汉译英原文及参考译文
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Traditionally, a Chinese knot must be bent, tied and crafted from a single red rope, to express the endless circle of happy life. That is the most important characteristic of Chinese Knot. By combining different knots or other auspicious adornments skillfully, a unique auspicious ornament, especially the redcolored which represents beauty, happiness and wishes, is formed.
三、史学方法
史学方法是任何历史研究工作者必须学习的课程, 也是正确掌握历史研究的一种重要训练。它包括 史学家使用的各种技术和准则,通过他们史学家 用第一手资源和其他研究证据写出历史。在历史 哲学中,合理的历史方法的性质甚至还有可能性 等问题,被当作认识论问题提了出来。其追随者 则以外部批评、内部批评和综合法为标题,对史 学家在研究工作中常用的历史准则进行概括。 (173)
四、中国结
中国结是一种古老的编织艺术。中国人自汉 代就把中国结用作装饰。现在的人们仍然对传 统中国结复杂的美和编织秘密感到不解。“结” 在中文的含义是团聚、友谊、温暖和结婚,等 等。所以中国结也成为团聚、幸运、和谐和爱 的 象征。
制作传统的中国结必须用一根红绳弯曲、 打结、编织,喻义是无穷无尽的幸福生活的循 环。这是中国结最重要的特征。把不同的结和 其它的吉祥饰物巧妙的结合在一起,就是一个 独特的吉祥饰品,特别是代表美、幸福和愿望 的红色。
二、汉族人的宗教
从历史上看,汉族没有统一的宗教。汉族人的神很多,大致 可以分为三类。
一类是古代的神,他们都有明确的职责,如掌管宇宙的玉皇 大帝,掌管吃喝和一家祸福的灶神,掌管雨水的龙王,象征长 寿的南极寿星。
第二类神是吸收了其他宗教的神而来的,如佛教的如来、弥 勒、观音,道教的太上老君和赵公元帅。太上老君是道家对春 秋时期有名的哲学家老子的尊称;至于赵公元帅,老百姓把他 供作财神。
在历史哲学中,合理的历史方法的性质甚至还有可能性等问题, 被当作认识论问题提了出来。
The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology.
第三类是历史或传说中的名人,也包括能工巧匠,如关帝,也 就是三国时期蜀国的大将关羽,他以忠诚、勇敢、正直闻名。 再就是三国时期的名医华佗,还有手艺高超的木匠鲁班等等。
The third kind was historical or legendary figures, including skilled people in certain trades. Guan Yu, for example, a well-known general of the Shu Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), was worshiped as Lord Guan for his loyalty, courage and integrity. Another man, Guan Yu’s Contemporary, Hua Tuo, was a famous doctor. And Lu Ban, a master carpenter of the Spring and Autumn Period, was also worshiped as a god. And there were more others.
The Han People’s Religion
从历史上看,汉族没有统一的宗教。汉族人的神很多, 大致可以分为三类。 Historically, the Han people did not have a common religion. They worshiped more than one god, mainly of three kinds.
Chinese knot is actually an ancient art of weaving and Chinese people have used knots as decorations since the Han Dynasty. Now people in China are still intrigued by the secrets and complicated beauty of traditional red knots. "Knot" in Chinese has the meanings of reunion, friendliness, warmth, marriage etc, so the Chinese knot has come to be the symbol of reunion, luck, harmony, and love.
其追随者则以外部批评、内部批评和综合法为标题,对史学家在 研究工作中常用的历史准则进行概括。
The following summarizes the history guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis.
Our Objectives in the 50 Years
Every struggle that the Chinese people fought during the 100 years from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century was for the sake of achieving independence of our country and liberation of our nation and putting an end to the history of national humiliation once and for all.This great historic cause has alreadly been complished. All endeavors by the Chinese people for the 100 years from the mid20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our motherland strong, the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvennated. Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progress, and it will successfully attain the objective trough hard work in the coming 50 years.
