三段十二句作文法

英语简单句的五种基本结构：
1. S-Vi (主+谓)，如：The sun was shining.
2. S-Vt-P(主+系+表)，如：This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
3. S-Vt-O(主+谓+宾)，如：He enjoys reading.
4.S-Vt-o-O(主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语)，如：I gave him a book.
4.S-Vt-O-OC(主+谓+宾语+宾语补足语)，如：I paint my room pink.
注意：简单句的谓语动词只能有一个，若还要表达动词的意思，可以使用非谓语动词的形式，或者将简单句加上并列或者从属连词变成并列句或者复合句才行。

三段十二句作文法
四、六级作文体裁大多是议论文，而议论文的写作方法通常采用“三段论”法，即第一段提出论题(开头段)，第二段进行论证(中间段或支持段)，第三段给出结论(结尾段)。

下面就简单介绍一下写这三部分时的一些技巧。

l. 开头段
常言道：好的开始是成功的一半。

文章的开篇出色是给评卷者留下好印象的关键。

因此，文章的开头段要适合主题的需要，要有利于下文的展开；简明生动，引人人胜，能激发渎者的兴趣；开门见山，揭示文章主题，交代写作目的，唤起读者情感上的共鸣。

请看下面的开头段：
Today’s TV programs are much too violent. A survey has recently shown that in one week of evenings spent before a TV set, a person may witness eighty一five killings.
这一开头段提出了要展开讨论的主题，揭示了全文的主要内容．并且以难以置信的或出人意料的数字开头，激起读者了解下文的急切愿望。

开头段的写作根据不同的题目可采取不同的方法，常用的方法有以下几种：
(1)引用法：以一段引言作为段落的开头，借助他人的观点来加强文章的力度。

引言可以是名人格言、谚语或流行语等。

如：
As the saying goes, time flies. How to spend your time properly is becoming increasingly important to everyone.
(2)提问法：提出一个或一连串的问题，以激起读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。

如关于“交朋友”一文的开头段：
Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
(3)定义法：对题目中关键词作一些简单的(或正面或反面的)解释，限定其范围，有利于引出主题。

如：
What is decisiveness? It doesn’t mean act rashly(反面定义)
What is advertisement? It is the words or pictures used on media. TV, for example, to publicize a certain product or give a warning to people(正面定义)
(4)数字法：以针对某一问题客观报道的数字作为文章的开头，可引起读者的注意且具有说服力。

这种方法尤其适用于图表作文。

如：
The population of US is growing rapidly from 1800 until now. In 1800 the population was less than 1,000,000, but in 1999 the US reaches a population of 250,000,000. This rapid population growth has serious effects on the living environments of wildlife.
(5)故事法：用简短有趣的小故事引起读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。

如：
Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody them, you are surprised to find that you run into one
of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out: “What a small world!”
(6)开门见山法：在文章的开头就把自己的观点摆出来，然后展开论述。

如：
As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. Society is made up of individuals, and making friends is a very important part in our life.
(7)间接开头法：以叙述别人的观点开始，引出自己的看法。

如：
①People often say that money can buy all things, but I don’t think it is true.
②Some say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn’t love, but money. But the truth is that it is the energy that makes the world go round.
(8)概括法：先概括总结文章内容涉及的现状。

然后引出主题。

如：
In recent years, while our industries and businesses have developed quickly, the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced. Efforts are being made to prevent people from cutting more trees, but to realize the significance of making cities greener is of great importance.
具体写作时有时不只使用一种开头法，可以综合上述两种或两种以上的方法。

比如上述定义法中的两个例子同时兼有定义法和提问法的特点。

2。

中间段(支持段)
中间段是用以发展、拓宽开头段中所提文章主题的段落。

中间段和文章的主题紧密相关：主题限制着中间段的内容，中闯段必须支持主题，即中间段的内容必须从不同的角度说明、叙述、论证文章的主题。

中间段常用的表达方法主要有例证法、比较与对比法、因果法等。

试看下面两篇文章的中间段：
As an English learner! I find it very difficult to form a language sense. It is because I always try to translate every word or sentence into Chinese. Whenever I want to express myself either in writing or in speaking, I often think in Chinese first, and then put it into English As a result, I make little progress in my English study.
此中间段用因果法展开段落，说明产生问题的原因：always translate English into Chinese。

The discrimination against women is very obvious in reality. In the factory or office, it is a female worker or clerk not a male one who is laid off first. In the poor family, it is the girl not the boy who has to drop out of school. In the college, it is difficult for girl students to find good jobs. What a pity!
此中间段用了例证法(In the factory or office，In the poor family，in the college)和对比法(it is ROt)来展开段落。

