关系代词：why的用法
翻译句子，并找出定语从句，分析关系词的作用 例句：That’s the reason why he was late. Is this the reason why she refused our offer of help.
why：一般可以跟在reason之后，可用for which 来代替
challenge.创造一种能让员工感觉到自己是团队一分子的氛围是一件有挑战性的事。 ②在非限制性定语从句中。
Have you ever read the book Dream of the Red Chamber, which was written by Cao Xueqin?你读过曹雪芹写的《红楼梦》吗?
总结关系代词的用法：
关系词
关系 代词
that which who
whom
whose
关系 副词
when where
why
所修饰的先行词 人/物 物/事 人 人 人/物
时间名词 地点名词 原因名词（the reason）
在从句中所作的成分 主语、宾语、表语
主语、宾语 主语 宾语 定语
时间状语 地点状语 原因状语
Tips: 中文翻译，先翻译定语从句再翻译先行词
高三一轮复习定语从句总结
引导定语从句的关系代词
先行词 人
物
句子成分
作主语
who which /that /that
作宾语 Who(m) which/ /that that
人+物 是否可略
that
否
that
是
作定语
whose/ whose
否
of which
作表语
that /
that which
是
在定语从句中用什么关系词的方法
定语从句 关系副词在定语从句中时间状语。
• This is the place where my mother was born. 先行词 关系词 定语从句
• I关d系on副't k词n在ow定t语he从re句aso中n地w点hy状sh语e。looks unhappy today 先行词 关系词 关系副词在定语从句中定原语因从状句语。
关系代词与介词
1. 当介词放在关系代词前时，介词宾语只能 用which代物，whom代人。且关系代词一律 不能省略。(固定短语中的介词不可提前)
例如：I want to find the pen with which I wrote that letter.
2.介词在末尾时，可用that/which（代物）， that/whom/who（代人）做介词的宾语，且 这个介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。
The bike and its rider _t_h_a_t_ had run over an old woman were held up by the police. 4 .先行词是all, much, little, few, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词用that，而不用which
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as 的使用
This
is the same book as I lost.
这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。
This
is the same book that I lost.
这本书就是我丢的那本。
as 的使用
This is such an interesting book ____ as we all like. This is so interesting a book _____ as 定语从句 we all like. 这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一 本书。
3 Whose 的使用
whose 引导的定语从句 表示所属关系
The river _________ whose banks ar covered with trees flows to the sea
Whose 的使用
There are in this class 20 students, ______ are different. A.whose backgrounds B. the backgrounds of whom C.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose
4 as 的使用
as we all know. The earth is round,___ ___ As is known to all, the earth is round. ___ It is known to all that the earth is round.
定语从句在句首时只能用as, as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动 词一般是固定的
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences:
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
her The girl we saw
yesterday is Mary.
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences:
引导定语从句的关系词
指代人 who，whom，that 指代事物 which，that 所属关系 whose，of which 指地点 where 关 指时间 when 系 指原因 why 副 词 关 系 代 词
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.
6 定语从句中的动词的数
He is the only one in his class who _______ has (have) got the teacher’s praise He is one of the students in his class who _______ have (have) got the teacher’s praise 关系词在定语从句中做主语时， 谓语动词的数取决于先行词
在介词后面，指事物 用which，指人用 whom
２如何判断介词
1）看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配
This is the book_____ for which you asked.
注意：动词短语不能拆开 即介词不能提前 The old man whom I am looking after is better .
句末，而which 引导定语从句不能 放在句首。as译为正如，好像， which 则没有此义。
5 when, where, why 与 that, which 的区分
when we first １）I’ll never forget the day _________ met in the park. ２）I’ll never forget the time ________________ which\that I spent with you. ３）I’ll never forget the time which\that _____________ was spent with you. ４）This is the museum _______________I which\that visited last year .
as 的使用
This is such an interesting book ____we all like it. that This is so interesting a book ____we all like it. that 结果状语从句
这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。
as 的使用
1. It is very useful to master a foreign language,_____ which has been said before. 2 As ___ everyone hoped, Mary as引导定语从句可放在句首，句中， has won the first prize.
5 when, where, why 与 指时间，地点或原因的先行词在定语从句 that, which 的区分 中作主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语
从句。
This is the reason ___________ why ( = for which ) I didn’t come here. The reason which/that __________ she gave was not true.
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is a machine the machine can fly.
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is a machine that /which can fly.
引导定语从句用that .
1.that 与which
that you have ever seen 1.Who _______ can do it better ?
Who做先行词时， 引导定语从句用 that
1.that 与which
1.Her bag ,in ________ which she put all her money, has been stolen. which she 2.This is the ring on ________ spent 1000 dollars. 3.Xiao Wang ,with ________ whom I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.
Join the following sentences:
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
The girl her is Mary.
we saw
yesterday
关系代词的实质
Join the ng sentences:
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
1.that 与which
1.Everything that ______ can be done has been done. that you 2.Do you have anything ______ don’t understand ? 先行词是 everything, nothing,
anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that
1.that 与which
1.This is the best TV _______ that is made in China. that he 2.The first museum _______ visited in China was the History Museum.
先行词被形容词最高级 或序数词修饰时，引导 定语从句用that 。
1.that 与which
I’ve read all the books ________ that you lent me.
先行词被any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all, very, only, last 修饰时,引导定语从 句用that 。
The girl we saw her yesterday is Mary.
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences:
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
her The girl we saw
yesterday is Mary.
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
The girl her we saw
yesterday is Mary.
关系代词的实质
Join the following sentences:
The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.
The girl that/who/whom is Mary.
we saw yesterday
注意避免重复
Correct the mistakes
1.Under the big tree are 34 students,many of ——— them come from class two. whom 2. My mother has a good book, which ——— cover looks terrible. whose 3. This is the very pen that you gave it \ to me before. it \ 4. There is an old woman, that —— is holding who a stick.