一类是古代的神,他们都有明确的职责,如掌管宇宙的玉皇大 帝,掌管吃喝和一家祸福的灶神,掌管雨水的龙王,象征长寿 的南极寿星。 One kind was the gods of ancient times, each of whom had their own power and responsibilities to perform. For example, the Jade Emperor was in charge of the entire universe, the Kitchen God of food, drinks, happiness and misfortunes, the Dragon King of rain and floods, and the south-Pole Star of Longevity was symbolic of long lives.
第二类神是吸收了其他宗教的神而来的,如佛教的如来、弥 勒、观音,道教的太上老君和赵公元帅。太上老君是道家对 春秋时期有名的哲学家老子的尊称;至于赵公元帅,老百姓 把他供作财神。
Another kind was from different religions, such as Tathagata, Maitreya and the Guanyin Bodhisattva from Buddhism, and the Supreme Old Lord and General Zhao from Taoism. The Supreme Old Lord was actually Laozi, a famous philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. General Zhao, however, was worshiped as the God of Wealth.
第三类是历史或传说中的名人,也包括能工巧匠,如关帝, 也就是三国时期蜀国的大将关羽,他以忠诚、勇敢、正直闻名。 再就是三国时期的名医华佗,还有手艺高超的木匠鲁班等等。
玉皇大帝: the Jade Emperor 灶神: the Kitchen God 龙王: the Dragon King 南极寿星: the ole Star of Longevity 如来: Tathagata 弥勒: Maitreya 观音:Guanyin Bodhisattva 太上老君:the Supreme Old Lord 赵公元帅: General Zhao 关帝: Lord Guan
汉译英原文和译文汇总
一、未来50年的奋斗目标
从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶100年间,中国人 民的一切奋斗,都是实现祖国的独立和民族的 解放,彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。这个历史伟 业,我们已经完成了。从20世纪中叶到21世纪 中叶的100年间,中国人民的一切奋斗,则是 为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟 大复兴。这个历史伟业,我们党领导人民已经 奋斗了50年,并取得了巨大的进展,再经过50 年的奋斗,必将胜利完成。(184)
史学方法 The Historical Method
史学方法是任何历史研究工作者必须学习的课程,也是正 确掌握历史研究的一种重要训练。
The historical method is an obligatory course for anyone engaged in historical research. It is also an important training for a researcher to grasp the essence of his research work.
它包括史学家使用的各种技术和准则,通过他们史学家用 第一手资源和其他研究证据写出历史。
The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
三、史学方法
史学方法是任何历史研究工作者必须学习的课程, 也是正确掌握历史研究的一种重要训练。它包括 史学家使用的各种技术和准则,通过他们史学家 用第一手资源和其他研究证据写出历史。在历史 哲学中,合理的历史方法的性质甚至还有可能性 等问题,被当作认识论问题提了出来。其追随者 则以外部批评、内部批评和综合法为标题,对史 学家在研究工作中常用的历史准则进行概括。 (173)
四、中国结
中国结是一种古老的编织艺术。中国人自汉 代就把中国结用作装饰。现在的人们仍然对传 统中国结复杂的美和编织秘密感到不解。“结” 在中文的含义是团聚、友谊、温暖和结婚,等 等。所以中国结也成为团聚、幸运、和谐和爱 的 象征。
制作传统的中国结必须用一根红绳弯曲、 打结、编织,喻义是无穷无尽的幸福生活的循 环。这是中国结最重要的特征。把不同的结和 其它的吉祥饰物巧妙的结合在一起,就是一个 独特的吉祥饰品,特别是代表美、幸福和愿望 的红色。
二、汉族人的宗教
从历史上看,汉族没有统一的宗教。汉族人的神很多,大致 可以分为三类。
一类是古代的神,他们都有明确的职责,如掌管宇宙的玉皇 大帝,掌管吃喝和一家祸福的灶神,掌管雨水的龙王,象征长 寿的南极寿星。
第二类神是吸收了其他宗教的神而来的,如佛教的如来、弥 勒、观音,道教的太上老君和赵公元帅。太上老君是道家对春 秋时期有名的哲学家老子的尊称;至于赵公元帅,老百姓把他 供作财神。
在历史哲学中,合理的历史方法的性质甚至还有可能性等问题, 被当作认识论问题提了出来。
The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology.
