地质词语 中英对照
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地质学词语
The present is the key to the past.一.
Universe宇宙;Galaxy星系; solar system太阳系
(地球外部圈层:atmosphere大气圈;hydrosphere水圈;biosphere生物圈;)lithosphere岩石圈;
atmosphere circulation大气环流
⚫Mercury(水星);Venus(金星);Earth;Mars(火星);Jupiter(木星);Saturn(土星);Uranus(天王星);
Neptune(海王星);Pluto(冥王星);Comet彗星;asteroid小行星⚫troposphere(对流层)stratosphere(平流层)
mesosphere(中间层)ionosphere (电离层)
thermosphere(热层)
大地水准面(geoid)
1.大陆地形:{高原(plateau);丘陵(hill);平原(plain)}
2.海洋地形:大陆边缘(continental margin):{大陆架
(continental shelf);大陆坡(continental slope)
大陆基(continentalrise);岛弧(islandarc);
海沟(trench)}大洋中脊(mid-oceanic ridge);
大洋盆地(oceanic basin):{深海丘陵(abyssal hill)
深海平原(abyssal plain)}
⚫元素(element)矿物(mineral)光泽(luster)解理(cleavage)硬度(hardness)条痕(streak)
⚫岩石(rock)
岩浆岩magmatite or Igneous rock;变质岩(metamorphic rock);沉积岩(sedimentary rock)。
⚫gravity重力; gravity anomaly重力场;
Bouguer gravity复合重力场; anomaly磁
⚫geomagnetic field地磁场; magnetic declination磁偏角; magnetic inclination磁倾角; magnetic anomaly地磁异常;
geothermal field地温场geothermal gradient地温梯度; geothermal
flow地热流; geothermal anomaly 地热异常;
⚫seismic wave地震波:body wave体波 surface wave面波
(纵波P wave, 横波S wave);
⚫陨石(meteorite)古登堡面(Gutenberg discontinuity)
莫霍面(Moho discontinuity);雷曼界面;
康德拉面(Conrad discontinuity)
地壳(crust);地幔(mantle);地核(core)
岩石圈(lithosphere);软流圈(asthenosphere)
⚫geological age地质年代,
1.relative age相对地质年代:地层层序律(law of superposition)生物演化律(geological time scale);
地质体之间的切割律;
2.isotopic age同位素地质年代;
⚫fossil化石, stratum地层 (strata;单数),
3.地质年代单位:宙eon, 代era, 纪period, 世epoch,期age;
时间地层单位:宇eonothem,界erathem,系system,
统series,阶stage
⚫显生宙:Phanerozoic 元古宙proterozoic(震旦纪Z)
⚫古生代Paleozoic(早古生代,晚古生代)
{寒武纪cambrian,O奥陶纪ordovician,S志留纪silurian-早古生代}
D泥盆纪devonian,C石炭纪carboniferous,P二叠纪permian-晚古生代
⚫中生代Mesozoic:T三叠纪triassic, J侏罗纪jurassic,
K白垩纪cretaceous
⚫新生代cenozoic:E古近纪paleogene, N新近纪neogene,
二.
风化作用weathering
物理风化作用Physical weathering
化学风化作用Chemical weathering
风生物风化作用Biological weathering ;
溶解作用(solution)
氧化作用(oxidation);
根劈作用Root wedging,
differential weathering差异化
spheroidal weathering球形风化
Sequence of migration of elements元素迁移系列
eluvium残积物, crust of weathering风化壳
paleocrust of weathering古风化壳
Sheet flow片流,flood flow洪流sheetwash片流洗刷作用•Proluvial fan洪积扇,slope wash坡积物
1.vertical erosion下蚀作用:(瀑布water fall,深潭,向源侵蚀,河流的袭夺,base level of erosion河流的侵蚀基准面)
teral erosion侧蚀作用:(河曲,蛇曲、自由河曲,牛轭湖)Laminar flow层流,turbulent flow紊流,
circular current环流
River valley河谷,
drainage system delta
Vertical erosion, lateral erosion
Base level of erosion, River capture
Meander, cut-off, ox-bow lake,
Alluvium, flood plain,
underground water地下水:[water of containing包气带水;phreatic water潜水;confined water承压水]
⚫underground erosion潜蚀作用; underground river;
⚫karst喀斯特地形(岩溶地形); stone forest石林; karst cave
透水层(permeable bed)含水层(aquifer)
不透水层或隔水层impervious bed;
ploughing刨蚀作用:
方式有:挖掘作用plouking 磨蚀作用abrasion
⚫glacier冰川;continental glacier大陆冰川;
mountain glaciar山岳冰川
⚫glacial valley冰蚀谷; horn角峰; cirque冰斗; arete鳍脊;ploughing depression冰蚀洼地;
⚫moraine冰啧物; terminal moraine终~;
lateral morain侧~; drumlin鼓丘;
⚫glacial age冰期; interglacial age间冰期
◼sea wave波浪; wave base; tide潮汐; tide current潮流; ocean current洋流;(turbidity current)浊流;
littoral zone滨海; neritic zone浅海; bathyal zone半深海;