段中使用了三个平行旬说明现实中的男女不平等现象。

3．结尾段
结尾段是文章的总结和主题思想的升华，它应起到再次肯定和强调主题的作用。

好的结尾段应简短有力，言简意赅，意味深长。

总之．文章的结尾应该遵循两条原则：一是照应开头；二是总结全文，给读者一个完整的印象。

和文章的开头一样，文章的结尾方法也是多种多样的，而非千篇一律。

常见方法有如下几种：
(1)总结法或重述法：在结尾段概括重述全文的中心思想，但不要简单重复主题旬，而要在思想上保持一致，在句式和措辞上有所变化。

例如在论述电视的优劣时，文章可以这样结尾：
On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people have different attitudes toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
(2)建议法：就前文提到的问题进行分析、比较之后，往往提出一些解决问题的方法或
建议，此法尤其适用于有争议的问题或说理性的文章。

如：
It is high time for government of developing countries to do something to encourage their people to eat the fight kinds of food so as to help them improve their health conditions.
(3)评价法：在结尾处结合自己的实际，对文章中提到的观点进行评价，明确个人的立场，或淡出个人的喜好、做法。

比如考题要求考生写出保持健康的方法，并说明自己的健身途径，那么文章可以这样结尾：
As to my practices, I jog for half an hour in the morning every day, play basketball in the afternoon and go swimming on weekends. The regular physical exercises make me strong and healthy.
(4) 引语法：用格言、谚语或习语来总结全文。

所引用的名言一定要与前面的观点相符，以让读者接受论点。

例如关于“Books”一文的结尾：
In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said “Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.”
(5)预测法：依据上文提出的论点，预测该问题未来的发展，或对读者提出警告或希望。

如：
The decrease of tobacco production and the non—smoking campaigns are good signs for us to predict that tobacco consumption should be going down with every passing day while people’s health be getting better daily.
(6)展望或期望法：表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。

如：
I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world, the language is sure to be spread worldwide.
(7)反问法：虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定，具有明显的强调作用。

引起读者思考。

如：So, what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
以上介绍的就是四、六级作文中常用的“二三段论法”的一些写作技巧。

接下来的问题是，这二段的篇幅该如何安排？考生一定希望既让作文达到字数要求又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多，一方面会更多地暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的宝贵时间，还容易离题。

解决这些问题的一个有效办法就是采用十二句作文法：
如前所述．四级作文大多是三段式．这样算一下，如果每段写四句话即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句，这样全篇在十二句左右。

每一句十多个字，这样就是四、六级作文要求的120—150字。

要满足规定的字数要求，又要注意不能写得太多，言多必失。

同时要注意分层次来展开主题，而不要写成流水账例如，在讲健康的重要性时，有的同学先说“健康非常重要，”然后就写“吃菠菜非常重要，因为菠菜含有丰富的铁。

铁对人是非常重要的，因为……”这样的作文就没有中心，像流水账。

避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词序进行描述。

英语四六级作文
四六级写作基本情况介绍
全国大学英语四六级考试中写作的时间是30分钟，满分是15分（710分制中，106.5满分，63.9及格），占总分的15%。

四级要求字数至少为120，六级至少为150。

评分标准
⏹本题满分为15分，篇幅要求120字左右。

阅卷人员就总的印象，从内容和语言两个
方面对作文进行综合评判，给出奖励分(Reward Scores)。

具体评分标准可以参考以下要求：
⏹白卷、作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分；达
不到字数要求的，要酌情扣1-3分；
⏹只写一段者：0-4分；只写两段者：0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。

那种写八段的作
文一般来说只得两分。

⏹另外请参照以下要求与对应分数，在评卷时视实际情况加减：
⏹2分—条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎。

一塌糊涂
⏹5分—基本切题。

表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。

大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严
重错误。

糊里糊涂
⏹8分—基本切题。

有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，
其中一些是严重错误。

马马虎虎
⏹11分—切题。

表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

清清爽爽
⏹14分—切题。

表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。

无语言错误。

漂漂亮亮
高分作文标志
1.四级150-180字；六级180—200字；
2.是否长短句交叉；句型是否有变化；
3.用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词；
4.关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词；
5.结构条理是否合理清晰；人称不做太多变化；时态不来回变化；请注意不管是什么
类型的作文（命题、给定提纲、图表）简单明了地写三段，一般都不会有错 ；最好每一段都有主题句和过渡句。