第三类是历史或传说中的名人,也包括能工巧匠,如关帝,也 就是三国时期蜀国的大将关羽,他以忠诚、勇敢、正直闻名。 再就是三国时期的名医华佗,还有手艺高超的木匠鲁班等等。
The third kind was historical or legendary figures, including skilled people in certain trades. Guan Yu, for example, a well-known general of the Shu Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), was worshiped as Lord Guan for his loyalty, courage and integrity. Another man, Guan Yu’s Contemporary, Hua Tuo, was a famous doctor. And Lu Ban, a master carpenter of the Spring and Autumn Period, was also worshiped as a god. And there were more others.
The Han People’s Religion
从历史上看,汉族没有统一的宗教。汉族人的神很多, 大致可以分为三类。 Historically, the Han people did not have a common religion. They worshiped more than one god, mainly of three kinds.
Chinese knot is actually an ancient art of weaving and Chinese people have used knots as decorations since the Han Dynasty. Now people in China are still intrigued by the secrets and complicated beauty of traditional red knots. "Knot" in Chinese has the meanings of reunion, friendliness, warmth, marriage etc, so the Chinese knot has come to be the symbol of reunion, luck, harmony, and love.
其追随者则以外部批评、内部批评和综合法为标题,对史学家在 研究工作中常用的历史准则进行概括。
The following summarizes the history guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis.
Our Objectives in the 50 Years
Every struggle that the Chinese people fought during the 100 years from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century was for the sake of achieving independence of our country and liberation of our nation and putting an end to the history of national humiliation once and for all.This great historic cause has alreadly been complished. All endeavors by the Chinese people for the 100 years from the mid20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our motherland strong, the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvennated. Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progress, and it will successfully attain the objective trough hard work in the coming 50 years.
一类是古代的神,他们都有明确的职责,如掌管宇宙的玉皇大 帝,掌管吃喝和一家祸福的灶神,掌管雨水的龙王,象征长寿 的南极寿星。 One kind was the gods of ancient times, each of whom had their own power and responsibilities to perform. For example, the Jade Emperor was in charge of the entire universe, the Kitchen God of food, drinks, happiness and misfortunes, the Dragon King of rain and floods, and the south-Pole Star of Longevity was symbolic of long lives.
第二类神是吸收了其他宗教的神而来的,如佛教的如来、弥 勒、观音,道教的太上老君和赵公元帅。太上老君是道家对 春秋时期有名的哲学家老子的尊称;至于赵公元帅,老百姓 把他供作财神。
Another kind was from different religions, such as Tathagata, Maitreya and the Guanyin Bodhisattva from Buddhism, and the Supreme Old Lord and General Zhao from Taoism. The Supreme Old Lord was actually Laozi, a famous philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. General Zhao, however, was worshiped as the God of Wealth.
第三类是历史或传说中的名人,也包括能工巧匠,如关帝, 也就是三国时期蜀国的大将关羽,他以忠诚、勇敢、正直闻名。 再就是三国时期的名医华佗,还有手艺高超的木匠鲁班等等。
玉皇大帝: the Jade Emperor 灶神: the Kitchen God 龙王: the Dragon King 南极寿星: the ole Star of Longevity 如来: Tathagata 弥勒: Maitreya 观音:Guanyin Bodhisattva 太上老君:the Supreme Old Lord 赵公元帅: General Zhao 关帝: Lord Guan
汉译英原文和译文汇总
一、未来50年的奋斗目标
从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶100年间,中国人 民的一切奋斗,都是实现祖国的独立和民族的 解放,彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。这个历史伟 业,我们已经完成了。从20世纪中叶到21世纪 中叶的100年间,中国人民的一切奋斗,则是 为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟 大复兴。这个历史伟业,我们党领导人民已经 奋斗了50年,并取得了巨大的进展,再经过50 年的奋斗,必将胜利完成。(184)
史学方法 The Historical Method
史学方法是任何历史研究工作者必须学习的课程,也是正 确掌握历史研究的一种重要训练。
The historical method is an obligatory course for anyone engaged in historical research. It is also an important training for a researcher to grasp the essence of his research work.
它包括史学家使用的各种技术和准则,通过他们史学家用 第一手资源和其他研究证据写出历史。
The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.