地质词语 中英对照

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地质学词语

The present is the key to the past.一.

Universe宇宙;Galaxy星系; solar system太阳系

(地球外部圈层:atmosphere大气圈;hydrosphere水圈;biosphere生物圈;)lithosphere岩石圈;

atmosphere circulation大气环流

⚫Mercury(水星);Venus(金星);Earth;Mars(火星);Jupiter(木星);Saturn(土星);Uranus(天王星);

Neptune(海王星);Pluto(冥王星);Comet彗星;asteroid小行星⚫troposphere(对流层)stratosphere(平流层)

mesosphere(中间层)ionosphere (电离层)

thermosphere(热层)

大地水准面(geoid)

1.大陆地形:{高原(plateau);丘陵(hill);平原(plain)}

2.海洋地形:大陆边缘(continental margin):{大陆架

(continental shelf);大陆坡(continental slope)

大陆基(continentalrise);岛弧(islandarc);

海沟(trench)}大洋中脊(mid-oceanic ridge);

大洋盆地(oceanic basin):{深海丘陵(abyssal hill)

深海平原(abyssal plain)}

⚫元素(element)矿物(mineral)光泽(luster)解理(cleavage)硬度(hardness)条痕(streak)

⚫岩石(rock)

岩浆岩magmatite or Igneous rock;变质岩(metamorphic rock);沉积岩(sedimentary rock)。

⚫gravity重力; gravity anomaly重力场;

Bouguer gravity复合重力场; anomaly磁

⚫geomagnetic field地磁场; magnetic declination磁偏角; magnetic inclination磁倾角; magnetic anomaly地磁异常;

geothermal field地温场geothermal gradient地温梯度; geothermal

flow地热流; geothermal anomaly 地热异常;

⚫seismic wave地震波:body wave体波 surface wave面波

(纵波P wave, 横波S wave);

⚫陨石(meteorite)古登堡面(Gutenberg discontinuity)

莫霍面(Moho discontinuity);雷曼界面;

康德拉面(Conrad discontinuity)

地壳(crust);地幔(mantle);地核(core)

岩石圈(lithosphere);软流圈(asthenosphere)

⚫geological age地质年代,

1.relative age相对地质年代:地层层序律(law of superposition)生物演化律(geological time scale);

地质体之间的切割律;

2.isotopic age同位素地质年代;

⚫fossil化石, stratum地层 (strata;单数),

3.地质年代单位:宙eon, 代era, 纪period, 世epoch,期age;

时间地层单位:宇eonothem,界erathem,系system,

统series,阶stage

⚫显生宙:Phanerozoic 元古宙proterozoic(震旦纪Z)

⚫古生代Paleozoic(早古生代,晚古生代)

{寒武纪cambrian,O奥陶纪ordovician,S志留纪silurian-早古生代}

D泥盆纪devonian,C石炭纪carboniferous,P二叠纪permian-晚古生代

⚫中生代Mesozoic:T三叠纪triassic, J侏罗纪jurassic,

K白垩纪cretaceous

⚫新生代cenozoic:E古近纪paleogene, N新近纪neogene,

二.

风化作用weathering

物理风化作用Physical weathering

化学风化作用Chemical weathering

风生物风化作用Biological weathering ;

溶解作用(solution)

氧化作用(oxidation);

根劈作用Root wedging,

differential weathering差异化

spheroidal weathering球形风化

Sequence of migration of elements元素迁移系列

eluvium残积物, crust of weathering风化壳

paleocrust of weathering古风化壳

Sheet flow片流,flood flow洪流sheetwash片流洗刷作用•Proluvial fan洪积扇,slope wash坡积物

1.vertical erosion下蚀作用:(瀑布water fall,深潭,向源侵蚀,河流的袭夺,base level of erosion河流的侵蚀基准面)

teral erosion侧蚀作用:(河曲,蛇曲、自由河曲,牛轭湖)Laminar flow层流,turbulent flow紊流,

circular current环流

River valley河谷,

drainage system delta

Vertical erosion, lateral erosion

Base level of erosion, River capture

Meander, cut-off, ox-bow lake,

Alluvium, flood plain,

underground water地下水:[water of containing包气带水;phreatic water潜水;confined water承压水]

⚫underground erosion潜蚀作用; underground river;

⚫karst喀斯特地形(岩溶地形); stone forest石林; karst cave

透水层(permeable bed)含水层(aquifer)

不透水层或隔水层impervious bed;

ploughing刨蚀作用:

方式有:挖掘作用plouking 磨蚀作用abrasion

⚫glacier冰川;continental glacier大陆冰川;

mountain glaciar山岳冰川

⚫glacial valley冰蚀谷; horn角峰; cirque冰斗; arete鳍脊;ploughing depression冰蚀洼地;

⚫moraine冰啧物; terminal moraine终~;

lateral morain侧~; drumlin鼓丘;

⚫glacial age冰期; interglacial age间冰期

◼sea wave波浪; wave base; tide潮汐; tide current潮流; ocean current洋流;(turbidity current)浊流;

littoral zone滨海; neritic zone浅海; bathyal zone半深海;

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