6.卷面整洁，书写规范。

评卷特点——语言是关键
⏹按正规的作文要求，文章的语言、结构和内容是有机的整体，三者分量同等重要。

而在四六级国内考试中，此三者的分量逐级递减。

语言第一、结构次之、内容再次。

四六级的判卷过程决定了这个顺序。

文章的结构，按照题干的提示大多数学生都会写成三段文章，一目了然。

极少有超过5段，或者只写1段者。

所以不会是判断分数高下的重要标准。

文章的内容需要阅卷人在通读文章后才能做出客观判断完成的任务。

这种做法直接决定了语言的正确和地道是高分的主要决定因素。

如何提高作文水平？
⏹（1）欣赏范文，但不要囫囵吞枣式地整篇背诵。

准备一个写作专用的笔记本，从范
文欣赏中摘抄自己喜欢的、老师讲评的、值得推荐的句式结构。

⏹（2）模仿名句，但不要生搬硬套。

准备足够的草稿纸，把自己摘抄来的名句。

⏹（3）巧用心思，套用经典句型。

利用经典句型组装一些长句子、靓句子和复杂句子
对作文高分非常有帮助。

比如作文开头常用句型：It is undoubted that …; there is no
doubt that…; undoubtedly, there is…; It is beyond doubt that ….
一些具体的技巧
1. 适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I 。

eg. We should pay attention to this problem.
You’d better say---Attention should be paid to this problem.
2. 善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。

例如：however / therefore / for example / I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。

eg. Other individuals, however, take the attitude that …
3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。

（考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等）
eg. Many people think we should study hard.
You’d better say
A vast majority of college students take it for granted that study should be taken seriously.
英语四六级五大类作文写法
作文分类：
⏹对立观点型
⏹解决问题型
⏹谚语警句型
⏹图表图画型
⏹应用写作型
解决问题型
⏹模版（一）
Nowadays ,there are more and more XX in some big cities . It is estimated that ( 1 ).
Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.
The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides,( 3 ) . The third reason is ( 4 ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ) .
It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing ,( 6 ).On the other hand ,( 7 ). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX .
解决问题型
注释：
（1）用具体数据说明XX现象
（2）原因一
（3）原因二
（4）原因三
（5）指出主要原因
（6）解决建议一
（7）解决建议二
⏹Generation gap between parents and children
Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap . It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their children's unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).
Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?
Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows . The first one is that ( the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them) .
Besides (due to having little in common to talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face ) . The third reason is (with the pace of modern life ecoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don't spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) .
It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing (children should respect their parents ).On the other hand ,( parents also should show solicitude for their children). All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap.
模块（2）
⏹These days we often hear that ( 1 ).It is common that ( 2 ). Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thin, ( 3 ).For another,( 4 ). What is more, since ( 5 ),it is natural that ( 6 ). To solve the problem is not easy at all ,but is worth trying .We should do something such as ( 7 )to improve the present situation ,and I do believe everything will be better in the future .
注释：
1) 提出论题
2）说明现状
3）理由一
4) 理由三
5）理由三
6）引起的后果
7）解决方法
On Students Choosing Lectures
⏹Nowadays, there is a hot debate about whether students should be allowed to
have optional choices of their teachers.
⏹ A number of factors contribute to students’ decision on choosing teachers. On
the one hand,teachers’ p ersonalities play a significant role in this issue, which include a good sense of humor, being easy to communicate with and open-mined. On the other hand, it is likely that opinions from other students have an impact on the decision.
⏹Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this
matter.For one thing, students enjoy more freedom than before. For another, some top teachers might be ignored if they are not able to meet students’ taste. In general, both students’ and teachers’ rights should be respected.
解决问题型真题
⏹2005年6月
⏹Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled
Say No to Pirated Products. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
⏹目前盗版的现象比较严重
⏹造成这种现象的原因及其危害
⏹我们应该怎么做
⏹
⏹Useful words and expressions:
⏹盗版：piracy (n.)
⏹盗版产品：pirated products
⏹知识产权：intellectual property right
⏹侵犯版权：infringe sb’s copyright; copyright infringement
Say No to Pirated Products
⏹There is no denying the fact that piracy is a grave problem with which we are confronted.
Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. In many places we see people peddling pirated books or disks.
⏹ A number of factors could account for the problem, but the following might be the most
critical ones. First, pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones, so they are very attractive to people, especially youngsters, who are not financially well-off.
Secondly, with highly developed technology, it is not difficult to manufacture pirated products. With one authorized copy, the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost, thus making huge profits.
⏹As a result, intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon. Honest producers will
lose the motivation to develop new products. Meanwhile, pirated products are often of low quality, thus damaging the interest of buyers.
⏹In view of the seriousness of the problem, it is essential that laws and regulations be
formulated and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.
Meanwhile, people should be educated to say no to these products. With these measures taken, we have reasons to believe that the problem can be solved in the near future.。